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Agbụrụ ndị Aryan

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Aryan race but igba oso nke agbara n'oge gboo nke emere na nwucha 19th century iji kowa ndi so na agburu Proto-Indo-European nke racial grouping. Okwu a si na Ihe ejiri Mee Ihe n'oge gboo nke Aryan, nke agburu ofuru nke Indo-Iranian huru dika epithet nke noble. Anthropological, historical na archeological evidence anaghi akwurunyere uru okwua abara.[1][2]

Okwua SI na nkwenye SI na original speakers nke asusu Proto-Indo-European bu ndi is nke progenitors specimen nke mmadu, [3] nakwa na ụmụ ha ruo taa mejupụtara ma ọ bụ agbụrụ pụrụ iche ma ọ bụ obere agbụrụ nke agbụrụ Caucasian, n'akụkụ Agbụrụ Semitic na agbụrụ Hamitic.[5][6] A na-ewere usoro taxonomic a maka ịhazi ìgwè mmadụ ugbu a dị ka ihe na-ezighi ezi na ihe na-enweghị isi n'ihi ọdịdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya n'etiti ìgwè ndị a.[4][5][6]

Ndị edemede dị iche iche na-ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ndị na-emegide ndị Juu nabatara okwu ahụ na narị afọ nke 19, gụnyere Arthur de Gobineau, Richard Wagner, na Houston Stewart Chamberlain, [7] ndị agbụrụ sayensị ha metụtara echiche agbụrụ ndị Nazi. [12] Ka ọ na-erule n ndị 1930, a na-ejikọta echiche ahụ na Nazism na Nordicism, ma jiri ya kwado echiche ndị ọcha nke Aryanism nke gosipụtara agbụrụ Aryan dị ka "agbụrụ ", [8] na ndị na-abụghị ndị Aryan a na-ewere dị ka agbụrụ dị ala (Untermensch, lit. 'onye na-erughị mmadụ') na egwu nke a ga-ekpochapụ.[14][9] Na Nazi Germany, echiche ndị a bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke echiche steeti nke dugara na Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ. [10][11]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Arụmụka banyere ala nna[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, e wuru Proto-Indo-European (PIE) dị ka asụsụ proto-asụsụ nke Asụsụ Indo-European.[18][19] Sir William Jones, onye a nabatara dị ka "onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ a na-akwanyere ùgwù na Europe" maka Grammar of the Persian Language (1771), a họpụtara ya dịka otu n'ime ndị ọka ikpe atọ nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Bengal.[20] Jones, onye rutere na Calcutta wee malite ọmụmụ Sanskrit na Rig Veda, ọ tụrụ ya n'anya site na myirịta okwu dị n'etiti Sanskrit n'asụsụ Indo-European ndị ọzọ dị ka Persian, Gothic, Grik, na Latịn, wee kwubie na Sanskrit - dị ka asụsụ sitere na ya - bụ otu asụsụ proto- ma ọ bụ nne na nna n'ezinụlọ asụsụ - ya bụ PIE, dị ka asụsụ Indo-European, na Okwu Afọ nke Atọ ya banyere ndị Hindu (1786).[21][22] Otú ọ dị, ala nna asụsụ nke ndị mbụ na-asụ Proto-Indo-European bụ arụmụka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ akụkọ ihe mere eme kemgbe mmalite, na-etinye aka na ihe kpatara Chauvinistic.[19][23][24] Ụfọdụ ndị mba Europe na ndị ọchịchị aka ike, ọkachasị ndị Nazi, mechara gbalịa ịmata ala nna Proto-Indo-European na mba ha ma ọ bụ mpaghara ha dị ka agbụrụ dị elu.[12][26]

Dị ka Leon Poliakov si kwuo, echiche nke agbụrụ Aryan gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'ụzọ miri emi na nkà mmụta asụsụ, dabere na ọrụ Sir William Jones na-azọrọ na Sanskrit nwere njikọ na asụsụ Greco-Roman (European). Ndị ọzọ na-eche echiche chepụtara mmalite nke ụwa maka mmepeanya Europe nke na-adabereghị na usoro ọmụmụ Bible nke aristocracy nke Europe kwuru na ọ bụ ndị si na ya pụta.[13][14]

