Ihe nrite Pulitzer

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Ihe nrite Pulitzer (/ˈpʊlɪtsər/) bụ ihe nrite nke Mahadum Columbia na-enye maka ihe ndị a rụzuru na akwụkwọ akụkọ, magazin, akwụkwọ akụkọ n'ịntanetị, akwụkwọ, na egwu egwu na United States. E guzobere ya na 1917 site na ndokwa dị na testament nke Joseph Pulitzer, onye nwetara akụ na ụba ya dị ka onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ.[1] Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, a na-enye onyinye kwa afọ na ụdị iri abụọ na atọ.[2] Na iri abụọ na abụọ n'ime ụdị, onye mmeri ọ bụla na-enweta asambodo na onyinye ego US $ 15,000 (nke sitere na $ 10,000 na 2017).[3] A na-enye onye mmeri na ngalaba ọrụ ọha na eze ihe nrite ọla edo.[4][5]

Ntinye na ihe nrite[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Onye isi ala Columbia Lee Bollinger nyere Jeffrey Eugenides 2003 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.

Ihe nrite Pulitzer anaghị atụle ọrụ niile dị na mgbasa ozi, mana ọ bụ naanị ndị a na-etinye kpọmkwem. (Ntinye ọ bụla ga-esonyere ụgwọ ọrụ $ 75.) Ntinye ga-adaba na ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ụdị ihe nrite a kapịrị ọnụ, ọ pụghịkwa inweta ohere maka ịbụ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ egwu. A pụkwara itinye ọrụ naanị n'ụdị abụọ, n'agbanyeghị ihe onwunwe ha.[6]

Kwa afọ, ihe karịrị 100 ndị ọka ikpe na-ahọrọ site na Pulitzer Prize Board ka ha rụọ ọrụ na 22 dị iche iche ndị ọka ikpe maka ụdị onyinye iri abụọ na atọ; otu ndị ọka ikpe ahụ na-atụ aro maka onyinye foto abụọ ahụ. Ọtụtụ ndị ọka ikpe nwere ndị otu ise, ma e wezụga ndị maka Ọrụ Ọha, Nnyocha Akụkọ, Nkọwa Akụkọ, Ihe odide, Nkọwarị na Akụkọ Akụrụngwa, nke nwere ndị otu asaa; Otú ọ dị, ndị ọka ikpe akwụkwọ niile nwere ndị otu mitano.[1] Maka ụdị onyinye ọ bụla, ndị ọka ikpe na-eme nhọpụta atọ. Kọmitii ahụ na-ahọrọ onye mmeri site na votu ka ukwuu site na nhọpụta, ma ọ bụ na-agafe nhọpụta ma họrọ ntinye dị iche na-esote votu ka ukwuu nke pasent 75. Kọmitii ahụ nwekwara ike ịtụ vootu ka ọ ghara inye onyinye ọ bụla. A naghị akwụ ndị ọka ikpe na ndị nta akụkọ ụgwọ maka ọrụ ha; Otú ọ dị, ndị ọka ikpe n'akwụkwọ ozi, egwu, na ihe nkiri na-enweta honoraria maka afọ ahụ.[1]

Ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị na-abanye na ndị a họpụtara na njedebe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-akpọ onye ọ bụla e nyere ọrụ ya onye na-abanye. Ndị ọka ikpe na-ahọrọ otu ndị a họpụtara ma kwupụta ha, tinyere onye mmeri maka ụdị ọ bụla. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị nta akụkọ na ndị edemede bụ ndị e debere naanị, mana a họpụtabeghị ha dị ka ndị ikpeazụ, ka na-azọrọ na ha bụ ndị a họpụtara Pulitzer na ihe nkwalite.

Kọmitii Pulitzer dọrọ ndị sonyere aka na ntị ka ha ghara ịsị na ha bụ ndị a họpụtara. Akụkụ Ajụjụ A Na-ajụkarị Ajụjụ nke Pulitzer Prize na-akọwa iwu ha dị ka ndị a: "Ndị Nominating Juries na-ahọrọ ndị Finalists maka ụdị ọ bụla dị ka ndị ikpeazụ na asọmpi ahụ. Kọmitii Pulitzer Prize na-ahọrọ ndị mmeri Pulitzer n'ozuzu ha site na ndị ikpeazụ atọ a họpụtara na nke ọ bụla. A mara ọkwa aha ndị a họpụtara na njedebe naanị kemgbe afọ 1980. A na-akpọ ọrụ nke e nyefere maka ịtụle ihe nrite ma a họrọghị ya dị ka onye ikpeazụ a họpụtara ma ọ bụ onye mmeri ntinye ma ọ bụ ntinye. Enweghị ozi gbasara ndị batara. Kemgbe afọ 1980, mgbe anyị malitere ịkpọsa ndị a họpụtara na ngwụcha, anyị ejirila okwu 'onye a họpụtara' maka ndị sonyere bụ ndị ghọrọ ndị ikpeazụ. Anyị na-akụda mmadụ ume na ọ bụ 'onye a họpụtara' maka Pulitzer naanị n'ihi na e zigara anyị ederede.[7]

