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Zohra Drif

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Zohra Drif Bitat (Arabic: زهرة ظريف بيطاط, romanized: Zuhra Ḍrīf Bīṭāṭ, amụrụ 28 Disemba 1934) [1] bụ onye ọka iwu Algeria lara ezumike nka, moudjahid (onye agha nke Algerian War of Independence of the Nation). Ụlọ omeiwu Algeria.[2] A mụrụ Drif na Tissemselt, Algeria, akụkụ nke mpaghara Tiaret, ebe nna nna ya bụ imam na nna ya jere ozi dị ka ọkàiwu na ọkàikpe na Tiaret. A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya n'aha National Liberation Front (FLN) n'oge Agha Independence nke Algeria.

Drif lụrụ Rabah Bitat, otu n'ime ndị isi nke FLN na onyeisi oche nke National Assembly. Na Algeria, a na-ewere ya dị ka dike na agha nnwere onwe nke Algeria megide ọchịchị ndị France. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke netwọk ogbunigwe nke FLN na n'oge agha nnwere onwe nke Algeria, ya na Ali La Pointe, Hassiba Ben Bouali na-arụkọ ọrụ, na Yacef Saâdi, onye isi nke Mpaghara Autonomous nke Algiers. A kacha mara oge ya n'agha n'ihe metụtara bọmbụ Milk Bar Café na 1956.

Oge ọ malitere

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A mụrụ Drif n'ezinụlọ ndị dị elu, nke ọdịnala Algeria ma zụlite ya n'ime ime obodo. Ọ tolitere na Vialar. Nna Drif bụ onye ọka iwu a ma ama ma ruo ọnọdụ nke qadi.[1] Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Lycée Fromentin, na Algiers, ma mesịa mụọ iwu na Mahadum Algiers site na 1954. Ọ bụ na Lycée Fromentin ka ọ zutere ezigbo enyi ya, ma mesịa bụrụ onye otu FLN, Samia Lakhdari. Otú ọ dị, mmụba ya na FLN metụtara akara ya ma manye ya ịkwụsị ọmụmụ ya. Drif mepụtara echiche ndị bụ ma ndị inyom ma ndị na-emegide ọchịchị.[2] N'akwụkwọ ncheta ya, Drif kwuru na ezinụlọ ya na ndị enyi ya bụ ndị nwere mmetụta dị mkpa n'echiche ya, ọkachasị nne ya kamakwa nwanne ya nwoke nke sokwa na mgba nnwere onwe ma nwee nsogbu ahụike uche n'ihi ya. Ọzọkwa mmekọrịta ya na ezinụlọ Samia Lakhdari bụ ndị ya na ha nwere arụmụka nkà ihe ọmụma nke gosipụtara na ọ bụ isi na ntọala nkwenkwe ya. Ọzọkwa, Drif kwuru na mmetụta nke ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma French Revolutionary na Enlightenment dị ka mmetụta dị mkpa na ịzụlite ya, ọkachasị na-ele anya na 1793 "Nkwupụta nke Ikike nke Mmadụ na nke Nwa amaala," yana ndị ọzọ na-eche echiche dị ka Danton, Montesquieu na Clémenceau. Maka Drif, nnukwu esemokwu nke ikike na nnwere onwe onwe onwe onwe onye nke a na-ekwupụta na nkà ihe ọmụma French bụ esemokwu kpọmkwem na ahụmịhe ya nke French Colonialism.[3]

Ntinye aka na FLN

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Drif (nke abụọ n'aka ekpe) na ndị na-etinye bọmbụ (Algeria War).

Drif rụkwara ọrụ dị mkpa na mmemme FLN n'oge a n'akụkụ Djamila Bouhired na Hassiba Ben Bouali. Ọ sonyeere mmegharị mgbanwe ahụ n'oge na-agụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Algiers ka ọ na-etinye aka na mpaghara kwụụrụ onwe nke Algiers. Ka oge na-aga, ya na enyi ya Samia Lakhdari Drif sonyeere FLN, na-esonye na mbụ site na ịnye ngwugwu na ịkwado ọgụ ahụ n'ụzọ dị anya. Ọ bụ mgbe e mesịrị, na 1956 ka Drif tinyekwuru aka na ndị agha FLN na-esote njide nke isi FLN ọnụ ọgụgụ nke kpaliri Drif na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ịbanye na mgba ahụ.

