Kọmitii Don't Make a Wave
| Oge/afọ mmalite | 1969  |
|---|---|
| mba/obodo | Kánada |
| nọchiri | Greenpeace |
Kọmitii Don't Make a Wave bụ aha nzukọ na-emegide nuklia nke mesịrị ghọọ Greenpeace, nzukọ gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ. E guzobere Kọmitii Don't Make a Wave na Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada iji mee ngagharị iwe ma gbalịa ịkwụsị nnwale nuklia ọzọ n'okpuru ala site na United States na National Wildlife Refuge na Amchitka na Aleutian Islands nke Alaska. E guzobere Kọmitii Don't Make a Wave na mbụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba 1969 ma guzobe ya na mbido afọ 1970.[1][2]
Mkpesa tupu ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Na ngwụcha afọ 1960, US nwere atụmatụ maka nnwale ngwá agha nuklia n'okpuru ala na Alaska. N'ihi ala ọma jijiji nke 1964 na Alaska, atụmatụ ahụ welitere nchegbu banyere ule ahụ na-akpata ala ọma jijijii ma na-akpatara tsunami. Ngagharị iwe nke mmadụ 7,000 na 1969 gbochiri nnukwu ụzọ US-Canada gafere ókèala na British Columbia, na-ebu ihe ịrịba ama na-agụ "Ekwela ka e nwee ebili mmiri.[3] Ọ bụ mmejọ gị ma ọ bụrụ na mmejọ anyị agafe".[2] Ngagharị iwe ndị ọzọ mere na US border crosses na Ontario na Quebec.[4] Ngagharị iwe ahụ egbochighị US imebi bọmbụ ahụ.
Ọ bụ ezie na enweghị ala ọma jijiji ma ọ bụ tsunami sochiri ule ahụ, mmegide ahụ toro mgbe US kwupụtara na ha ga-agbawa bọmbụ okpukpu ise karịa nke mbụ. Otu n'ime ndị mmegide bụ Jim Bohlen, onye agha nke jere ozi na US Navy n'oge bọmbụ nke Hiroshima na Nagasaki, na Irving Stowe na Dorothy Stowe, di na nwunye Quaker. Dị ka ndị otu Sierra Club, ha nwere nkụda mmụọ n'ihi enweghị ihe nzukọ ahụ mere.[2]
Ọzụzụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'Ọktoba 1969, Bohlen na Stowes malitere nzukọ na okpuru ulo nke ụka, na-akpọ onwe ha Ndị Emela Kọmitii Wave na-eme atụmatụ mgbochi mgbochi nuklia. Site na Irving Stowe, Bohlen mụtara ụdị nguzogide na-enweghị isi, "ịgba akaebe", ebe a na-eme mkpesa site na ọnụnọ nkịtị. Nwunye Jim Bohlen Marie wepụtara echiche iji ụgbọ mmiri gaa Amchitka, nke sitere na njem mgbochi nuklia nke Albert Bigelow na 1958. Echiche ahụ kwụsịrị na akwụkwọ akụkọ ma jikọta ya na Sierra Club. Njikọ Sierra Club enweghị mmasị na njikọ a na na 1970 Jim na Marie Bohlen, Irving na Dorothy Stowe, na Paul Cote, nwa akwụkwọ iwu na onye na-akwado udo guzobere The Don't Make a Wave Committee, na-arụ ọrụ n'adabereghị na Sierra Club.. E nwere nzukọ ndị mbụ n'ụlọ Shaughnessy nke Robert na Bobbi Hunter. E meghere ọfịs mbụ n'ime ụlọ azụ nke ụlọ ahịa dị na Broadway na Cypress, na Kitsilano, Vancouver.[5] Onye ọzọ so na kọmitii ahụ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị Terry A Simmons.