Bill Dedman nke NBC News, onye natara ihe nrite akụkọ nyocha nke afọ 1989, kwuru na 2012 na a kọwara onye nta akụkọ ego Betty Liu dị ka "Pulitzer Prize-Nominated" na mgbasa ozi Bloomberg Television ya na jaket nke akwụkwọ ya, ebe onye edemede National Review Jonah Goldberg kwuru ihe yiri nke ahụ banyere "Pulitzar nomination" iji kwalite akwụkwọ ya. Dedman dere, "Ịkpọ akwụkwọ ahụ Pulitzer 'nomination' dị ka ikwu na Adam Sandler bụ onye a họpụtara na Oscar ma ọ bụrụ na Columbia Pictures abanye That's My Boy na Academy Awards. Ọtụtụ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-achọpụta na Oscars anaghị arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ dị otú ahụ - ụlọ ọrụ anaghị ahọrọ ndị a họpụtara. Ọ bụ naanị ụzọ isi tinye 'Academy Awards' n'ime akụkọ ndụ. Ndị Pulitzers anaghị arụkwa ọrụ n'ụzọ ahụ, mana mmadụ ole na ole maara nke ahụ.[8]

N'aha, a na-enye Pulitzer Prize for Public Service naanị ụlọ ọrụ akụkọ, ọ bụghị ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, a na-ahọpụta ndị na-enye aka na ntinye ahụ n'ụzọ yiri nke ndị mmeri n'otu n'otu.[9][10] Enwere ike inye ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ onyinye; mgbe niile, ndị ọrụ na-enye onyinye na-egosikwa ọrụ nke ndị na-enye aka.[11]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

asambodo Pulitzer Prize nke Mihajlo Pupin, nke e ji mee ihe na diplọma Mahadum Columbia

Onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Joseph Pulitzer nyere Mahadum Columbia ego n'ọchịchọ ya iji malite ụlọ akwụkwọ akụkọ ma guzobe Pulitzer Prize. O nyere $ 250,000 maka ihe nrite na agụmakwụkwọ.[12] O kwuru "ihe nrite anọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ, anọ na akwụkwọ ozi na ihe nkiri, otu na agụmakwụkwọ, na agụmakọta anọ na-agagharị agagharị".[1] Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na October 29, 1911, e nyere Pulitzer Prizes mbụ na June 4, 1917 (a mara ọkwa ha ugbu a na April). The Chicago Tribune n'okpuru nchịkwa nke Colonel Robert R. McCormick chere na Pulitzer Prize abụghị ihe ọzọ karịa 'òtù na-enwe mmasị' ma ọ bụghị ka a na-ewere ya n'ụzọ siri ike; akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ jụrụ ịsọ mpi maka ihe nrite ahụ n'oge McCormick nọ n'ọkwa ruo 1961.[13][14]

Ndị natara ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Pulitzer Prize
Joseph Pulitzer

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Special Citations and Awards

Ụdị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-enye onyinye n'ụdị ndị metụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ, nka, akwụkwọ ozi na akụkọ ifo. Akụkọ na foto sitere na akwụkwọ akụkọ, magazin na ụlọ ọrụ akụkọ dị na United States (gụnyere ebe nrụọrụ weebụ akụkọ) nke "[na-ebipụta] mgbe niile" ruru eru maka ihe nrite nke ndị nta akụkọ.[15] Malite na 2007, "a ga-ekwe ka ihe dịgasị iche iche dị n'ịntanetị n'ụdị akwụkwọ akụkọ niile ma e wezụga maka ụdị foto abụọ nke asọmpi ahụ, nke ga-anọgide na-egbochi ntinye na foto ndị dị jụụ". N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2008, a mara ọkwa na maka oge mbụ a ga-atụle ọdịnaya e bipụtara na akụkọ ntanetị.

Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị mmeri nwere njikọ magazin (karịsịa Moneta Sleet Jr.) ka a hapụrụ ịbanye n'asọmpi ahụ n'ihi mmekọrịta ruru eru ma ọ bụ mbipụta nke ọrụ ha n'otu oge na akwụkwọ akụkọ, Pulitzer Prize Advisory Board na Pulitzer Prix Board guzogidere nnabata nke magazin n'asọmpị ahụ, nke mere ka e guzobe National Magazine Awards na Columbia Journalism School na 1966.

N'afọ 2015, e nyere magazin ohere ịbanye na nke mbụ ya n'ụdị abụọ (Reporting Investigative na Feature Writing). Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2016, ndokwa a agbasaala na ụdị atọ ọzọ (International Reporting, Criticism na Editorial Cartooning). N'afọ ahụ, Kathryn Schulz (Feature Writing) na Emily Nussbaum (Criticism) nke The New Yorker ghọrọ ndị mmekọ magazin mbụ natara ihe nrite ahụ n'okpuru ụkpụrụ iru eru gbasaa.[16]

N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2016, a gbatịkwuru ikike nke magazin na ụdị akwụkwọ akụkọ niile. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọ bụ naanị akụkọ akụkọ obodo nke akụkọ ọhụrụ, a gbasaa ngalaba Breaking News Reporting iji gụnye ihe omume akụkọ ọhụrụ niile dị n'ime obodo na 2017.[17]