Drif akọwaala ọrụ ya na mgbanwe ahụ ugboro ugboro yana mkpa ụmụ nwanyị dị na mgbanwe ahụ.[4] N'akwụkwọ ncheta ya, Drif na-akwado nkwenye na ụmụ nwanyị wetara ihe pụrụ iche na mmegharị ahụ ma nwee ike ịrụcha ọrụ ma rụọ ọrụ n'okpuru obere enyo karịa ndị ọrụ ibe ha nwoke.[5] Nke a ghọrọ ihe dị mkpa karịsịa mgbe Drif tinyere aka na mkpọsa bọmbụ ahụ ma nwee ike iji uwe ndị Europe kpuchie onwe ya iji jiri akọ banye n'akụkụ obodo ahụ ọ gaara ekwe ka ọ gaa. O jiri ụdị ejiji dị otú ahụ mee ihe na 1956 Milk Bar Café Bombing . [6] Ọzọkwa, a na-ahụ iji ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị, ọkachasị ụmụ akwụkwọ nwanyị na-eto eto, dị ka ihe na-emebi ihe oyiyi nke Colonial ma ya mere FLN were ya dịka ngwá ọrụ mgbasa ozi bara uru iji wulite ọmịiko maka mbọ ha.[7]

Na Jenụwarị 1957, ndị ọchịchị France kwupụtara Agha nke Algiers na ndị agha France na-agba ọsọ na-agba ZAA nke General Massu nyere iwu. Na July na August 1957, Drif gara ajụjụ ọnụ abụọ n'etiti Yacef Saâdi na Germaine Tillion na 4 July na 9 August. [8]

Bọmbụ Milk Bar Café (1956)

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On 30 September 1956, Drif's unit, consisting of her and two other female revolutionaries, Samia Lakhdari and Djamila Boupacha, was directed to carry out a bombing. Each of the women chose their own location for the bomb. While Samia Lakhdari selected Rue Michelet and Djamila Boupacha chose the Air France Office, Drif selected the popular Milk Bar Café to plant her bomb. In her memoir she recalls visiting the site prior to the attack and practicing her exact movements under timed conditions to perfect her act. Furthermore, on the day of the bombing she remembers dressing in a European-style summer dress and getting a European haircut to ensure she would blend in at the café. While the bomb planted in the Air France Office did not explode, the one on Rue Michelet as well as Drif's at the Milk Bar Café did. Drif's attack killed three young women and injured others, including children who lost limbs.[9]

Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, Drif chetara n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya na-enwe ọ bụghị obi amamikpe ma ọ bụ ihere kama ọ dị mpako maka ihe ịga nke ọma ya. Karịsịa, ọ na-echeta na ọ na-eche na ọ bụ ihe ziri ezi n'omume ya site na nkwenye na ọ na'ihi na ọ na na-emeghachi omume na ọtụtụ afọ nke mmegide na ime ihe ike. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-atụgharị uche na mwakpo a dị ka oge mgbanwe dị mkpa ka ọ kpaliri mmasị mba ụwa na 'Ọdịdị Algeria' ma wetara okwu nnwere onwe n'ụwa.[10]

Furthermore, Drif recalls the ease with which the Colonial Authorities accused the innocent Algerian Communist Party member Raymonde Peschard as alarming.[11] Drif suggests this further cemented her dedication to the movement as it confirmed that the French Authorities did not see their dedication to principles of equality and liberty as relevant in Algeria.

Ntinye aka na FLN mgbe 1956 gasịrị

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Mgbe bọmbụ Milk Bar Café gasịrị, Drif tinyere onwe ya n'ọrụ FLN. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ ya siri ike maka ịtụ bọmbụ na Préfecture ka ndị okenye nọ n'òtù ahụ gbochiri, onyinye Drif nọgidere na-adị mkpa. Karịsịa, ọ ghọrọ onye dị mkpa na izochi na ịkwado ndị ndị ọchịchị na-achọ.

Ọzọkwa, itinye aka ya na ọgbaghara ụbọchị asatọ, mmegharị iji gosipụta nraranye nke ndị Algeria niile na Freedom Movement dị ịrịba ama ma mee ka okwu nnwere onwe gaa n'ihu na mba ụwa. Karịsịa, Drif bụ ihe dị mkpa n'ịhazi òtù ndị ọrụ na ndị otu tupu ọgbaghara ahụ yana inye ndị a ma ama ndụmọdụ banyere otu ha ga-esi kwado ọgbagharaیەکە. Ọzọkwa, n'akụkụ Djamila Boupacha, Drif bụ onye na-ahụ maka ileba anya na mmetụta nke ọgbaghara ahụ na ụmụ amaala, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka. Ọ zere okporo ámá site n'ịgbago n'elu ụlọ ma gwa ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka okwu n'ụlọ ha. Drif tụgharịrị uche na ọgbaghara ahụ ma nyochaa na, n'agbanyeghị nnukwu ime ihe ike na mmegide ọ kpatara, ọ bụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma ma ọ na-atụ aro ka ndị ọchịchị na France gosipụta na Algeria ga-enwe ihe ịga nke ahụ n'ọgụ ya maka nnwere onwe.[12]

