Mgbanwe agbanwe

Mgbanwe mgbanwe bụ usoro ọhụrụ nke osisi nke na-ejigide ihe owuwu ọhịa maka ọ dịkarịa ala otu ntụgharị iji chekwaa ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara oké ọhịa dị mgbagwoju anya.^[1]

Ihe atụ ụfọdụ maka ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi bụ njikọ mkpuchi ọhịa, nkwụsi ike ala, microclimate n'okpuru osisi ndị e jidere, ebe obibi ndị metụtara osisi dị ndụ ma ọ bụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ na ụdị dị iche iche n'ihi nchekwa ebe obibi, na nchekwa nke ụzọ anụ ọhịa. Mgbanwe na-agbanwe agbanwe na-enyekwa aka n'iṅomi nsogbu okike site n'ịhapụ ụfọdụ ihe fọdụrụnụ site na nguzo gara aga nke bụ ihe atụ maka iguzo dochie anya nsogbu Usoro ọdịnala silviculture dị ka clearcut, patch cut, shelterwood, wdg na-elekwasị anya n'ịbawanye mmepụta osisi na mmelite n'ọdịnihu nke osisi.^[2] N'aka nke ọzọ, njigide na-agbanwe agbanwe na-elekwasị anya n'ihe a na-ejigide^[3]

Uru nke njigide na-agbanwe agbanwe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbanwe agbanwe na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aghọ ngwá ọrụ a na-akwalite nke ọma maka inyere aka idozi nsogbu dị n'etiti ihe achọrọ maka osisi na ihe achọrọ iji lekọta ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi na ụdị dị iche iche na ụdị dịgasị iche iche na ọhịa a na-elekọta. a na-ese okwu bụ otú ọrụ ọhịa nwere ike isi banye n'enweghị nsogbu na usoro gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ n'ime ọhịa.

Mgbanwe na-agbanwe agbanwe na-ebelata mmetụta nke ọrụ ịkpụ osisi site na ịhapụ ihe nketa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ihe mkpofu osisi siri ike (osisi nọọsụ na snags). Enwere ike ijigide osisi ole na ole ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ osisi n'okpuru usoro njigide na-agbanwe agbanwe, a pụkwara ijigide ya na patches (nchịkọta njigide) ma ọ bụ hapụ ya n'otu n'otu (nchịkwa na-agbasasị); ya mere aha ahụ bụ "nchịkọta na-agbanwere agbanwe".^[4] Ọ bụ usoro maka ijigide osisi dị ka isi ihe owuwu nke ebe a na-ewe ihe ubi ma ọ dịkarịa ala ruo mgbe owuwe ihe ubi na-esote na mgbalị iji chekwaa ụdị dị iche iche, ebe obibi dị iche iche na usoro metụtara ọhịa.^[5] Nnyocha meta nke afọ 2014 nke nchọpụta nchedo ọhịa chọpụtara "nkwado maka ojiji sara mbara nke nchedo ọhịa ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-ebelata mmetụta owuwe ihe ubi na-adịghị mma na ụdị dị iche iche".^[6]

E nwere usoro anọ dị mkpa nke a na-eche na njigide dị iche iche na-eme ka ụdị dị iche iche dị iche dị iche iche: [citation needed]

Site n'inye ihe owuwu na-adịgide adịgide nke nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ịla n'iyi n'ihi omume ọhịa nke oge a na nke a maara na ọ dị mkpa maka nnweta ebe obibi, dị ka nnukwu osisi, obere osisi, ihe mgbochi, na ihe mkpofu osisi siri ike
Site n'inye ebe mgbaba zuru oke maka ụdị dị iche iche ga-achịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi ọhịa ka ọ na-azụlite ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị
Site n'ịmepụta ebe obibi, Patch dynamics, nke nwere ike ije ozi dị ka stepping stones maka mgbasa nke ụmụ ọhụrụ, mkpụrụ, na spores
Site n'ịbawanye ọdịiche dị iche iche nke ụlọ ọrụ a na-achịkwa