Nkọwa nke ụdị Pulitzer Prize dị ka e gosipụtara na Disemba 2017 Plan of Award:[18]

  • Ọrụ ọha na eze - maka ihe atụ pụrụ iche nke ọrụ ọha na eze dị mma site na akwụkwọ akụkọ, magazin ma ọ bụ saịtị akụkọ site na iji ihe ndị nta akụkọ ya, gụnyere iji akụkọ, nchịkọta akụkọ, eserese, foto, eserese na vidiyo, nchekwa data, multimedia ma ọ bụ ihe ngosi mmekọrịta ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ. A na-echekarị ya dị ka nnukwu ihe nrite, ma kpọtụrụ ya aha na mbụ na ndepụta nke ihe nrite ndị nta akụkọ, a na-enye naanị nzukọ akụkọ mmeri onyinye Ọrụ Ọha. Naanị ya n'etiti ihe nrite Pulitzer, a na-enye ya n'ụdị ihe nrite ọla edo.
  • Breaking News Reporting - maka ihe atụ pụrụ iche nke akụkọ mpaghara, steeti ma ọ bụ nke mba nke akụkọ ọhụrụ nke, ngwa ngwa o kwere mee, na-ejide ihe omume n'ụzọ ziri ezi ka ha na-eme, na, ka oge na-agafe, na-eme ka ihe gbara ya gburugburu ma gbasaa na mkpuchi mbụ.
  • Nnyocha akụkọ - maka ihe atụ pụrụ iche nke akụkọ nyocha, na-eji ngwá ọrụ ọ bụla dịnụ.
  • Nkọwa akụkọ - maka ihe atụ pụrụ iche nke akụkọ nkọwa nke na-eme ka isiokwu dị mkpa ma dị mgbagwoju anya, na-egosi ikike nke isiokwu ahụ, ederede doro anya na ngosi doro anya, na iji ngwá ọrụ ọ bụla dịnụ.
  • Local Reporting - maka ihe atụ pụrụ iche nke ịkọ akụkọ banyere nsogbu ndị dị mkpa nke nchegbu mpaghara, na-egosi ihe ọhụrụ na nka obodo, na-eji ngwá ọrụ ọ bụla dịnụ.
  • National Reporting - maka ihe atụ pụrụ iche nke ịkọ akụkọ banyere ihe omume mba, na-eji ngwá ọrụ ọ bụla dịnụ.
  • International Reporting - maka ihe atụ pụrụ iche nke ịkọ akụkọ banyere ihe omume mba ụwa, na-eji ngwá ọrụ ọ bụla dịnụ.
  • Ihe odide pụrụ iche - maka ederede pụrụ iche na-enye echiche dị mkpa maka ogo ederede, ihe ọhụrụ na nkenke, na-eji ngwá ọrụ ọ bụla dịnụ.
  • Nkwupụta - maka nkọwa pụrụ iche, na-eji ngwá ọrụ ọ bụla dịnụ.
  • Nkatọ - maka nkatọ pụrụ iche, na-eji ngwá ọrụ ọ bụla dịnụ.
  • Editorial Writing - maka edemede edemede pụrụ iche, ule nke ịdị mma bụ nghọta nke ụdị, ebumnuche omume, ezi echiche, na ike imetụta echiche ọha na eze n'ihe onye edemede chere na ọ bụ ntụziaka ziri ezi, na-eji ngwá ọrụ ọ bụla dịnụ.
  • Editorial Cartooning - maka ihe osise pụrụ iche ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ eserese, nke a na-akọwa site na mmalite, ịdị irè nke nchịkọta akụkọ, ogo nke eserese na mmetụta ihe osise, bipụtara dị ka eserese, animation ma ọ bụ ha abụọ.
  • Breaking News Photography, nke a na-akpọbu Spot News Photography - maka ihe atụ pụrụ iche nke foto akụkọ na-adịghị mma na oji na ọcha ma ọ bụ agba, nke nwere ike ịnwe foto ma ọ bụ foto.
  • Foto njirimara - maka ihe atụ pụrụ iche nke foto njirimara na oji na ọcha ma ọ bụ agba, nke nwere ike ịnwe foto ma ọ bụ foto.

E nwere ụdị asaa na akwụkwọ ozi na ihe nkiri:

  • Akụkọ ndụ - maka akụkọ ndụ pụrụ iche, akụkọ ndụ onwe onye ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke onye edemede America.
  • Ihe nkiri - maka egwuregwu pụrụ iche nke onye edemede America, nke kachasị mma na isi iyi ya ma na-emeso ndụ America.
  • Akụkọ ifo - maka akụkọ ifo pụrụ iche nke onye edemede America, nke kachasị mma na-ekwu maka ndụ America.
  • General Nonfiction - maka akwụkwọ pụrụ iche na nke edere nke ọma nke na-abụghị akụkọ ifo site n'aka onye edemede America nke na-erughị eru maka ịtụle na ụdị ọ bụla ọzọ.
  • Akụkọ ihe mere eme - maka akwụkwọ pụrụ iche na nke edere nke ọma na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke United States.
  • Memoir ma ọ bụ Autobiography - maka ihe ncheta pụrụ iche na nke eziokwu ma ọ bụ akụkọ ndụ onwe onye nke onye edemede America.
  • Abụ - maka mpịakọta pụrụ iche nke amaokwu mbụ nke onye America na-ede uri.

