Mmekọahụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ
[1] mekorita ahu nke ndi no n'ulo mkporo bu mekorita ahu nke do n'etite ndi no n'ulo mkporo, maobu n'etite ndi na no n'ulo mkporo na ndi na Aru oru ebe ahu maobu ndi no n'ulo mkporo na ndi no ha NSO. Ebe ana edibe ndi mkporo site na otu okike ha, ha na enwe mmeko otu ahu. Mana ndi enwere nwunye maobu do esoghi ya ma onwe mekorita ahu ma onye nke ya bia elite ya n'ulo mkporo.
Mmekọahụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ bụ okwu a na-aghọtahie ma na-akọwa ya n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi n'ihi ọ bụghị naanị ọdịdị nke isiokwu ahụ, kamakwa n'ihi enweghị nyocha.[2] N'adịghị ka nkwenye a ma ama, ụdị mmekọahụ a na-ahụkarị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ bụ mmekọahụ nkwekọrịta.[3]
Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2011 mepụtara usoro maka ụdị omume mmekọahụ dị iche iche n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ụmụ nwanyị. Ha na-agụnye mgbochi, nke onye mkpọrọ na-ahọrọ Ịlụ di ma ọ bụ nwunye (ya bụ,ya bụ, mmekọahụ mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, nke kachasị iji nọgide na-eguzosi ike n'ihe nye onye òtù ọlụlụ na-anọghị n'ụlọ ikpe); auto-eroticism (ya bụ., masturbation); ezigbo nwoke idina nwoke n'etiti ndị mkpọrọ bụ ndị na-edina nwoke tupu ha abanye n'ụlọikpe); nwoke idina nwanyị idina nwoke (mmekọ nwoke n'ọnọdụ) na nwanyị n'etiti onye mkpọrọ nwere ahụmahụ nwoke na nwanyị na nwanyị nke mbụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ); na ime ihe ike ịbụ onye otu onye mkpọrọ na onye mkpọrọ na nwanyị). Ime ihe ike mmekọahụ gụnyere ịmanye, ịchịkwa, na nrubeisi. A na-eme njikwa maka ike ma ọ bụ ụdị ụgwọ ọrụ ụfọdụ. Nkwado na-eme iji nweta nchekwa ma ọ bụ nchebe ma ọ bụ n'ihi egwu.[4]
N'ozuzu, mmekọrịta ndị mkpọrọ na ndị mkpọrọ bụ mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị n'ihi na ụlọ mkpọrọ na-ekewapụkarị site na mmekọahụ. Ihe atụ nke ihe dị iche na iwu a mere na Canada na Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Sainte-Anne-des-Plaines. N'ebe ahụ, ndị omempụ abụọ a mara ikpe nke nwoke na nwanyị, Karla Homolka na Jean-Paul Gerbet, nwere ike itinye aka na mmekọahụ site na mgbidi eriri, nke bụ naanị ihe mgbochi na-ekewa ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị. Ụlọ mkpọrọ a bụ ụlọ mkpọrọ nchebe kachasị elu na Canada ebe a ga-eziga ndị mkpọrọ nwoke na nwanyị ma ọ bụrụ na a na-ewere ha dị ka ihe dị ize ndụ.[5]
Mmekọrịta ndị mkpọrọ na ndị mkpọrọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nnyocha mbụ e mere banyere mmekọahụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ bụ na ụmụ nwanyị na 1913. N'afọ 1931, onye nchọpụta Selling chọpụtara na mmekọrịta dị iche iche dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ (na ụlọ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị), dị ka "enyi na enyi, ndị otu pseudofamily, pseudohomosexuality, na ndina ụdị onwe".[6] Ịmepụta ezinụlọ ndị a na-akpọ pseudofamilies abụwo ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị a bụ ezinụlọ ndị inyom mepụtara n'ụlọ mkpọrọ nke na-enye ha nkwado, nkekọ na mmekọrịta, dịka ezinụlọ ọdịnala ga-eme. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ọ bụ naanị di na nwunye nọ n'ezinụlọ nwere mmekọahụ. Ụmụ nwanyị na-ewere ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị iji ṅomie ezinụlọ nwoke na nwanyị. "Mammy" ma ọ bụ "mumsy" na-enye nwanyị meworo okenye, nne n'ime ezinụlọ, na "Popsy" na-enyekwa nwanyị na-achịkwa, onye na-adịchaghị nwanyị. "Ndị nne na nna" ndị a na-abụkarị ndị okenye ma a na-ahụ ha dị ka ndị nduzi maka ndị mkpọrọ na-eto eto. Ọrụ n'ime pseudofamilies na-agbanwe agbanwe ma nwee ike ịgbanwe ka oge na-aga.[1][6]
