Asụsụ Timbisha
| Timbisha Nümü nangkawih, Sosoni nangkawih | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | United States | |
| Region: | California, Nevada | |
| Total speakers: | 20 | |
| Language family: | Uto-Aztecan Numic Central Numic Timbisha | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | — | |
| ISO 639-3: | par | |
| Lang Status 20-CR.svg | ||
Timbisha (Tümpisa) ma ọ bụ Panamint (nke a na-akpọkwa Koso) bụ asụsụ nke ndị American Indian bi na mpaghara ahụ na gburugburu Death Valley, California, na ndịda Owens Valley kemgbe oge prehistoric. E nwere ndị agadi ole na ole nwere ike ịsụ asụsụ ahụ na California na Nevada, mana ọ dịghị onye na-asụ otu asụsụ, ha niile na-ejikwa Bekee mgbe niile na ndụ ha kwa ụbọchị. Ruo na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, ndị mmadụ na-akpọ onwe ha na asụsụ ha "Shoshone". Agbụrụ ahụ nwetara nkwado gọọmentị etiti n'okpuru aha Death Valley Timbisha Shoshone Band nke California. Nke [] bụ mkpụrụ okwu Anglicized nke aha ala nke Death Valley, tümpisa, a na-akpọ [tɨmbiʃa], nke pụtara "ihe osise nkume" ma na-ezo aka na isi iyi ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara na ndagwurugwu ahụ. Timbisha bụkwa asụsụ nke ndị a na-akpọ "Shoshone" na Bishọp, Big Pine, Darwin, Independence, na Lone Pine na California na obodo Beatty na Nevada. Ọ bụkwa asụsụ a na-asụ n'ebe bụbu Indian Ranch reservation na Panamint Valley.
Timbisha bụ otu n'ime asụsụ Numic" id="mwJA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Central Numic">Central Numic nke alaka Numic nke Uto-Aztecan. Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Shoshoni Ndị Comanche.
Ebe a na-ekesa ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A na-asụ Timbisha n'oge gara aga n'ógbè dị n'etiti ugwu Nevada_(U.S.)" id="mwKw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada nke ọwụwa anyanwụ California na mpaghara dị n'ebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ Death Valley na Nevada. Nnukwu ndagwurugwu ebe obodo nta dị bụ (site n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ gaa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ) Owens Valley, Indian Wells Valley, Saline Valley, Panamint Valley, na Death Valley. Na mgbakwunye, e nwere obodo nta ndị dị n'akụkụ ndịda nke Kawich Range na Nevada.
.[1]
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mkpụrụedemede[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Timbisha nwekwara ndepụta ụdaume Numic nke ụdaume ise. <span lang="und-Latn-fonipa" class="IPA nowrap" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" mwvq="" title="Representation in the Intere Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">naai_IPA" id="mwUA" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/> mgbakwunye, enwere diphthong ai a na-ahụkarị, nke na-adịgasị iche na e, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ morphemes nwere ai mgbe niile na ndị ọzọ nwere e mgbe niile. (A na-egosi orthography nke gọọmentị na parentheses.)
| n'ihu | etiti | azụ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Elu | i | N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịAkwụkwọ bụ́ "Naị"Ọdịdị | u |
| Ndị Na-adịghị Elu | a | o | |
| Diphthong | ai, ịkpaỊnọ, ị ga-abụỌdịdị |
Mkpụrụ okwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Timbisha nwere ndepụta nke ụdaume Numic. (A na-egosi orthography nke gọọmentị n'ime oghere):
| Bilabial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Mkpịsị aka | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ala dị larịị | egbugbere ọnụ. | |||||
| Ụgbọ imi | m | n | __ibo__ ŋ'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị | __ibo____ibo__ ŋw'ihi na ọ bụ n'afọ ndị ọzọ ka a na-akpọ__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọỌdịdị | ||
| Plosive | p | t | k | kw | ʔ | |
| Africate | ts | |||||
| Ihe na-esiri ike | s | h | ||||
| Ọkara ụdaolu | __ibo__ j'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNa-ekwu maka yaỌdịdị | w | ||||
Phonotactics[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A na-ekwupụta nkwụsị Timbish (gụnyere affricate) na imi ma na-ekwughachi n'etiti ụdaume, a na-ekwuputa ya na ụyọkọ nkwụsị imi, ma na-ekwu ya (ma ọ bụghị ụda) na-esote h.
Mkpụrụedemede na-enweghị olu anaghị adịkarị na Timbisha karịa na Shoshoni Ndị Comanche.
Usoro ide ihe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Asụsụ Timbisha dabeere na Dayley[1][2] ma jiri mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Roman. A na-eji Ü eme ihe maka ɨ na ng maka ŋ.
Asụsụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ọmụmụ nke Timbisha [3] Jon Dayley na John McLaughlin nọgidere na-eme, ha abụọ dere nkọwa ụtọ asụsụ. [1] [4] [2] ebipụtala akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu.
Usoro okwu na akara ikpe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
usoro okwu Timbisha na-abụkarị SOV dị ka: A na-ejikarị adjectives eme ihe na aha ha na-agbanwe, ọ gwụla ma mmekọrịta ahụ bụ nwa oge mgbe ha bụ okwu ndị nwere onwe ha nwere nsonaazụ pụrụ iche. Jiri Tosa-kapayu, 'ịnyịnya ọcha', "palomino ma ọ bụ ụdị ndị ọzọ na-acha odo odo" na tosapihtü kapayu, 'ụgbọ ịnyịnya ọcha / na-acha ọcha', "ịnyịnya ọcha ma ọ bụ na-acha ọbara ọbara" (nke na-acha uhie uhie ma ọ bụ nke na-acha ntụ ntụ, mana ụmụnne ya nwere ike ịbụ ụcha ọ bụla).
Ngwaa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A na-eji akara Ngwaa maka Akụkụ ụtọ asụsụ na nsonaazụ. A na-eji akara mmalite na nsonaazụ akara Valencia. Ụfọdụ ngwaa ndị a na-ahụkarị na-adịghị agafe agafe nwere ụdị ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe maka otu ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ isiokwu na ụfọdụ ngwaa ndị na-agafe agafe na-enwe ụdị ndị na'agbanwe agbanwe iji mee ihe maka otu maọbụ ọtụtụ ihe. Ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ nweghị nkwekọrịta ụtọ asụsụ nke ngwaa mara.
Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Pine, Darwin, Independence, na Lone Pine na California na obodo Beatty na Nevada. Ọ bụkwa asụsụ a na-asụ n'ebe bụbu Indian Ranch reservation na Panamint Valley.Pine, Darwin, Independence, na Lone Pine na California na obodo Beatty na Nevada. Ọ bụkwa asụsụ a na-asụ n'ebe bụbu Indian Ranch reservation na Panamint Valley.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Dayley (1989). "Tümpisa (Panamint) Shoshone Grammar". University of California Publications in Linguistics 115.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Dayley (1989). "Tümpisa (Panamint) Shoshone Dictionary". University of California Publications in Linguistics 116.
- ↑ McLaughlin (2006). Timbisha (Panamint), Languages of the world/materials 453. Munich: LINCOM Europa.
- ↑ McLaughlin (1987). Panamint Phonology and Morphology. University of Kansas PhD dissertation.
Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Nchịkọta Asụsụ Panamint na Survey of California and Other Indian LanguagesNnyocha nke California na Asụsụ India Ndị Ọzọ
- Ndepụta asụsụ nke Panamint
- Otu esi agụ na Timbisha
- Ihe onwunwe OLAC na banyere asụsụ Panamint