Edna Manley

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Edna Swithenbank Manley, OM (28 February 1900 – 9 February 1987) ka a na-ewere dị ka otu n'ime ndị nka kacha mkpa na ndị nkuzi nka na Jamaica. A maara ya nke ọma dị ka onye na-akpụ ihe, ọ bụ ezie na oeuvre ya gụnyere ihe osise na eserese ndị pụtara ìhè. Ọrụ ya bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke National Gallery of Jamaica's collection na-adịgide adịgide, a pụkwara ịhụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze ndị ọzọ na Jamaica dị ka Bustamante Children's Hospital, Mahadum West Indies, na Kingston Parish Church.

Edna Manley bụ onye nkwado izizi nke mmụta nka na Jamaica na n'afọ 1940, ọ haziri ma kuzie klaasị nka na Junior Center nke Institute of Jamaica. Klas ndị a tolitere n'ọnọdụ dị mma na nguzobe nke Jamaica School of Art and Craft na 1950, ụlọ akwụkwọ nkà mbụ nke Jamaica nke ga-emecha gbasaa na kọleji, ma kpọgharịa ya Edna Manley College of Visual and Performing Arts, na 1995. , iji sọpụrụ ọrụ ịsụ ụzọ onye nka na nka Jamaica.

Edna Manley bụkwa nwunye Norman Manley, onye malitere otu Jamaican People's National Party na 1st Premier nke Jamaica. A na-ewerekarị ya dị ka "nne nke nkà Jamaica"..[1]

Ndụ onwe onye[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Oge ọ malitere[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Amụrụ Edna Swithenbank na 28 February 1900, Edna Manley biri ndụ nwata ya na England ya na nna ụkọchukwu ya, Harvey Swithenbank, nne ya agwa Jamaica, Ellie Shearer, na ụmụnne ya 8. Ellie bụ nwanne Margaret Ann Shearer, onye lụrụ Thomas Manley, na nwa ha nwoke bụ Norman Washington Manley..[2]

Nna ya nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu, na-ahapụ nwunye ya ka ọ zụlite ụmụ ha itoolu niile n'onwe ya.[1] A kọwara Edna Manley dị ka onye nweere onwe ya, onye nnupụisi na onye nwere mmụọ, nke gosipụtara na ọgba aghara na ọgbaghara ọ kpatara n'etiti ezinụlọ ya ka ọ nabatara ndị nna nna ya 'na-acha' site n'akụkụ nne ya. A kpochapụrụ ndị nna nna a n'okpuru kapet n'ihi mmetụta ọ ga-enwe ọ bụghị naanị na nne na nna ya kamakwa ezinụlọ ahụ dum n'oge esemokwu agbụrụ nke mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ.[3]

Mmụta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbe ọ gachara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Edna gụrụ nka n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche gụnyere St. Martin's School of Art na London. Ọ mụtakwara ihe na nzuzo na Maurice Harding, onye na-akpụ anụmanụ, na-aga n'ihu n'ọmụmụ ihe nka ya na Regent Street Polytechnicas yana St. Martin's School of Art na London. N'oge a, o bu n'obi ịghọ ọkà mmụta anụmanụ.   [citation needed]

Na 1921, ọ lụrụ nwa nwanne nne ya, Norman Manley. Ha abụọ zutere mgbe Norman bịara England maka mahadum, Edna dị nanị afọ 14 n'oge ahụ na Norman dị afọ asatọ (8) afọ ya. Ha adaghị aka mana emesịa bịakọtaghachiri mgbe Norman gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mgbe Edna na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ ezumike nka na-amụ nka n'akụkụ. Ha abụọ nwere njikọ na-ese okwu, n'ihi ọ bụghị naanị njikọ ezinụlọ mana omimi doro anya nke ọdịdị Norman. Ha gara n'ihu mụọ ụmụ abụọ, Michael Manley (onye mechara bụrụ praịm minista) na Douglas Manley, ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na onye ozi n'ọchịchị nwanne ya, kwagara Jamaica na 1922 mgbe Douglas mụsịrị. Edna ghọtara ngwa ngwa otú ndị otu Jamaica si dị iche ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndụ ọ maara na England ma debe akwụkwọ akụkọ nke echiche ya, ihe ndị ọ chọpụtara, na ahụmahụ ya..[1][1]

ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke di ya na ụmụ ya ga-enwe mmetụta n'ọrụ nka ya, na-emetụtakwa ndụ ya na ọrụ ya n'ụzọ ọ na-atụghị anya ya. Manley tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọ bụghị nanị site na mkpakọrịta nke ụmụ ya na di ya, kamakwa site na isiokwu ọ na-ekwu okwu n'ọrụ ya, dị ka mmekọahụ, omenala na nwanyị. Mmetụta nwanyị nke Manley bụ ihe ịrụ ụka adịghị ya na ọ bụ nwanne nwanyị nwanyị mbụ na-efegharị efegharị, Lena, bụ onye lụrụ ọgụ na ndị na-eme ntuli aka maka ikike ịme ntuli aka maka ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ ezie na nke a egosipụtaghị onwe ya n'otu ụzọ ahụ nwanne ya nwanyị, o mebere ụzọ nke ya pụrụ iche na Jamaica. Ọ gbaghị ọgụ ozugbo maka feminism ọhụrụ, mana ọkaibe ya, ama ama na ikike n'ụwa ndị nwoke na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri, lụrụ ọgụ n'ụzọ ha. Echiche banyere socialism gbakwasịrị Edna n'uche mgbe ọtụtụ afọ gasịrị ka alụmdi na nwunye ya gasịrị. Ka ụmụ ya nwoke na di ya ghọrọ akụkụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Jamaica, na-etolite People's National Party (PNP), Edna nwekwara mmasị na echiche Fabian Socialism ma jiri ịnụ ọkụ n'obi kwado pati ahụ na echiche ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ akụkụ buru ibu na nke a na-apụghị izere ezere na ndụ ya, a ga-aga n'ihu na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè na ọrụ ya na 1960 na 1970 mgbe Jamaica na-enwe nnukwu ọgba aghara obodo na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.  [citation needed]