N'afọ 2020, agbakwunyere ụdị akụkọ ọdịyo. E nyere ihe nrite mbụ na ụdị a na "The Out Crowd", ihe omume nke mmemme redio ọha na eze a American Life . N'afọ nke abụọ, e nyere Pulitzer maka NPR podcast No Compromise.[19]

E nwere otu ihe nrite e nyere maka egwu:

  • Ihe nrite Pulitzer maka egwu - maka egwu egwu pụrụ iche nke onye America nke nwere arụmọrụ mbụ ya ma ọ bụ ndekọ ya na United States n'afọ ahụ.

E nweela ọtụtụ ihe nrite na onyinye pụrụ iche: ihe karịrị iri nke ọ bụla na Arts, Journalism, na Letters, na ise maka ọrụ Pulitzer Prize, na nso nso a nye Joseph Pulitzer, Jr. na 1987.

Na mgbakwunye na ihe nrite ndị ahụ, a na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ anọ pụtara ìhè nke Graduate School of Journalism dị ka ngalaba ahụ họọrọ Pulitzer Traveling Fellowships.

Mgbanwe n'ụdị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, a kwụsịrị inye onyinye ma ọ bụ n'ihi na agbasaala mpaghara nke onyinye ahụ iji gụnye mpaghara ndị ọzọ; a gbanwere aha onyinye ahụ n'ihi okwu a na-ahụkarị gbanwere; ma ọ bụ onyinye ahụ aghọwo ihe mgbe ochie, dị ka ihe nrite maka akụkọ telegraphic.

Ihe atụ nke ngalaba edemede nke agbasawo bụ Pulitzer Prize for the Novel (nke enyere 1918-1947), nke a gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ Pulitzer Award for Fiction, nke gụnyekwara akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, akwụkwọ akụkọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ na uri, yana akwụkwọ akụkọ.Àtụ:Chronology of Pulitzer Prize categories

Ụgbọ Mmiri[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Pulitzer Hall na ogige Columbia

Ndị otu iri na itoolu Pulitzer Prize Board na-ezukọ kwa afọ, omenala na Joseph Pulitzer World Room na Mahadum Columbia's Pulitzer Hall. Ọ na-agụnye ndị isi nchịkọta akụkọ, ndị na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ na ndị isi mgbasa ozi na mgbakwunye na ndị otu isii sitere na agụmakwụkwọ na nka, gụnyere onye isi oche nke Mahadum Columbia, onye isi nke Mahadim Columbia Graduate School of Journalism na onye nchịkwa nke ihe nrite, onye na-eje ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Onye nchịkwa na dean (onye jere ozi na bọọdụ ahụ site na mmalite ya ruo 1954 ma malite ọzọ na 1976) sonyere na mkparịta ụka ahụ dị ka ndị otu ex officio, mana ha enweghị ike ịtụ vootu. Ewezuga onye isi oche na dean (ndị na-eje ozi dị ka ndị otu na-adịgide adịgide maka oge nhọpụta ha) na onye nchịkwa (onye a na-ahọpụta ọzọ kwa afọ), ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ahọrọ ndị otu ya maka afọ atọ; ndị otu nwere ike ije ozi ruo oge atọ. A na-ahọrọ ndị otu na ndị ọka ikpe na nlebara anya "nke a na-enye ndị ọkachamara na njikọ, yana ọdịiche dị iche iche n'ihe gbasara okike, agbụrụ, nkesa ala na nha nke nzukọ akụkọ".

A họpụtara onye bụbu onye nchịkọta akụkọ Associated Press na Los Angeles Times bụ Marjorie Miller dịka onye nchịkwa n'ọnwa Eprel 2022. Ọ nọchiri onye bụbu onye nchịkọta akụkọ New York Times bụ Dana Canedy, onye jere ozi n'ọrụ ahụ site na 2017 ruo 2020. Canedy bụ nwanyị mbụ na onye mbụ na-acha ọbara ọbara iji jide ọnọdụ ahụ.[20] A họpụtara Edward Kliment, onye osote onye nchịkwa nke mmemme ahụ ogologo oge, dịka onye nchịkwa na-anọchite anya na Julaị 2020 mgbe Canedy ghọrọ osote onye isi oche na onye na-ebipụta Simon & Schuster. Ọ họọrọ ịghara ịlụ ọgụ maka ọnọdụ ahụ wee laghachi n'ọrụ mbụ ya mgbe a họpụtara Miller.[21]

Na mgbakwunye na Canedy, ndị nchịkwa gara aga gụnyere John Hohenberg (onye kachasị nta n'ịnọ n'ọkwa ahụ ruo ugbu a; 1954-1976), prọfesọ Graduate School of Journalism Richard T. Baker (1976-1981), onye bụbu onye nchịkọta akụkọ Newsweek Robert Christopher (1981-1992), onye bụbu nchịkọta akụkọ New York Times Seymour Topping (1993-2002), onye bụ onye bụbu editọ Milwaukee Journal Sig Gissler (2002-2014) na onye bụbu Concord Monitor Mike Pride (naanị onye bụbu onyeisi oche na-ejide n'ọ ọkwa ahụ ruo ugbu ahụ; 2014-2017). Tupu ntinye nke Hohenberg, ndị otu ngalaba nke Journalism School (karịsịa Dean Carl W. Ackerman) na ndị ọrụ na nchịkwa etiti nke Columbia n'okpuru Frank D. Fackenthal jikọrọ aka na-achịkwa mmemme ahụ.