N'afọ 1965, Ward na Kassebaum mere nnyocha na Frontera site na ajụjụ ọnụ ma kwubie site n'aka ndị ọrụ na ndị mkpọrọ na "n'etiti 30% na 75% nke ndị mkpọrọ nwere mmekọahụ mgbe ha nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ", 50% nke ndị na-eme mmekọahụ. Mmekọahụ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ndị a na-abụkarị maka ntụrụndụ na ntụrụndaka, mgbe ụfọdụ na-agafe na mmekọrịta siri ike. Ọzọkwa, mmekọrịta ndị a mere n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ndị bi n'otu ebe ma ọ bụ n'etiti ndị inyom agbụrụ dị iche iche; mmekọrịta otu agbụrụ abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị. Mgbe nnyocha e mere na nyocha nke Propper mere na 1976, nsonaazụ ya maka ihe kpatara mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke gụnyere "egwuregwu egwuregwu, njikwa akụ na ụba, owu ọmụma, mkpa maka ọbụbụenyi, na ezi ịhụnanya".[4] Onye nchọpụta Otis nyochara ihe a hụrụ dị ka "mmekọrịta na-abụghị nke okike" n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị agbụrụ.[6] N'afọ 2014, The Daily Telegraph kọwara mmekọrịta mmekọahụ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ UK dị ka "ihe a na-ahụkarị".[7][8]
Na mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke, ụdị mmekọahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị gụnyere: "butch" ma ọ bụ "daddy" na-ezo aka na nwanyị nwoke na-achịkwa. "femme" ma ọ dị "mama" bụ onye na-edo onwe ya n'okpuru. "aghụghọ" bụ nwa agbọghọ na-ekwe ka ndị ọzọ jiri ya mee ihe. "Commissary hustler" bụ onye nchịkwa. "Cherries" enwetụbeghị ahụmịhe nwanyị na "square" agaghị esonye na omume nwoke na nwoke.[4]
Ndị mkpọrọ nwoke[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A na-amụ banyere mmekọahụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ maka ụmụ nwoke kemgbe afọ 1930. Nnyocha enweghị nkwekọrịta mmekọahụ, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ nnyocha e mere lekwasịrị anya na nrụgide.[3] Mmetọ mmekọahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị mkpọrọ nwoke. Ụmụ nwoke na-emetọ ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ mmekọahụ iji guzobe ọchịchị, ike na ịnọgide na-abụ nwoke.[6] Na nkwekọrịta nchebe, ndị ikom na-adịghị ike n'ụzọ anụ ahụ ga-enye mmekọahụ nkwekọrịta iji gbanwere nchebe, nchekwa, ngwongwo ma ọ bụ nkwado.[1][3]
Ụmụ nwoke na-enwe mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na-ele omume nwoke na nwanyị ha anya dị ka ihe na-emetụta ọnọdụ ma ha nwere ike ọ gaghị ele onwe ha anya dị na nwoke na nwanyị. Ndị ikom a na-akọwakarị otú ha si chee na ha na nwanyị nọ mgbe ha na nwoke na-enwe mmekọahụ. N'oge a na-emetọ onwe ha, ha na-ese onyinyo ahụmịhe mmekọahụ n'oge gara aga na ụmụ nwanyị.[9] Ha na-ekere òkè n'omume nwoke idina nwoke n'ihi enweghị "ụzọ nwoke idina nwanyị".[6]
Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Ndị Na-enwe Mmekọahụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụlọ mkpọrọ na-ebi naanị ndị mkpọrọ nwoke na nwanyị, enwere ụfọdụ ụlọ ndị na-ebi ma ndị ikom ma ndị inyom.[10] N'ime ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ, e nwere ikpe ebe ndị mkpọrọ na-enwe mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị na ndị mkpọrọ nke nwoke na nwanyị. Tụkwasị na nke a, e nweela ọbụna oge ndị di na nwunye na-eme n'otu ebe. Otú ọ dị, mmekọahụ dị otú ahụ abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị ma nwee ike isi ike maka ndị mkpọrọ ịhazi ibe ha n'ihi na ndị ikom na ndị inyom na-ekewapụ ibe ha na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ndị ọrụ ụlọ mkpọrọ na-enyocha ndị mkpọrọ nke ọma.
