Ịkụ osisi
| obere ụdị nke | silviculture  |
|---|
Ubi osisi, ubi ọhịa, ubi osisi, ubi osisi ma ọ bụ ugbo osisi bụ ọhịa a kụrụ maka mmepụta osisi dị elu, na abụkarị site n'ịkụ otu ụdị osisi dị ka oké ọhịa. A na ejikwa okwu ugbo osisi na-ezo aka n'ebe a na azụ osisi na ugbo osisi Krismas.
Osisi osisi nwere ike ịmepụta nnukwu osisi n'oge dị mkpirikpi. Ndị ọchịchị na-ahụ maka ọhịa na steeti na-akụ osisi (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Commission nke ọhịa na Britain) na / ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ na osisi na ndị nwe ala ndị ọzọ (dị ka Weyerhaeuser, Rayonier na Sierra Pasifik Ụlọ ọrụ na United States ma ọ bụ Asia Pulp & Akwụkwọ na Indonesia). A na-akụkarị osisi Krismas n'ubi, na ndịda na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, ubi teak anọchiwo ọhịa okike n'oge na-adịbeghị anya.
A na-ejikwa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-arụsi ọrụ ike maka mmepụta ahịa nke ngwaahịa ọhịa. Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-abụkarị nnukwu ọnụ. Ihe mgbochi ndị mmadụ na-abụkarị ndị agadi ma na-enwekarị otu ụdị ma ọ bụ abụọ. Ụdị ndị a nwere ike ịbụ osisi ma ọ bụ ụmụ amaala. Osisi ndị a na-eji eme ihe ọkụkụ na-agbanwekarị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka àgwà ndị a chọrọ dị ka uto na iguzogide pests na ọrịa n'ozuzu na àgwà dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ na ụdị osisi, mmepụta osisi volumic na nkwụsịtụ kwụ ọtọ. Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọhịa bụ ihe ndabere maka mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Ndị a họpụtara n'ubi mkpụrụ osisi bụ ebe dị mma maka mkpụrụ iji mepụta ihe ọkụkụ nke ọma.
Mmepụta osisi n'ubi osisi dị elu karịa nke oké ọhịa okike. Ọ bụ ezie na oké ọhịa ndị a na-achịkwa maka mmepụta osisi na-amịkarị n'etiti 1 na 3 cubik mita kwa hekta kwa afọ, ubi nke ụdị na-eto ngwa ngwa na-amekarị n'etiti 20 na 30 cubic mita ma ọ bụ karịa kwa hekta; ubi Ukwu Fir na Scotland nwere uto nke 34 cubic mita ọ bụla hekta kwa kwa afọ (Aldhous & Dị ala 2020), na ubi Monterey Pine na ndịda Australia nwere ike ịmị ihe ruru 40 cubik mita Kwa hekta (Everard & Fourt 1974). N'afọ 2000, mgbe ubi na-eme ihe ruru 5% nke oké ọhịa zuru ụwa ọnụ, a na-eme atụmatụ na ha na-enye ihe dị ka 35% nke osisi gburugburu ụwa.[1]
Usoro uto[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- N'afọ mbụ, a na-akwadebe ala site na njikọta nke ọkụ, ịgbasa herbicide, na / ma ọ bụ ịkọ ugbo wee kụọ osisi site n'aka ndị ọrụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ site na igwe. A na-enwetakarị ahịhịa ndị ahụ n'ọtụtụ site na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, nke nwere ike ịbụ ọkachamara na ịzụlite ahọpụtara iji mepụta ọrịa na-eto ngwa ngwa- na ụdị na-eguzogide ahụhụ.
- N'ime afọ ole na ole mbụ ruo mgbe okpokoro ahụ mechiri, a na-elekọta ahịhịa ndị ahụ, ma nwee ike ịcha ma ọ bụ jiri fatịlaịza ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ahụhụ gbasaa ruo mgbe e guzobere ya.
- Mgbe okpokoro ahụ mechiri, na okpueze osisi na-emetụ ibe ha aka, ubi ahụ na-aghọ nke jupụtara na nke jupụtara, osisi na-eto eto na-ebelata n'ihi asọmpi. A na-akpọ ọkwa a 'pole stage'. Mgbe asọmpi na-esiwanye ike (maka osisi pine, mgbe okpueze dị ndụ erughị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ogo osisi ahụ), oge eruola iji belata ngalaba ahụ. E nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ maka imebi, mana ebe ọdịdị ala na-enye ohere, nke kachasị ewu ewu bụ 'usoro-emebi', ebe a na-ewepụ ahịrị nke atọ ma ọ bụ nke anọ ma ọ bụ ya na ahịrị nke ise nke osisi, na-ejikarị onye na-ewe ihe ubi. A na-ewepụ ọtụtụ osisi, na-ahapụ ụzọ doro anya na mpaghara ahụ ka osisi ndị fọdụrụnụ wee nwee ohere ịgbasa ọzọ. A na-ewepụ osisi ndị e wepụrụ, zigara ha n'okporo ụzọ ọhịa, tinye ha n'ụgbọala, ma zigara ha na igwe ihe. Osisi a na-ahụkarị n'ọkwa osisi bụ sentimita iri asaa na iri atọ n'obosara n'ogologo ara (dbh). Osisi ndị dị otú ahụ adịghị adaba maka osisi mgbe ụfọdụ, mana a na-eji ha eme ihe dị ka pulp maka akwụkwọ na bọọdụ, yana dị ka chips maka bọọdụ eriri.