Mgbe Joseph Pulitzer Jr. lara ezumike nká (nwa nwa nke onye na-enye onyinye nke jere ozi dị ka onyeisi oche na-adịgide adịgide nke bọọdụ ahụ ruo afọ 31) na 1986, oche ahụ na-agbanwekarị onye otu kachasị elu (ma ọ bụ ndị otu, n'ihe gbasara ntuli aka n'otu oge) kwa afọ.

Kemgbe afọ 1975, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ emeela mkpebi niile maka ihe nrite; tupu nke a, a kwadoro aro ụlọ ọrụ ahụ site na ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka Mahadum Columbia.[22] Ọ bụ ezie na ọfịs onye nchịkwa na ndị ọrụ dị n'akụkụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Graduate School of Journalism na Pulitzer Hall nke Columbia na ọtụtụ ndị nchịkwa enweela nhọpụta oge niile ma ọ bụ nke enyemaka na ụlọ akwụkwọ Journalism, ụlọ ọrụ na nchịkwa anọwo na-ekewapụ onwe ha na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ kemgbe 1950.[23] 

Arụmụka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • 1921 Fiction Prize: Ndị na-ahụ maka Columbia jụrụ aro ndị ọka ikpe ma nye Edith Wharton onyinye ahụ maka The Age of Innocence kama aro Sinclair Lewis maka Main Street.[24]
  • Ọkpụkpọ òkù maka mwepụ nke onye nta akụkọ Walter Duranty's 1932 Pulitzer Prize.
  • Ọkpụkpọ òkù maka mwepụ nke onye nta akụkọ William L. Laurence's 1946 Pulitzer Prize.
  • 1941 Novel Prize: Ndị ndụmọdụ họpụtara ka ha mebie ndị ọka ikpe ma tụọ aro maka ndị na-agba ụtụ maka ndị Ernest Hemingway. Otú ọ dị, onye isi oche nke Mahadum Columbia Nicholas Murray Butler rịọrọ kọmitii ahụ ka ha chegharịa echiche, na-ekwu maka njikọ dị n'etiti mahadum ahụ na ọdịnaya mmekọahụ doro anya nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ; kama nke ahụ, enweghi onyinye: 118 Afọ iri na abụọ ka e mesịrị, e nyere Hemingway ihe nrite Fiction nke 1953 maka The Old Man and the Sea.[23]
  • 1957 Biography Prize: Onye edemede nke Profiles in Courage, U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy, kwenyere na o nwere ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ nke o nwetara Pulitzer Prize in Biography ghostwritten maka ya.[25] Onye nta akụkọ Drew Pearson kwuru n'otu ihe omume nke The Mike Wallace Interview nke gosipụtara na Disemba 1957 na "John F. Kennedy bụ naanị nwoke n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke m maara onye ritere ihe nrite Pulitzer maka akwụkwọ e dere maka ya" nakwa na onye na-ede okwu ya bụ Ted Sorensen bụ onye dere akwụkwọ ahụ n'ezie, ọ bụ ezie na netwọk ihe ngosi ahụ mechara wepụ nkwupụta ya, mgbe nna Kennedy yiri egwu ịgba akwụkwọ.[26][25] Herbert Parmet kpebikwara na akwụkwọ ahụ bụ n'ezie ihe efu, na-ede n'akwụkwọ ya nke 1980 Jack: The Struggles of John F. Kennedy na ọ bụ ezie na Kennedy lekọtara mmepụta ma nye ntụziaka na ozi nke akwụkwọ ahụ, ọ bụ n'eziokwu Sorensen nyere ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị gara na ngwaahịa ikpeazụ.[27] Sorenson n'onwe ya ga-emesị kweta na akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 2008, Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History, na o dere n'ezie "ihe odide mbụ nke ọtụtụ n'ime isiakwụkwọ" ma "nyere aka ịhọrọ okwu nke ọtụtụ n" ya.[28][29] Na mgbakwunye na esemokwu nke ederede mmụọ, e kpebikwara na abụọ n'ime ndị omeiwu US asatọ a kpọtụrụ aha n'akwụkwọ ahụ, Edmund G. Ross na Lucius Lamar, adabaghị n'ezie na akwụkwọ ahụ toro ha dị ka.[30]
  • 1960 Fiction Prize: kọmitii ndị ọka ikpe tụrụ aro ka e nye onyinye ahụ na Saul Bellow's Henderson the Rain King, mana ndị ndụmọdụ ahụ wepụrụ aro ahụ ma nye ya Allen Drury's Advise and Consent.[31][32][33][34]
  • 1962 Biography Prize: Citizen Hearst: A Biography of William Randolph Hearst by W. A. Swanberg bụ nke ndị ọka ikpe na ndị ndụmọdụ tụrụ aro mana ndị na-ahụ maka Mahadum Columbia (nke a na-ebo ebubo na ọ kwadoro ihe nrite ahụ) ka ọ kwụsịrị n'ihi na isiokwu ya, Hearst, abụghị "ihe atụ a ma ama nke nka onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ dịka akọwapụtara na nkọwa ihe nrite".[35]