Ozugbo e jidere ya, Drif nwere mmasị karịsịa n'iweta ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ n'ime òtù ahụ, na-ahụ ha dị ka akụ dị mkpa maka ihe ịga nke ọma ya. Karịsịa, a na-elekwasị anya na mgbalị ya iji guzobe alaka ụmụ nwanyị dị iche iche nke FLN nke ga-eme mkpọsa megide njide, ịta ahụhụ, na mmegbu site n'aka ndị ọchịchị na-achị ala. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ịhazi nnukwu nnọkọ ụmụ nwanyị n'ihu Préfecture ma na-akpali ụmụ nwanyị isonye na ngagharị iwe a.[13]

Njide na ịtụ mkpọrọ

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Tupu e jide ya, Drif maara eziokwu ahụ bụ na ndị ọchịchị na-achị ala ahụ na-achụwanye ya ma site na Eprel 1957 ọ nwere mkpesa dị nso na njide. Ọzọkwa, ijide ndị nọ nso na Drif gụnyere enyi ya Djamila Boupacha mere ka ọ mara ma kpachara anya na enwere ike ijide ya.[14]

Ụlọ nchebe ikpeazụ Drif dị na 4 rue Canton nke ọ kwagara n'April 1957 ma nọrọ na ya ruo mgbe e jidere ya na 22 Septemba 1957. E jidere Drif na onye ọrụ ibe ya na onye isi agha nke ZAA bụ Yacef Saâdi . [15] Villa Nador weghaara Saâdi na Drif n'etiti Algiers. Ndị ọchịchị na-achị mba ahụ gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ ma tinye ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ naanị ya mana ọ dịghị mgbe a tara ya ahụhụ obi ọjọọ nke ya na ọchịchị ahụ.[16]

N'August 1958, a mara Drif ikpe afọ 20 nke ịrụsi ọrụ ike site n'aka ụlọ ikpe ndị agha nke Algiers maka iyi ọha egwu, ma kpọchiri ya na ngalaba ụmụ nwanyị nke ụlọ mkpọrọ Barbarossa.[1] Mgbe a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ na mbụ, a kpọfere ya n’ụlọ mkpọrọ dị iche iche nke France. O bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ dị peeji 20, nke isiokwu ya bụ Ọnwụ ụmụnna m (French: la Mort de mes frères), na 1960, mgbe ọ ka nọ n’ụlọ mkpọrọ. Charles de Gaulle mechara gbaghaara Drif na emume nnwere onwe nke Algeria na 1962.[2] Otú ọ dị, n'oge ọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, Drif gara n'ihu n'ọmụmụ ihe gbasara iwu.[17]

Mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị

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Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, Drif gara n'ihu mepụta otu nzukọ maka ndị ntorobịa bụ ụmụ mgbei n'oge Agha Nnwere Onwe Algeria, mgbe ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka onye ọka iwu mpụ na Algiers. Ọ gara n'ihu bụrụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara na Kansụl Mba Algeria, ebe ọ gara n'iyi ịrụ ọrụ ruo afọ 15.[18] Ọ bụ onye otu ruo Jenụwarị 2016.

N'ikpeazụ ọ ghọrọ osote onye isi ala. N'oge ọ nọ na kansụl ahụ, ọ bụ onye isi oche nke "le Groupe d'amitié Algérie-France" (òtù Algeria-French Goodwill), ebe ọrụ ya bụ "ịkwalite mmekọrịta ọbụbụenyi n'etiti ndị France, "mmekọrịta ntụkwasị obi" "n'etiti ndị omeiwu Algeria na France, "..."ịkwurịta nsogbu ndị na-amasị ndị mmadụ abụọ anyị ikwu eziokwu". N'otu okwu ahụ, o gosipụtara na "site na nkwupụta nke 1 Nọvemba 1954, FLN kwuru, ma nọgide na-adịgide adịgide, na ha lụsoro ndị agha na-achị ala ọgụ ọ bụghị ndị France".

Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-akatọ "Code de la Famille" mgbe e guzobere ya na 1984. Usoro Ezinụlọ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ nkatọ na ọtụtụ n'ime otu ndị agha nwanyị ahụ, gụnyere Drif, ndị sonyere n'agha ahụ gara n'ihu na-aga n'ihu n'afọ ndị 1980 megide Usoro Ezinụlọ na Islam fundamentalism na enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị na Algeria mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị.[1]