Mgbanwe dị iche iche - Ụzọ owuwe ihe ubi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Usoro nke njigide na-agbanwe agbanwe bụ usoro a kpachapụrụ anya karịa ịkpụcha. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, helikọpta na-ewepụ osisi. Ojiji nke helikọpta na-ezere mkpa iwu okporo ụzọ osisi n'ime ọhịa ma si otú a zere nsogbu nke ala ọhịa. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ịkpụ osisi helikọpta adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma karịa iji gwongworo. Ụfọdụ ọrụ ịkpụ osisi nke na-eji njigide dị iche iche na-anwa iṅomi nsogbu ọhịa. N'ọnọdụ ndị ahụ, a na-ahapụ osisi nwụrụ anwụ n'ime oghere na osisi. Osisi ndị nwụrụ anwụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ dị otú ahụ na-enye ihe na-eto eto maka fungi na epiphytes, yana nri na ebe obibi maka ụmụ ahụhụ na nnụnụ. Ndị na-egbu osisi na-ahapụkwa osisi ndị na-eto eto ga-anọgide na-eto.

Mgbanwe mgbanwe ncheta na-ejigide ihe karịrị 15% nke ebe mbụ na ma n'akpa uwe na-agagharị agagharị na nke na-adịgide adịgide nke osisi ndị a na-emetụbeghị aka na ebe mgbaba. Ọdịdị ọhịa echekwara nwere osisi ndị dị ndụ na ndị nwụrụ anwụ nke na-eme ka ọdịdị dị iche iche dịkwuo iche, ma na-enye ebe obibi maka ihe dị iche iche na-adị ndụ na-adịkarị n'ọhịa a na-egbutu egbutu. Ọchịchị a na-arụ ọrụ n'ọhịa na-enye usoro gburugburu ebe obibi mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị ka ọ na-emepụta ohere zuru ezu iji kụọ ma melite ụdị osisi bara uru maka osisi, yana iweghachi akụkọ ihe mere eme coniferous na / ma ọ bụ deciduous osisi na ọhịa. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ osisi egbochiwo ojiji nke mgbanwe na-ejigide silviculture naanị na-enweghị ọ bụla nke ụdị osisi ndị dị ụkọ ma dị oké ọnụ ahịa.

Arụmụka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-ele usoro nchekwa dị iche iche nke owuwe ihe ubi anya dị ka nke na-adịghị emerụ ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi nke oké ọhịa karịa igbu osisi. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-emegide na-ekwu na njigide na-agbanwe agbanwe na-esiri ike, na-agwụ ike, na'ewe oge ma dị oke ọnụ karịa ịkpụcha. Nnyocha nke ọmụmụ na British Columbia na ụdị ọhịa ndị yiri ya na-egosi na ọ bụ ezie na nchịkọta na nke gbasasịrị agbakọta nwere ike inye aka na nchekwa dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ike inwe ụfọdụ nsonaazụ ọjọọ maka mmepụta osisi dịka mmebi ikuku na osisi ndị e jidere na mbelata uto nke mmelite osisi ma e jiri ya tụnyere mkpocha, na-emechi maka ịkwado ebumnuche nchịkwa mgbanwe maka imezi ihe ndị na-asọmpi nke mmepụta osisi na nchekwa dị ndụ.^[7]

Òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ọhịa, dị ka Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), na-akwado njigide dịgasị iche iche ma na-ekwupụta ugbu a osisi nwetara site na usoro owuwe ihe ubi dị ka osisi a kwadoro maka ụlọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Ọtụtụ ọrụ ọhịa na mpaghara Canada nke British Columbia, gụnyere MacMillan Bloedel, na-eji usoro njigide dịgasị iche iche ewepụta osisi n'oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Pacific.

Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-egbutu osisi ejighi mkpebi zuru oke iji wepụ mkpocha na ịnakwere owuwe ihe ubi na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọbụnakwa MacMillan Bloedel emeela mgbe ụfọdụ ka ọ ghara itinye aka na mkpocha. Ọ bụ ezie na ahịa ụwa na-amalite ịrịọ maka osisi a kwadoro kpamkpam site na owuwe ihe ubi na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọ bụghị doro anya ma ndị na-azụ ahịa ga-adị njikere ịkwụ ụgwọ dị elu maka osisi dị otú ahụ.