- Ka osisi na-eto ma na-ejupụta ma jupụta ọzọ, a na-ekwughachi usoro ịdị arọ ahụ. Dabere na uto na ụdị, osisi n'oge a nwere ike ibu ibu iji kpochapụ osisi; ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị, a na-eji ha eme ihe ọzọ dị ka pulp na chips.
- N'ihe dị ka afọ 10-60 ubi ahụ etozuola ugbu a ma (n'ihe gbasara akụ na ụba) na-ada n'akụkụ azụ nke usoro uto ya. Nke ahụ bụ, ọ na-agafe ebe kachasị elu osisi na-eto kwa hekta kwa afọ, ya mere ọ dị njikere maka owuwe ihe ubi ikpeazụ. A na-egbutu osisi niile fọdụrụnụ, wepụ ha, ma were ha ka ha rụọ ọrụ.
- A na-ehichapụ ala, a pụkwara ịmaliteghachi okirikiri ahụ.
Ụfọdụ osisi ndị a na akụ, dị ka osisi pine na eucalyptus, nwere ike ịnọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke mmebi ọkụ n'ihi na mmanụ akwụkwọ ha na resins na ere ọkụ nke ukwuu.[2][3] N'aka nke ọzọ, a pụrụ iwepụ osisi na arịa ọrịa n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ site na iji ọkụ a tụrụ aro, nke na egbu osisi niile dị obere mana ọ naghị emerụ osisi ndị tozuru etozu ahụ nke ukwuu.
Ụdị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ugbo osisi Krismas[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Eucalyptus[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ọrụ ugbo osisi na mgbanwe ihu igwe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ohia na-akpụ carbon n'ime osisi ya. Ohia na-ewepu carbon dioxide n'ikuku ka osisi na-eto ma na-eweghachi ya n'ikuku ka osisi na-anwu ma na-ereka ma obu na-ere. Ọ bụrụhaala na oke ọhịa ahụ na-enwe uto net, oke ọhịa ahụ na-ebelata oke carbon dioxide, nke na-eduga n'ikuku ikuku, site na ikuku. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụrụ na a na-ewepụ osisi mgbe niile n'ime ọhịa wee ghọọ ngwaahịa osisi na-adịgide adịgide, ngwaahịa ndị ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-emepụta carbon, ebe osisi ndị na-anọchi anya osisi na-amịkọrọ carbon dioxide, si otú a na-eme ka mbelata gas na-ekpo ọkụ na-aga n'ihu.
N'ihi na a na-achịkwa ugbo osisi iji bulie uto ngwa ngwa, ugbo osisi na ejikarị carbon eme ihe ngwa ngwa karịa ọhịa a na ejighị n'aka, na atụle naanị akụkụ njigide nke usoro ahụ ọ bụghị ntọhapụ carbon n'ihi ire ure, ọkụ, ma ọ bụ owuwe ihe ubi.[4] Eziokwu ahụ bụ na ala ndị a na-elekọta na-abụkarị ndị na eto eto na osisi ndị na-amalite eto na-eto ngwa ngwa ma na anwụ obere na enye aka na ọdịiche a.[5]
Ọ bụ ezie na ugbo osisi na-amịkọrọ CO2 buru ibu, njide ogologo oge nke carbon a dabere na ihe a na eme na ihe ndị a na ewepụta. Oké ọhịa na aga n'ihu na amị carbon ikuku ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ ma ọ bụrụ na a hapụrụ ya n'enweghị nsogbu.[6]
USDA nwere onye na agbakọ ihe n'ịntanetị maka carbon ole a na ejide n'ụdị ọhịa dị iche iche.