Ụdị mmekọrịta a n'etiti ndị mkpọrọ na-enweta nlebara anya, n'ihi uru ọ yiri ka ọ na-enye ndị mkpọrọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị mkpọrọ nọ na mmekọrịta ndị a na-enwe ọkwa dị ala nke owu ọmụma ịhụnanya, ọkwa dị elu nke afọ ojuju mmekọahụ, yana ogo ndụ dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị mkpọrọ nwere di / onye mmekọ ịhụnanya n'èzí ụlọ mkpọrọ ma ọ bụ ndị mkpọrọ na-enweghị onye mmekọ ọ bụla. Nke a na-egosi na ndị mkpọrọ nọ n'otu ụlọ mkpọrọ ahụ ga-erite uru site n'ịzụlite mmekọrịta ha na ndị mkpọrọ ndị ọzọ. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe ebe a na-ekwe ka ndị mkpọrọ na ndị na-anọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ nke nwoke na nwanyị, a na-egosi mmekọrịta chiri anya na-aba uru maka ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nke uche.[11]
- ↑ (2014) in Marcum: Sex in Prison: Myths and Realities (Excerpts). Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-62637-030-2. Retrieved on 7 September 2016.
- ↑ Gibson (2013). "The Social Construction of Sexuality in Prison.". The Prison Journal 93 (3): 355–370. DOI:10.1177/0032885513490503.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Ristroph, Alice. "Prison, Detention, and Correctional Institutions." Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender. Ed. Fedwa Malti-Douglas. Vol. 3. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 1196-1199. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 October 2016.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Perdue (2011). "Sex and Sexuality in Women's Prisons: A Preliminary Typological Investigation.". The Prison Journal 91 (3): 279–304. DOI:10.1177/0032885511409869. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Mandel. "Murder victim's sister fears killer will reunite with Karla Homolka", 14 January 2008. Retrieved on 1 October 2016.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Hensley (2002). "Inmate-to-Inmate Prison Sexuality : A Review of Empirical Studies". Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 3 (3): 226–243. DOI:10.1177/15248380020033005. Hensley, Christopher; Tewksbury, Richard (2002). "Inmate-to-Inmate Prison Sexuality : A Review of Empirical Studies". Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 3 (3): 226–243. doi:10.1177/15248380020033005. S2CID 144144111. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Ava Vidal. "Women prisoners: Sex in prison is commonplace, the male inmates just hide it more than girls", The Daily Telegraph, 26 February 2014.
- ↑ Kate Johns. "Many prison inmates are 'gay for the stay'", Independent Voices (Opinion), 6 May 2013.
- ↑ Money (1980). "Prison Sexology: Two Personal Accounts of Masturbation, Homosexuality, and Rape". The Journal of Sex Research 16 (3): 258–266. DOI:10.1080/00224498009551082.
- ↑ Coed Prison's Survey Finds 35 Prisons House Both Men and Women | Office of Justice Programs. Ojp.gov. Retrieved on 16 May 2022.
- ↑ Carecedo (2011). "Heterosexual romantic relationships inside of prison: partner status as predictor of loneliness, sexual satisfaction, and quality of life". International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 55 (6): 898–924. DOI:10.1177/0306624x10373593. PMID 20581227.