Yitzhaq Shami
Yitzhaq Shami (Hibru: יצחק th, amụrụ Yitzhaq Sarwi; August 4, 1888 - March 1, 1949) bụ onye edemede ndị Juu na ndị Israel, onye dere ma n'asụsụ Arabic ma n'ụzọ Hibru. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị edemede akwụkwọ Hibru oge a kacha ochie na Palestine nke a manyere, tupu ọchịchị Izrel. Ọrụ ya pụrụ iche n'oge ya, ebe ọ bụ na n'adịghị ka ọtụtụ ndị edemede Hibru nke oge ahụ, o mere nka ya dabere na ndị Arab ma ọ bụ ndị Juu Sephardic, bi na Ottoman Palestine, mmetụta akwụkwọ ya bụkwa nke ndị Arab na Middle Eastern. Shami bipụtara akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, otu akwụkwọ akụkọ, ọtụtụ uri na ọtụtụ edemede.
Akụkọ ndụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A mụrụ Shami na Hebron (al-Khalil) n'afọ 1888, ọ bụ nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụ nwoke atọ. Nna ya, Eliyahu, bụ onye na-ere ákwà nke sitere na Ndị Juu Siria, Onye ohi Damaskọs kwaga Hebron na 1885. Ya mere, a maara nna ahụ dị ka "a-Shami" (Damascene), nke ahụ bụkwa mmalite nke aha edemede ahụ mechara bụrụ nke onye edemede ahụ nabatara. N'ikpeazụ, ọ ghọkwara aha iwu ya. Nne ya, Rivka Castel, bụ onye Hebronite sitere n'ezinụlọ Castel a ma ama, ezinụlọ ọdịnala Sephardic nke biri na Hebron ruo ọtụtụ ọgbọ.[1] Ka ọ na-etolite, Shami na nna ya na-asụ Arabic, na Ladino na nne ya, ezinụlọ ahụ na-ebi ndụ ya n'ụdị ọdịnala nke Middle East nke oge ahụ. Ezinụlọ ya na-edebe okpukpe, na ntorobịa ya, ọ gụrụ Hibru na Arabic n'ụlọ akwụkwọ okpukpe dị n'ógbè ahụ.
Mgbe Shami na-etolite, nna ya gara njem gafee Middle East na n'ógbè ahụ maka azụmahịa ya, site n'aka nna ya, Shami hụrụ ndị obodo ahụ (fellahim), bụ́ ndị e mesịrị were dị ka ndị a ma ama n'akụkọ ya. Jurji Zaydan (nwụrụ n'afọ 1914)—onye guzobere Arabic Al-Nahda (Mmalite), ime ka asụsụ Arabic dị ọhụrụ, otu n'ime ndị guzobere Mahadum Cairo, na nna nke Pan-Arabism.[2]
E zigara Shami na yeshiva Hebron ka ọ mụọ n'okpuru Rabbi Chaim Hezekiah Medini, onye edemede a ma ama nke Sdei Chemed na Chief Rabbi of Hebron.[3] N'ịbụ onye akwụkwọ ndị ụwa metụtara, ọ nupụụrụ isi megide agụmakwụkwọ okpukpe ma gwa ya ka ọ hapụ yeshiva n'ihi "àgwà ndị jụrụ okwukwe" ya. N'afọ 1905, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa, ọ kwagara Jerusalem wee banye na Ezra Teacher's Training College, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ya na 1907. Nna ya megidere ọmụmụ ihe ya, ebe nne ya zigara ya ego na nzuzo mgbe ụfọdụ ruo mgbe ọ gburu onwe ya. N'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ, ọ zutere ndị edemede ndị ọzọ na-eto eto, n'etiti ha Yehuda Burla. Mgbe ọ bi na Jerusalem, ọ malitere iyi uwe ọdịda anyanwụ ma kpughee Zionism, na-ezute ihe oyiyi nke Zionist n'ọdịnihu dị ka onye isi ala Israel Yitzhak Ben-Zvi na onye na-ede uri Hibru Shmuel Yosef Agnon. A na-eche na ọ dọtara uche nke onye ga-abụ praịm minista Israel David Ben-Gurion dị ka ọkachamara na ndị Arab.
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ya, Shami malitere ịkụzi ihe. O bu ụzọ kụzie na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo nke Zionist nke Gedera na Mazkeret Batya tupu ọ kwaga Damaskọs ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi Hibru. Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ nụrụ na David Ben-Gurion na Yitzhak Ben-Zvi na-eme atụmatụ ịmụ iwu na Constantinople. Ọ chọrọ isonyere ha, mana a gbochiri ya ime nke a n'ihi enweghị ego. Kama nke ahụ, ọ kwagara Bulgaria ebe ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi Hibru, na-enwe olileanya ịchekwa ego zuru ezu iji debanye aha na ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu. Mgbe ọ nọ na Bulgaria, ọ zutere Pnina Gingold, onye Juu si Russia kwabata na Palestine nke na-akụzi na Bulgaria. Ha lụrụ, mana atụmatụ ha ịlaghachi Palestine mebiri site na mmalite nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ: ha ga-echere ruo mgbe agha ahụ ga-agwụ iji laghachi. Mgbe ha nọ na Bulgaria, a mụrụ nwa ha nwoke Yedidya.[4]
Mgbe ha laghachiri Palestine na njedebe nke agha ahụ, ha kwagara Hebron ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka ndị nkuzi. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ nke obodo ndị Juu na Hebron. Ọnọdụ ego ya na-adịghị mma, nke ga-emetụta ya n'oge ndụ ya niile, yana ọrịa obi Pnina, na emphysema ya n'afọ ndị sochirinụ ga-egbochi mmepụta akwụkwọ ya. Pnina nwụrụ na 1925, o mechara lụọ Sarah Kalish, onye nọọsụ ọ zutere na Damaskọs. Ọ lanarịrị ogbugbu e gburu na Hebron na 1929 site n'ịgbaba n'ụlọ ezinụlọ Mani.[5] Ihe merenụ wutere Shami nke ukwuu, wee bịanye aka n'akwụkwọ mkpesa na-akatọ mbọ mgbasa ozi ndị Arab ma na-agba ndị isi ndị rabaị nke Hebron na ndị ọzọ ume ka ha nyochaa ya.[6]
Shami mechara hapụ Hebron, buru ụzọ biri na Tiberias ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nkụzi, wee gaa Haifa, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nkụzi na odeakwụkwọ ụlọ ikpe. Ọ nọgidere na-enwe mmasị n'obodo ya, n'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara enyi ya ochie bụ́ David Avisar n'afọ 1932, o gosiri na ọ chọrọ ide akwụkwọ gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme obodo ahụ. O biri ndụ ya niile bi na Haifa, wee nwụọ n'ebe ahụ n'afọ 1949.