CO2 and forest health[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Carbon dioxide bụ ihe owuwu bụ isi maka anụ ahụ osisi ma achọrọ iji mee ka osisi na-eto ngwa ngwa ma sie ike, yabụ enwere ike ịkọwa ọkwa dị elu nke CO2 na ikuku n'ihi ọkụ ọkụ ga-eme ka ọhịa na-eto ọsọ. Mahadum Duke mere nnyocha ebe ha nyere ubi osisi loblolly pine nwere ọkwa dị elu nke CO2.[7] Nnyocha ndị ahụ gosiri na osisi pine na-eto ngwa ngwa ma sie ike. Ha nwekwara ike ghara imebi n'oge oké ifufe ice, nke bụ ihe na-egbochi uto loblolly n'ebe ugwu. Oké ọhịa ahụ mere nke ọma n'oge ọkọchị. Echiche ahụ bụ na ihe ndị na egbochi uto nke osisi pine bụ ihe na edozi ahụ dị ka nitrogen, nke na adịghị na ọtụtụ ala osisi pine na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. Otú ọ dị, n'afọ ndị kpọrọ nkụ, osisi ndị ahụ anaghị emegide ihe ndị ahụ ebe ọ bụ na ha na eto nwayọọ nwayọọ n'ihi na mmiri bụ ihe na egbochi. Mgbe mmiri na ezo, osisi jupụtara na ya na eru n'ókè nke ihe na-edozi ahụ na CO2 ọzọ abaghị uru. Ọtụtụ ala ọhịa dị na mpaghara ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ enweghị nitrogen na phosphorus yana mineral mineral. Oké ọhịa pine na-anọkarị n'ala a na eji eme ogho, ọka ma ọ bụ ụtaba. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na emebi ala na adịghị omimi na nke na adịghị amị mkpụrụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo osisi ga-arụ ọrụ iji melite ala.
Na mgbakwunye na uto ka mma, biosolids na enye ihe ngwọta ọhụrụ. A na edozi ihe mkpofu site na isi obodo ma ọ bụ ọrụ ugbo dị ka ọrụ ọkụkọ na ezì na Virginia na North Carolina. Ọ bụ ezie na biosolids nwere ikike imeziwanye ala ma mee ka osisi na eto eto, ihe mgbochi maka nkuchi gụnyere nhazi na inertia.
Mfu nke oké ọhịa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara n'ọhịa na-ekwu na nguzobe nke ubi ga ebelata ma ọ bụ wepụ mkpa ọ dị iji ọhịa okike mee ihe maka mmepụta osisi. Na ụkpụrụ nke a bụ eziokwu n'ihi na n'ihi nnukwu mmepụta nke ubi, ala dị obere dị mkpa. Ọtụtụ na ezo aka n'ihe atụ nke New Zealand, ebe 19% nke mpaghara ọhịa na enye 99% nke inye osisi gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ. E mere atụmatụ na naanị 5% nke oké ọhịa ụwa nwere ike izute mkpa ụwa maka eriri (Sedjo & Botkin 1997). Otú ọ dị, n'omume, osisi na anọchi ọhịa okike, dịka ọmụmaatụ na Indonesia. Dị ka FAO si kwuo, ihe dị ka pasent 7% nke oké ọhịa mechiri emechi nke na-efu n'ebe okpomọkụ bụ ala a na agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ ubi. 93% fọdụrụnụ nke mfu bụ ala a na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ugbo na ojiji ndị ọzọ. N'ụwa niile, a na eme atụmatụ na 15% nke osisi na mba ndị na ekpo ọkụ na eguzobe n'oké ọhịa okike mechiri emechi.
Na Kyoto Protocol, e nwere aro na-agba ume iji osisi mee ihe iji belata ọkwa carbon dioxide (ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ìgwè na agbagha echiche a n'ihi na a na emecha wepụta CO2 e mechiri emechi mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị).
Onye nwe ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ka ọ na erule 2019, e mere atụmatụ na 49% nke oké ọhịa na United States bụ nke ezinụlọ.[8]
Ụlọ ọrụ ndị ama ama gụnyere Greenwood Resources, nke TIAA-CREF nwe.[9]
Nkatọ nke ubi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'adịghị ka oké ọhịa a na eme ka ọ dị ọhụrụ, a na-akụkarị osisi dị ka monocultures, karịsịa maka mmepụta osisi.
- Ubi osisi na-abụkarị ihe dị nso ma ọ bụ zuru oke. Nke ahụ bụ, a na-akụ otu ụdị osisi ahụ n'ofe otu mpaghara, ebe oké ọhịa ga-enwe ụdị osisi dịgasị iche iche.
- Osisi nwere ike ịgụnye ụdị osisi ndị na-agaghị eme n'ógbè ahụ. Ha nwere ike ịgụnye ụdị ndị na-abụghị nke omenala dị ka ngwakọta, na osisi ndị gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nwere ike iji mee ihe n'oge ụfọdụ n'ọdịnihu. [nkọwa dị mkpa] Ebe ọ bụ na mmasị bụ isi na osisi bụ iji mepụta osisi ma ọ bụ anụ, ụdị osisi ndị a na-ahụ na osisi bụ ndị kachasị mma maka ọrụ mmepụta ihe.[10] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akụ osisi pine, spruce na eucalyptus n'ọtụtụ ebe karịa ebe ha sitere n'okike n'ihi uto ngwa ngwa ha, nnagide nke ala ọrụ ugbo bara ọgaranya ma ọ bụ nke mebiri emebi na ikike ịmepụta nnukwu ihe maka iji ụlọ ọrụ.