Romance na Social Darwinism[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mmetụta nke Romanticism na Germany hụrụ mweghachi nke nchọgharị ọgụgụ isi maka "asụsụ German na ọdịnala" na ọchịchọ "ịkwụsị oyi, arụmụka nke Enlightenment".[29] Mgbe Darwin bipụtara On the Origin of Species na 1859 na mgbasa ozi nke usoro ihe nlereanya nke Asụsụ Proto-Indo-European (PIE), ndị Romantics kwenyesiri ike na asụsụ bụ ihe na-akọwa njirimara mba, jikọtara ya na echiche ọhụrụ nke Darwinism.[30] Ndị Germany na-ahụ maka mba n'anya jiri Echiche sayensị nke nhọrọ okike mee ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi maka ezi uche nke agbụrụ ụfọdụ karịa ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na Darwin n'onwe ya etinyeghị echiche ya nke ahụike na ihe ndị na-edoghị anya dị ka agbụrụ ma ọ bụ asụsụ.[30] A na-atụ aro agbụrụ "ndị na-ekwesịghị ekwesị" dị ka isi iyi nke adịghị ike nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na egwu nke nwere ike imerụ àgwà ndị dị elu nke agbụrụ "dị mma".[30] Ngwakọta na-eduhie eduhie nke pseudoscience na Romanticism mepụtara echiche agbụrụ ọhụrụ nke jiri nkọwa ndị Social Darwinist gbagọrọ agbagọ nke agbụrụ kọwaa "ihe dị elu nke ndị Northern Europe" na ọmụmụ ekele onwe onye.[31][32] N'ikpeazụ, ọchụchọ nke ndị German Romantics maka ihe nketa mba "dị ọcha" dugara na nkọwa nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ PIE n'oge ochie dị ka ndị nne na nna dị iche iche nke "agbụrụ-asụsụ-mba stereotype".[33][15]

  1. ↑ Knight Dunlap (October 1944). "The Great Aryan Myth". The Scientific Monthly 59: 296–300. 
  2. ↑ Ramaswamy (June 2001). "Remains of the race: Archaeology, nationalism, and the yearning for civilisation in the Indus valley". The Indian Economic & Social History Review 38 (2): 105–145. DOI:10.1177/001946460103800201. ISSN 0019-4646. 
  3. ↑ Mish, Frederic C., Editor in Chief Webster's Tenth New Collegiate Dictionary Springfield, Massachusetts. 1994 – Merriam-Webster See original definition (definition #1) of "Aryan" in English. 0. 66
  4. ↑ Templeton, A. (2016). "Evolution and Notions of Human Race", in Losos, J.: How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press, 346–361. DOI:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26. ISBN 9780691170398. “... the answer to the question whether races exist in humans is clear and unambiguous: no.” 
  5. ↑ Wagner (February 2017). "Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 162 (2): 318–327. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.23120. PMID 27874171. 
  6. ↑ American Association of Physical Anthropologists (27 March 2019). AAPA Statement on Race and Racism. American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Retrieved on 19 June 2020.
  7. ↑ Paul B. Rich (1998). "Racial ideas and the impact of imperialism in Europe". The European Legacy 3 (1): 30–33. DOI:10.1080/10848779808579862. 
  8. ↑ Gregor (1961). "Nordicism Revisted". Phylon 22 (4): 352–360. DOI:10.2307/273538. 
  9. ↑ Longerich (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0191613470. 
  10. ↑ Gordon (1984). Hitler, Germans, and the "Jewish Question", Mazal Holocaust Collection, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 96. ISBN 0-691-05412-6. OCLC 9946459. 
  11. ↑ Aryan. Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved on 25 February 2022.
  12. ↑ Renfrew (October 1989). "The Origins of Indo-European Languages". Scientific American 261. DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican1089-106. 
  13. ↑ Leoussi (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. “"The process was further assisted by a romanticism which gloried in the exotic and encouraged the idea that the greatest civilizational achievements of Europe could be attributed to the stimulus of ancient Aryan tribal movements...Historians seemed increasingly bent on discovering in each case a vigorous national past from which could be projected an even greater future. Scholars searching for Aryan pedigree also availed themselves of such newer disciplines as ethnology and anthropology."” 
  14. ↑ Judaken (6 March 2024). "Leon Poliakov, Philosophy, and the Secularization of Anti-Judaism in the Development of Racism". Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal 35 (1): 193–195. 
  15. ↑ Mish, Frederic C., Editor in Chief Webster's Tenth New Collegiate Dictionary Springfield, Massachusetts: 1994. Merriam-Webster p. 66
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