Mgbanwe gaa na Greenpeace[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'oge nzukọ na 1970 Bill Darnell jikọtara okwu 'akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ' na 'udo', si otú a nye nzukọ ahụ aha njem mbụ ya, Greenpeace.[6] Ọtụtụ ndị Canada mere mkpesa maka nnwale bọmbụ nuklia nke ndị agha United States, nke a na-akpọ Cannikin, n'okpuru agwaetiti Amchitka, Alaska na 1971. N'ọnwa Mee nke afọ ahụ, Kọmitii Don't Make a Wave zigara Jim Bohlen na Patrick Moore, ka ha nọchite anya KọmitiiDon't Make an Wave na US Atomic Energy Commission na Alaska.[7] Njem mbụ nke kọmitii a mere were Phyllis Cormack, onye na-ahụ maka ọkụ ọkụ dị maka akwụkwọ ikike, iji kpọga ndị ngagharị iwe na mpaghara nnwale n'agwaetiti Amchitka. Akpọrọ njem ahụ Greenpeace I, gụnyere onye nta akụkọ Canada bụ Robert Hunter. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1971, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ rutere Amchitka ma chee ihu na ntụkwasị obi ụgbọ mmiri US Navy. A manyere ndị na-eme ihe ike ịlaghachi azụ. N'ihi nke a na ihu igwe na-akawanye njọ, ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ kpebiri ịlaghachi Canada nanị iji chọpụta na akụkọ banyere njem ha na nkwado ndị ọrụ nke ntụkwasị obi mere ka ọmịiko dị ukwuu maka mkpesa ha. Greenpeace kwadoro ụgbọ mmiri ọzọ, onye bụbu onye ogbunigwe Edgewater Fortune, nke akpọgharịrị aha Greenpeace Too!. Paul Watson, bụkwa onye rụpụtara Greenpeace ka ahọpụtara ka ọ na-ebu ụgbọ mmiri nke abụọ. Otu ụbọchị si Amchitka, United States Atomic Energy Commission mere ule nuklia n'okpuru ala 5 Mt Cannikin otu ụbọchị tupu emebere ya na Nọvemba 6, 1971..[8] Ule nuklia ahụ nwetara nkatọ zuru oke na US kpebiri ịghara ịga n'ihu na atụmatụ nnwale ha na Amchitka. N'afọ 1972, kọmitii Don't Make a Wave gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Greenpeace Foundation.[2]
N'ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 1972, mgbe Irving Stowe hapụrụ ọkwa onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Don't Make A Wave, otu gburugburu ebe obibi ahụ gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ "Greenpeace Foundation".[9] Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, David McTaggart ga-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri ya, Greenpeace III, gaa French Polynesia iji megide nnwale nuklia nke ikuku nke France na Mururoa atoll, nke Greenpeace Foundation ọhụrụ kwadoro.
Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Jim Bohlen
- Robert Hunter (onye nta akụkọ)
- Paul Watson
- Terry A. Simmons
- Òtù na-emegide nuklia na United States
- Òtù na-emegide nuklia na Canada
Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ The Founders of Greenpeace. Greenpeace. Retrieved on 2010-01-30.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Brown (1991). The Greenpeace Story, 2nd, London: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-0-86318-691-2.
- ↑ Protests fail to stop Nuclear Test countdown, The Free-Lance Star - Oct 2, 1969, Accessed via Google News Archive October 4, 2009.
- ↑ Alaska is Braced for Atomic Shock, St. Petersburg Times - Oct 2, 1969. Accessed via Google News Archive October 4, 2009. Has a subtitle - Demonstrators picket US Embassy in Ottawa.
- ↑ Greenpeace to Amchitka, An Environmental Odyssey by Robert Hunter.
- ↑ Sean Connolly, Global Organizations: Greenpeace, Franklin Watts, 2008, p. 12
- ↑ Zelko, Frank (2017). "Scaling Greenpeace: From Local Activism to Global Governance". Historical Social Research 42 (2): 321–322. DOI:10.12759/hsr.42.2017.2.318-342. ISSN 0172-6404.
- ↑ Captain Paul Watson Biography Àtụ:Webarchive, Sea Shepherd website. Accessed October 4, 2009
- ↑ Sean Connolly, Global Organizations: Greenpeace, Franklin Watts, 2008, p. 13
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Sea Shepherd: Agha m maka Whales na Seals (1981), Paul Watson ( )
- Emegbula Kọmitii Wave na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Greenpeace