Ọ bụ ezie na ọgbọ ya weere ya dị ka dike na Agha nke Nnwere Onwe Algeria, ọnọdụ ya na ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị abụrụla nke ndị na-eto eto katọrọ. A na-ebo ndị mujahideen lụrụ ọgụ maka nnwere onwe Algeria ebubo na ha na-ewere ihe ùgwù mgbe nnwere onwe (ụgwọ ezumike nká, ọrụ kachasị mkpa, ụgwọ, ikikere tagzi na kaadị debit) nke steeti Algeria nyere. Ndị na-eguzogide, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi ọnọdụ na mmetụta ha, sonyere n'ime ohere nke ihe ùgwù nke ka nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu. A họpụtara Drif ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu nke Algeria ma n'ọkwa ya, dị ka ndị ọzọ nke ndị mujahideen meworo okenye, e ji nnukwu ibu iro lekwasị anya. E boro ya ọtụtụ ebubo, ha niile siri ike ịchọpụta, mana ha niile katọrọ ya n'etiti ọha na eze Algeria. Karịsịa, na Jenụwarị 2014, enyi ya ochie na nguzogide, Yacef Saâdi, boro ya ebubo ire Ali La Pointe.   [citation needed]

Ndụ onwe onye

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Drif bụ nwanyị di ya nwụrụ nke onye bụbu onye isi ala Algeria bụ Rabah Bitat . Drif na Bitat gara n'ihu nwee ụmụ atọ, ma ugbu a ha nwere ụmụ ise. Ha lụrụ di na nwunye ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 2000.

Drif nọgidekwara na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, o sonyere na ngagharị iwe megide Iwu Ezinụlọ na 1980s.[19] Kemgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na gọọmentị Algeria, ọ gara n'ihu bipụta akụkọ ndụ ya ma sonye n'ọtụtụ okwu gburugburu ụwa.

Akwụkwọ

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  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] N'ime Agha nke Algiers: Memoir nke Nwaanyị Na-alụso Nnwere Onwe. Just World Books. ISBN 9781682570753.

Ihe nkiri

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Hụkwa

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  • Agha Kọfị
  • Ụmụ nwanyị n'Agha Algeria
  • National Liberation Front

Edemsibia

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Vince (2009). "Colonial and Post-Colonial Identities: Women Veterans of the "Battle of Algiers"". French History and Civilization 2: 153–168. Retrieved on 6 April 2018.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Reid (1 October 2007). "The Worlds of Frantz Fanon's 'L'Algerie se devoile'". French Studies 61 (4): 460–475. DOI:10.1093/fs/knm128. 
  3. ↑ Drif (2017). Inside the Battle of Algiers : Memoir of a Woman Freedom Fighter.. Just World Books, 24–59. ISBN 9781682570753. 
  4. ↑ Rohlof (2012). "Reality and Representation of Algerian Women: The Complex Dynamic of Heroines and Repressed Women". Illinois Wesleyan University. Retrieved on 6 April 2018. 
  5. ↑ Drif (2017). Inside the Battle of Algiers : Memoir of a Woman Freedom Fighter.. Just World Books. ISBN 9781682570753. 
  6. ↑ Drif (2017). Inside the Battle of Algiers : Memoir of a Woman Freedom Fighter.. Just World Books, 142. ISBN 9781682570753. 
  7. ↑ Vince (2020). The Algerian War, The Algerian Revolution. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 93–94. 
  8. ↑ Combis-Schlumberger (4 January 2017). Germaine Tillion, médiatrice de la guerre d'Algérie. France Culture. Retrieved on 4 April 2018.
  9. ↑ Drif (2017). Inside the Battle of Algiers : Memoir of a Woman Freedom Fighter.. Just World Books, 142–162. ISBN 9781682570753. 
  10. ↑ Drif (2017). Inside the Battle of Algiers : Memoir of a Woman Freedom Fighter.. Just World Books, 157–162. ISBN 9781682570753. 
  11. ↑ Drew (2014-11-01). We Are No Longer in France: Communists in Colonial Algeria (in en). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9781847799203. Retrieved on 8 December 2020. 
  12. ↑ Drif (2017). Inside the Battle of Algiers : Memoir of a Woman Freedom Fighter.. Just World Books, 251–273. ISBN 9781682570753. 
  13. ↑ Drif (2017). Inside the Battle of Algiers : Memoir of a Woman Freedom Fighter.. Just World Books, 342–344. ISBN 9781682570753. 
  14. ↑ Drif (2017). Inside the Battle of Algiers : Memoir of a Woman Freedom Fighter.. Just World Books. ISBN 9781682570753. 
  15. ↑ McDougall (2017). History of Algeria. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139029230. 
  16. ↑ Drif (2017). Inside the Battle of Algiers : Memoir of a Woman Freedom Fighter.. Just World Books, 362–386. ISBN 9781682570753. 
  17. ↑ Drif (2017). Inside the Battle of Algiers : Memoir of a Woman Freedom Fighter.. Just World Books, 384–385. ISBN 9781682570753. 
  18. ↑ Jimenez (5 October 2017). A Fighter for Algerian Independence. Tufts University.
  19. ↑ Bennoune (1995). "Between betrayal and betrayal: fundamentalism, family law and feminist struggle in Algeria". Arab Studies Quarterly 17 (2): 51–76. 
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