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

↑ Franklin, J.F., Berg, D.R., Thornburgh, D.A. & Tappeiner, J.C. (1997). Alternative silvicultural approaches to timber harvesting: Variable retention harvest systems. In textbook: Creating a Forestry for the 21st Century: The Science of Ecosystem Management. (eds K.A. Kohn & J.F. Franklin), pp. 111. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
↑ Franklin (2002). "Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using douglas-fir forests as an example". Forest Ecology and Management 155 (1–3): 399–423. DOI:10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00575-8.
↑ Mitchell (2002). "The retention system: Reconciling variable retention with the principles of silvicultural systems". Forestry Chronicle 78 (3): 397–403. DOI:10.5558/tfc78397-3. http://hdl.handle.net/10613/2698.
↑ Smith (2012). "Effects of Low Levels of Dispersed Retention on the Growth and Survival of Young, Planted Douglas-Fir" (in en). Forests 3 (2): 230–243. DOI:10.3390/f3020230. http://hdl.handle.net/10613/2717.
↑ Beese (2003). "Maintaining attributes of old-growth forests in coastal B.C. through variable retention". The Forestry Chronicle 79 (3): 570–578. DOI:10.5558/tfc79570-3. ISSN 0015-7546. http://hdl.handle.net/10613/2701.
↑ Fedrowitz (2014). "REVIEW: Can retention forestry help conserve biodiversity? A meta-analysis" (in en). Journal of Applied Ecology 51 (6): 1669–1679. DOI:10.1111/1365-2664.12289. ISSN 1365-2664. PMID 25552747. http://hdl.handle.net/10613/2719.
↑ Beese (2019). "Two decades of variable retention in British Columbia: a review of its implementation and effectiveness for biodiversity conservation" (in en). Ecological Processes 8 (1). DOI:10.1186/s13717-019-0181-9. ISSN 2192-1709.

Ụlọ ọrụ Mendocino Redwoo: Silviculture na Harvesting Methods
Manomet Forest Conservation Program: Patch Retention Project
Osisi Na-adịgide Adịgide, Mgbukpọ, Ndị Na-eweta Osisi Red Cedar
Maguire (2007). "Changes in forest structure following variable-retention harvests in Douglas-fir dominated forests". Forest Ecology and Management 242 (2–3): 708–726. DOI:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.02.004.

Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

[1] Franklin, J.F., Berg, D.R., Thornburgh, D.A. & Tappeiner, J.C. (1997). Alternative silvicultural approaches to timber harvesting: Variable retention harvest systems. In textbook: Creating a Forestry for the 21st Century: The Science of Ecosystem Management. (eds K.A. Kohn & J.F. Franklin), pp. 111. Island Press, Washington, D.C.

[2] Franklin (2002). "Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using douglas-fir forests as an example". Forest Ecology and Management 155 (1–3): 399–423. DOI:10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00575-8.

[3] Mitchell (2002). "The retention system: Reconciling variable retention with the principles of silvicultural systems". Forestry Chronicle 78 (3): 397–403. DOI:10.5558/tfc78397-3. http://hdl.handle.net/10613/2698.

[4] Smith (2012). "Effects of Low Levels of Dispersed Retention on the Growth and Survival of Young, Planted Douglas-Fir" (in en). Forests 3 (2): 230–243. DOI:10.3390/f3020230. http://hdl.handle.net/10613/2717.

[5] Beese (2003). "Maintaining attributes of old-growth forests in coastal B.C. through variable retention". The Forestry Chronicle 79 (3): 570–578. DOI:10.5558/tfc79570-3. ISSN 0015-7546. http://hdl.handle.net/10613/2701.

[6] Fedrowitz (2014). "REVIEW: Can retention forestry help conserve biodiversity? A meta-analysis" (in en). Journal of Applied Ecology 51 (6): 1669–1679. DOI:10.1111/1365-2664.12289. ISSN 1365-2664. PMID 25552747. http://hdl.handle.net/10613/2719.

[7] Beese (2019). "Two decades of variable retention in British Columbia: a review of its implementation and effectiveness for biodiversity conservation" (in en). Ecological Processes 8 (1). DOI:10.1186/s13717-019-0181-9. ISSN 2192-1709.

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