  • 1974 Fiction Prize: Gravity's Rainbow nke Thomas Pynchon tụrụ aro site n'aka ndị ọka ikpe atọ, mana ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ tụgharịrị mkpebi ahụ ma ọ nweghị ihe nrite nke ndị nlekọta nyere.[36]
  • N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ natara Special Citation for Roots: The Saga of an American Family n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1977, e boro Alex Haley ebubo na ọ na-ezigara ndị ọzọ ihe n'okwu ikpe dị iche iche site n'aka Harold Courlander na Margaret Walker Alexander. Courlander, onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ na onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ, boro ebubo na e depụtaghachiri Roots n'ụzọ dị ukwuu site na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya The African (1967). Walker kwuru na Haley si n'akwụkwọ akụkọ Jubilee (1966) nke oge Agha Obodo nweta ihe ndị ọzọ. E mechiri usoro ikpe na ikpe ọ bụla na ngwụcha afọ 1978. E doziri ikpe Courlander n'èzí ụlọ ikpe maka $ 650,000 (nke ya na $ 2.9 nde na 2022) na nkwenye sitere n'aka Haley na e depụtaghachiri akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ime Roots site na The African.[37] Ụlọ ikpe jụrụ ikpe Walker, nke, n'iji ọdịnaya nke Roots tụnyere nke Jubilee, chọpụtara na "ọ dịghị ihe yiri ya n'etiti ọrụ ndị ahụ".[38][39]
  • 1981 Feature Writing Prize: Onye edemede ndị ọrụ Washington Post bụ Janet Cooke weghachiri ihe nrite ahụ mgbe nyocha nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ chọpụtara na o chepụtara akụkọ ya na-enweta ihe nrite "Jimmy's World," profaịlụ nke onye heroin riri ahụ dị afọ asatọ na Washington, D.C.
  • 1994 History Prize: Gerald Posner's Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK, Lawrence Friedman's Crime and Punishment in American History na Joel Williamson's William Faulkner and Southern History ka a họpụtara maka onyinye ahụ; Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị onyinye e nyere.[40] Mkpebi ịghara inye otu n'ime akwụkwọ atọ ahụ ihe nrite kpatara esemokwu ọha na eze. Otu n'ime ndị otu Pulitzer Board, John Dotson, kwuru na akwụkwọ atọ a họpụtara "dị njọ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ". Mana onye ọzọ so na bọọdụ, Edward Seaton, onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke The Manhattan Mercury, ekwenyeghị, na-ekwu na ọ bụ "ihe mwute" na enweghi onyinye.[41]
  • 2010 Drama Prize: Egwú Tony na-emeri Next to Normal nwetara onyinye ahụ n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị otu n'ime ndị a họpụtara site na ndị ọka ikpe.[42][43][44]
  • 2020 Feature Photography Prize: Nkwupụta nke Channi Anand, Mukhtar Khan na Dar Yasin nke Associated Press kpatara esemokwu.[45][46][47] Ụfọdụ ndị weere ya dị ka ịjụ "ikike India nwere n'elu Kashmir" dịka o jiri okwu ahụ bụ "independence" mee ihe n'ihe gbasara iwepụ Akụkụ nke 370.[47]
  • 2020 International Reporting Prize: Onye nta akụkọ Russia Roman Badanin, onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Russia nwere onwe ya Proekt (Project), kwuru na ọ dịkarịa ala akụkọ abụọ nke New York Times na ntinye ahụ kwughachiri nchọpụta nke akụkọ Proekt bipụtara ọnwa ole na ole tupu.[48]

Nkatọ na ọmụmụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụfọdụ ndị na-akatọ ihe nrite Pulitzer ebubowo nzukọ ahụ na ọ na-akwado ndị na-akwado ihe ndị nwere nnwere onwe ma ọ bụ na-emegide ihe ndị na-achọghị mgbanwe. Onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ L. Brent Bozell Jr. kwuru na Pulitzer Prize nwere "ihe nketa nnwere onwe", ọkachasị na ihe nrite ya maka nkọwa.[49] O kwuru na afọ iri atọ na otu bụ naanị ndị na-agbaso omenala ise nwetara ihe nrite maka nkọwa. Onye mmeri Pulitzer Prize nke afọ 2010 maka nkọwa Kathleen Parker dere, "Ọ bụ naanị n'ihi na abụ m onye na-agbanwe agbanwe ka a matara m ugbu a. "[50] Alexander Theroux kọwara ihe nrite Pulitzer dị ka "ihe nrite nzuzu, [nke] a na-enyekarị ya n'ihi ịdọrọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na nke ahụ na ụfọdụ n'ime ndị aghụghọ na ndị nzuzu kachasị".[51]