Akwụkwọ edemede
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]"Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na-ede akwụkwọ na isiokwu nke mmepụta akwụkwọ Arabic, ma na Arabic ma na Hibru. Edemede mbụ ndị ka dị na-agụnye onyinye na akụkọ ifo Jurji Zaydan, traktị dị iche iche na uri ndị Arab, na edemede banyere mmalite nke ihe nkiri ndị Arab nke oge a. Jerusalem Municipal Archives gụnyekwara akwụkwọ ozi n'asụsụ Arabic na ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ibe ya, gụnyere onye edemede Sephardic ibe ya Yehuda Burla, mana o doro anya na ọ dịghị ihe odide Arabic ya dị na mbipụta
Ngụkọta nke ọrụ Shami pere mpe, ọtụtụ n'ime akụkọ mkpirikpi. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ weere ya dị ka "otu n'ime ndị edemede Sephardic Hibru a ma ama n'oge a". Ọrụ ya a kacha mara bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ dị mkpirikpi - Vengeance of the Fathers . E bipụtara isii n'ime akụkọ mkpirikpi a na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị dị ka Akụkọ Shami na Hibru - Sipurey Shami, na Bekee (2000), na French.
Echiche Ndị Dị Oké Mkpa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Onye nkatọ Hibru nke oge a bụ́ Gershon Shaked dere na akwụkwọ Vengeance of the Fathers, nke e bipụtara na 1928, bụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ ndị kacha mkpa n'akwụkwọ Hibru nke oge a. Anton Shammas, onye edemede na onye nkatọ Palestine, dere—“Shami webatara n'ebe a na-ede akwụkwọ Hibru nke oge a ihe dị ka afọ iri asaa gara aga, ezigbo Palestine nke a na-anaghị ejikọta ya na ya, ma ọ bụ na-ama aka, ebe ọ bụ na Vengeance of the Fathers bụ naanị akwụkwọ akụkọ dị n'akwụkwọ Hibru nke oge a nke ndị odide ya, ala na olu akụkọ ya bụ ndị Palestine niile. Merle Rubin, na Los Angeles Times Book Review kọwara ya dị ka "Akụkọ dị iche iche si n'ebe dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ". [7] Issa Boullata, na Al Jadid kọwara ọrụ ndị ahụ dị ka ihe akaebe nke ịdị n'otu nke furu efu.[8]
Jerold Auerbach, Prọfesọ Emeritus nke akụkọ ihe mere eme [9] na onye dere Hebron Jews: Memory and Conflict in the Land of Israel, na-eto akwụkwọ Shami bụ Hebron Stories dị ka "ihe ngosi nke Hebron na mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ". [10]
In 2004 Shami was recognized by the Palestinian Academic Society as one of the important Palestinian writers. With that—he assumed a unique position as a shared cultural asset of both Israelis and Palestinians. [citation needed]
Edemsibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Hebron massacre survivor Yaakov Castel dies. Jewish Telegraphic Agency (19 February 2012). Retrieved on 2016-01-27.
- ↑ 2006-12-30 Epilogue by Joseph Zernik for "Nouvelles d'Hebron" byYitzhaq Shami s - Hebron - Palestinians. Scribd.
- ↑ 2006-12-30 Epilogue by Joseph Zernik for "Nouvelles d'Hebron" byYitzhaq Shami s. Scribd. Retrieved on 2016-01-27.
- ↑ יצחק שמי. library.osu.edu.
- ↑ Tamari. Ishaq al-Shami and the Predicament of the Arab Jew in Palestine. Journal of Palestine Studies.
- ↑ לאחר הטבח-פוגתם מוסרי.
- ↑ 2001-12-01 Yitzhaq Shami - "Hebron Stories": Review by Merle Rubin of Shami's Fiction in the Los Angeles Times s - Religious Identity - Jews And Judaism. Scribd.
- ↑ 2001-12-01 Shami: Review by Issa Boullata of Shami's Fiction in Al Jadid magazine s - Hebron - Jews. Scribd.
- ↑ Jerold Auerbach. Wellesley College. Retrieved on 2016-01-27.
- ↑ Auerbach (2009-07-16). Hebron Jews: Memory and Conflict in the Land of Israel (in en). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 9780742566170.