- Ubi osisi na-abụkarị ọhịa na-eto eto n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, a na-ewepụta osisi ndị a na-akụ n'ubi mgbe afọ 10 ruo afọ 60, ọ na-esiri ike ruo afọ 120. Nke a pụtara na oké ọhịa ndị a na-emepụta site na osisi anaghị enwe ụdị uto, ala ma ọ bụ anụ ọhịa nke na-ahụkarị na gburugburu ebe obibi nke oké ọhịa ochie. Ihe kachasị pụta ìhè bụ enweghị osisi nwụrụ anwụ na-ere ure, akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro okike nke ọhịa.
N'afọ ndị 1970, Brazil malitere iguzobe ubi na-amị mkpụrụ dị elu, nke a na-achịkwa nke ọma, nke na-agbanwe agbanwe. A na-akpọ ụdị osisi ndị a mgbe ụfọdụ osisi osisi ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ ugbo fiber ma na-ejikarị obere oge, dị ka afọ 5 ruo 15. Ha na-agbasawanye na South Amerika, Eshia na mpaghara ndị ọzọ. Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke ụdị osisi a emeela ka ha bụrụ ndị na-ese okwu. Na Indonesia, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ pulp nwere ọtụtụ mba ewepụtala nnukwu mpaghara nke oké ọhịa okike n'echebaraghị mmelite echiche. Site na 1980 ruo 2000, e guzobere ihe dị ka 50% nke nde hekta 1.4 nke osisi pulpwood na Indonesia n'ihe bụbu ala ọhịa.
Mgbanwe nke oké ọhịa sitere n'okike na osisi osisi osisi emeela ka nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Na mba ụfọdụ, ọzọ, ọkachasị Indonesia, a na-eme ntụgharị nke oké ọhịa okike na-enweghị nchebara echiche maka ikike nke ndị obodo. Ubi ndị e guzobere maka mmepụta nke eriri na-enye ọrụ dị mkpirikpi karịa ọhịa mbụ maka ndị obodo. India achọwo igbochi mmebi a site na igbochi oke ala nke otu ụlọ ọrụ nwere, n'ihi ya, ndị ọrụ ugbo dị n'ógbè ahụ nwere obere ubi ndị na-ere osisi ahụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị buru ibu. Ụfọdụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-akatọ osisi ndị a na-amị mkpụrụ dị elu ma na-agba ọsọ mkpọsa mgbochi osisi, ọkachasị Rainforest Action Network na Greenpeace.
Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Usoro Ugbo Osisi America
- Ịkụ osisi Krismas
- Ọbụna nlekọta osisi ochie
- Ịkpa anụ n'ọhịa
- Ụlọ ọrụ osisi
Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ Forest loss. United Nations System-wide Earthwatch. United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from the original on January 6, 2010. Retrieved on October 27, 2011.
- ↑ Wills (2018-08-23). How Eucalyptus Trees Stoke Wildfires (en-US). JSTOR Daily. Retrieved on 2022-04-23.
- ↑ Brown (July 2009). "In Plantations or Natural Stands: Ponderosa Is Programmed to Partner with Fire". Fire Science Brief (56).
- ↑ Bowyer, Jim. 2011. "Managing Forests for Mitigating Climate Change," Dovetail Partners.
- ↑ McKinley (2011). "A synthesis of current knowledge on forests and carbon storage in the United States". Ecological Applications 21 (6): 1902–1924. DOI:10.1890/10-0697.1. PMID 21939033. Retrieved on 9 March 2013.
- ↑ Luyssaert (11 September 2008). "Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks". Nature 455 (7210): 213–215. DOI:10.1038/nature07276. PMID 18784722.
- ↑ Duke Study Shows Carbon Dioxide Boosts Pine Tree Reproduction. Sciencedaily.com (16 August 2000). Retrieved on 9 March 2013.
- ↑ Family Forest Owners: The Critical Link to Forest Resources.
- ↑ Portland's GreenWood Resources nears $1B in timber assets. www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved on 2019-09-02.
- ↑ Overbeek W. (2012). "An overview of industrial tree plantation conflicts in the global South. Conflicts, trends, and resistance struggles.". EJOLT 3.
Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- American Tree Farm System History, Forest History Society
- American Tree Farm System Timeline, Forest History Society
- American Tree Farm System, American Forest Foundation
- Perth Tree Farm System, Australia Forest Foundation