Nnyocha agụmakwụkwọ nke afọ 2012 nke ndị prọfesọ na-ahụ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ Yong Volz nke Mahadum Missouri na Francis Lee nke Mahaduma China nke Hong Kong chọpụtara na "naanị pasent iri abụọ na asaa nke ndị mmeri Pulitzer kemgbe afọ 1991 bụ ụmụ nwanyị, ebe ụlọ ọrụ akụkọ bụ ihe dịka pasent iri atọ na atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị".[52] Ndị na-eme nchọpụta kwubiri na ndị mmeri nwanyị nwere ike ịnwe ahụmịhe agụmakwụkwọ ọdịnala, dị ka ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ Ivy League, ịzụlite obodo, ma ọ bụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ ndị ama ama dị ka The New York Times. Nchọpụta ndị ahụ na-atụ aro ọkwa dị elu nke ọzụzụ na njikọ dị mkpa maka onye na-achọ ka e nye ya ihe nrite ahụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị nwoke.[53]

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

   . Alfred I.duPont- Columbia University Award for broadcast journalism . Commonwealth Writers Prize . List of Pulitzer Prizes awarded to The New York Times . List of prizes known as the Nobel or the highest honors of a field . The Booker Prize . Miguel de Cervantes Prize . National Book Award . National Magazine Awards . Prix Goncourt

Ntụaka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nkọwapụta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Topping (2008). History of The Pulitzer Prizes. The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Retrieved on September 13, 2011. Updated 2013 by Sig Gissler.
  2. ↑ Pulitzer Prize Board Announces New Book Category. Pulitzer.
  3. ↑ Pulitzer Board raises prize award to $15,000. The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University (January 3, 2017). Retrieved on January 13, 2017.
  4. ↑ Topping (2008). Administration. The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Retrieved on January 31, 2013. Updated 2013 by Sig Gissler.
  5. ↑ The Medal. The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Retrieved on January 31, 2013.
  6. ↑ Entry Form for a Pulitzer Prize in Journalism. The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University.
  7. ↑ Frequently Asked Questions. The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Archived from the original on November 18, 2018. Retrieved on May 7, 2019.
  8. ↑ Abad-Santos. "Journalists, Please Stop Saying You Were 'Pulitzer Prize-Nominated'", What Matters Now, The Atlantic Wire, June 26, 2012.
  9. ↑ The 2000 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Public Service: The Washington Post, notably for the work of Katherine Boo. The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Retrieved on March 4, 2017.
  10. ↑ The 1996 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Public Service: The News & Observer (Raleigh, NC), for the work of Melanie Sill, Pat Stith and Joby Warrick. The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Retrieved on March 4, 2017.
  11. ↑ The 2009 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Local Reporting: Detroit Free Press Staff, and notably Jim Schaefer and M.L. Elrick. The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Retrieved on March 4, 2017.
  12. ↑ Morris (2010). Pulitzer: A Life in Politics, Print, and Power. New York, NY: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-079870-3. Retrieved on Sep 12, 2011. 
  13. ↑ Reardon. "A Parade of Pulitzers", Chicago Tribune, June 8, 1997. Retrieved on April 27, 2013. “for more than two decades [...] the Tribune refused to compete for the awards.”
  14. ↑ Epstein (August 1997). The Colonel and the Lady. Commentary. Archived from the original on 2013-06-06. Retrieved on 2023-09-15. “He viewed the Pulitzer Prize as a 'mutual admiration society,' and hence not to be taken seriously.”
  15. ↑ 2017 Journalism Submission Guidelines, Requirements and FAQs. The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Retrieved on March 4, 2017.
  16. ↑ 2016 Pulitzer Prizes. The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Retrieved on March 4, 2017.
  17. ↑ Pulitzer Board Expands Eligibility in Breaking News Prize Category. The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University (December 4, 2017). Retrieved on April 17, 2018.
  18. ↑ 2020 Plan of Award. The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University (August 2020). Retrieved on April 17, 2018.
  19. ↑ Audio Reporting: Winners 2020–2022, The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
  20. ↑ The 2001 Pulitzer Prize Winner in National Reporting. The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Retrieved on April 17, 2018.
  21. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named auto
  22. ↑ Kihss. "Pulitzer Prizes Awarded 2 Biographers and Albee", The New York Times, 1975-05-06. Retrieved on 2023-09-14. (in en-US)
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Boylan (2003). Pulitzer's School: Columbia University's School of Journalism, 1903–2003. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-50017-3. OCLC 704692556. Retrieved on March 4, 2017. 
  24. ↑ Oehlschlaeger (November 1979). "Hamlin Garland and the Pulitzer Prize controversy of 1921". American Literature 51 (3): 409–414. DOI:10.2307/2925396. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Walls (2000). Dish: The Inside Story on the World of Gossip. New York: Avon Books, Inc., an Imprint of Harper Collins Publishers, 29–35. ISBN 0-380-97821-0. 
  26. ↑ Drew Pearson. Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, School of Information, University of Texas. Archived from the original on February 12, 2018. Retrieved on December 28, 2014.
  27. ↑ Adams (November 7, 2003). Did John F. Kennedy really write 'Profiles in Courage?'. The Straight Dope. Retrieved on December 19, 2009.
  28. ↑ "Her Story, Their Words: Behind the Scenes of the Best-Sellers", June 11, 2014.
  29. ↑ Farhi, Paul. "Who wrote that political memoir? No, who wrote it?", The Washington Post, June 9, 2014. Retrieved on June 11, 2014.
  30. ↑ Stewart, David O. Impeached: The Trial of President Andrew Johnson and the Fight for Lincoln's Legacy. Simon & Schuster, 2009, pp. 185–86, 188–89, 242, 269, 278–80, 282, 285, 292, 297–99, 309.
  31. ↑ Simon (September 2, 2009). At 50, a D.C. Novel With Legs. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on January 15, 2015.
  32. ↑ Simon (May 28, 2014). Classic Politics: The Works of Allen Drury Now Back in Print. The Huffington Post. Retrieved on January 14, 2015.
  33. ↑ Fischer (2007). Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction. Munich: K.G. Saur. 
  34. ↑ McDowell. "Publishing: Pulitzer Controversies", The New York Times, May 11, 1984. Retrieved on August 20, 2011.
  35. ↑ Hohenberg, John. The Pulitzer Diaries: Inside America's Greatest Prize. 1997. p. 109.
  36. ↑ McDowell, Edwin. "Publishing: Pulitzer Controversies". The New York Times, May 11, 1984: C26.
  37. ↑ Fein. "Book Notes", The New York Times, March 3, 1993. Retrieved on February 12, 2017.
  38. ↑ "Judge Rules "Roots" Original", Spokane Daily Chronicle, September 21, 1978. Retrieved on August 19, 2020.
  39. ↑ "Suit against Alex Haley is dismissed", The Montreal Gazette, September 22, 1978. Retrieved on August 19, 2020.
  40. ↑ Complete Historical Handbook of the Pulitzer Prize System 1917–2000: Decision-Making Processes in all Award Categories Based on Unpublished Sources, by Heinz D. Fischer and Erika J. Fischer, The Pulitzer Prize Archive, Walter de Gruyer, 2003, p. 325
  41. ↑ "Pulitzer Decision Angers Juror Ignoring Nominations, Panel Didn't Know History Prize," San Jose Mercury News, April 23, 1994, p. 2B
  42. ↑ Next to Normal. Music Theater International (September 16, 2015). Retrieved on May 12, 2019.
  43. ↑ Charles McNulty. "Critic's Notebook: On this year's drama award, the Pulitzer board blew it", Los Angeles Times, April 13, 2010.
  44. ↑ Simonson (April 16, 2010). Playbill.com's Theatre Week In Review, April 10-April 16: The Pulitzer Paradox. Playbill. Retrieved on May 16, 2017.
  45. ↑ Hussain. "3 Indian photojournalists from Jammu and Kashmir win Pulitzer Prize", Hindustan Times, May 6, 2020. Retrieved on May 6, 2020. (in en)
  46. ↑ "Kashmiri Pulitzer Prize winners caught in political debate", Outlook, May 5, 2020. Retrieved on May 6, 2020.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Pulitzer Prize questions India's legitimacy over Kashmir (en). National Herald (May 5, 2020). Retrieved on 2020-05-06.
  48. ↑ "Russia Slams NYT for 'Russophobia' Following Pulitzer Prize Win", The Moscow Times, May 5, 2020.
  49. ↑ Brent Bozell. "Pulitzers' liberal legacy", Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, April 22, 2007. Retrieved on October 14, 2010.
  50. ↑ Keach Hagey. "Kathleen Parker: 'Smallish-town girl' hits cable", Politico, October 4, 2010. Retrieved on October 14, 2010.
  51. ↑ Alexander Theroux (2017). Einstein's Beets. Fantagraphics Books. ISBN 978-1-60699-976-9. Retrieved on September 26, 2020. 
  52. ↑ Yong Z. Volz (August 30, 2012). "Who wins the Pulitzer Prize in international reporting? Cumulative advantage and social stratification in journalism". Journalism 14 (5): 587–605. DOI:10.1177/1464884912455905. 
  53. ↑ Female Pulitzer Prize winners require higher qualifications, study finds. Phys.org. University of Missouri (October 18, 2012). Retrieved on October 18, 2012.

Isi mmalite[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  .Auxier,George W.(March 1940)." Akwụkwọ akụkọ Middle Western na Spanish-American War, 1895-1898"(PDF). Nlebanya akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ndagwurugwu Mississippi, Òtù Ndị Ọkammụta America.26(4):523-534.doi:10.2307/1896320.JSTOR 1896320.S2CID 165632973. echekwara na mbụ (PDF) na February 7,2020

Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Àtụ:Pulitzer PrizeÀtụ:Daniel Chester FrenchÀtụ:Columbia

Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ihe_nrite_Pulitzer&oldid=130307