Afọ ndị sochirinụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Norman Manley, di ya, nwụrụ na 1969 wee hapụ ya n'ọgba aghara. O kwuru na 'mgbe Norman nwụsịrị, ihe zọpụtara m bụ nka m.' [4] N'afọ 1975, o kpebiri itinye aka n'ihe osise, kwụsị ịkpụ ihe, n'ihi afọ ndụ ya na nrụgide ọ na-etinye n'ahụ ya. Ọ nọgidere na-enwe njirimara nke ya ma ghara ibi na onyinyo nke di ya a ma ama. Edna Manley nwụrụ na 2 Febụwarị 1987; izu ole na ole tupu afọ 87 ya. Ọ bụ nwanyị dị ịtụnanya n'anya ọtụtụ ndị; nwanyị nke kpụrụ ụzọ ya n'enweghị aha di ya ma ọ bụ nwa ya nwoke ma na-aga n'ihu na-emetụta ma na-akpali ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe ruo taa.[1][4]

Ndụ nka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị na-egwu ala site na Manley

Ndụ nka Mbido

N'ime oge a nke ndụ Edna, o nwere nkụda mmụọ n'ihi enweghị ihe ngosi na Jamaica, yana àgwà ndị mmadụ nwere maka nka. N'anya ya, ọ dị ya ka à ga-asị na ndị mmadụ lere ya anya dị ka ihe omume ntụrụndụ na-adịghị mkpa nke ndị na-amụ ihe na-atọ ya ụtọ ma nke ahụ egbochighị ya. O kere ọrụ mbụ ya na Jamaica nke ga-abụ otu n'ime ndị a ma ama, The Beadseller (1922). Afọ mmalite ya bụ oge mgbanwe, ọ bụghị naanị n'ụzọ dị mma, mana n'ime oge a, o lekwasịrị anya na ime mgbanwe na ịghọta ụlọ ọhụrụ ya na Jamaica. Ọ malitere ịpụ n'ụzọ mmụta nke imepụta nke ọ maburu ya, banye n'ụdị ọgbara ọhụrụ a hụrụ na The Beadseller - nke sitere na nleba anya ọhụrụ ndị a na-atọ ụtọ nke ndụ na Jamaica. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, onye otu nwoke, The Listener (1922) sochiri Beadseller nke gosipụtara ụdị geometric na cubist ọ na-enyocha. Enwere ike ị nweta mmetụta cubist a n'aka onye omenkà a ma ama bụ Pablo Picasso, onye ji geometric na ihe okike ya mebie ụwa nka Europe. Edna Manley enweghị nchebe na mmetụta ya ka ọ na-amụ usoro nka na echiche niile na-ekesa na Europe tupu ọ pụọ na Caribbean. O weghachitere ya ụdị plasta nke ọrụ abụọ a na 1923 n'England, bụ́ nke ọ tụbara na ọla mgbe ọ bịarutere. Nke a ga-eme ka nnabata ya na Society of Women's Artists ma gosipụta Beadseller na ngosi 1924 ha. Ọ ga-aga n'ihu na-aga n'etiti Jamaica na England na-achọ ebe ngosi na mkpali nka.[1]

Laa azụ na Jamaica ná mmalite 1924, ọ malitere ngwa ngwa iji ngwá ọrụ ọhụrụ akpụ akpụ rụọ ọrụ ma mepụta Wisdom na mgbe ahụ enwe. N'oge ahụ kwa, ọ malitere iṅomi ihe osise ndị ezi uche dị na ya na ụrọ nke mbụ Norman na Douglas dị afọ abụọ na nke enyi ya, Esther Chapman. Mgbe ahụ, nwalere ohere nke usoro mgbasa ozi ọhụrụ ya, o mere isi enyi ọzọ, Leslie Clerk n'ime osisi.

1925–1932[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'agbata afọ 1925 na 1929, Manley mere ka ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị geometric ya dị nro, jiri nnukwu, ndị gbara gburugburu dochie ha. Market Women, ọmụmụ nke ụmụ nwanyị abụọ na-achọsi ike na-anọdụ ala n'azụ, na Demeter, ihe osise nke akụkọ ifo nke Nne Ụwa, na-egosi mmetụta Manley na ngwụcha afọ 1920. Afọ 1930 hụrụ mgbanwe ọzọ n'ụdị ihe ọkpụkpụ ya. Ọ na-achịkwa usoro cubist ya na mmalite afọ 1920 site na ụdị dị gburugburu, ma mepụta ụdị ọhụrụ, nke doro anya nke dịgidere ruo n'afọ 1940. Ọ chetara mmetụta siri ike nke nka oge ochie na ihe ọkpụkpụ ya. Mmasị ya na ọdịnala oge ochie sitere na ọrụ nke oge neo-classicism nke Picasso.Nudes abụọ ya nke 1906, nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na neo-classicism nke uto ya.   [citation needed]

A pụkwara ịhụ ịdị nwayọọ nke a n'ọrụ ya nke isiokwu ya bụ Eve Archived 7 May 2019 na Wayback Machine (1929), nke sitere n'akụkọ nwanyị mbụ a kpọtụrụ aha na Bible. N'ozuzu akụkụ nke ọrụ ahụ bụ 2006.6 x 508mm, ma e si na otu mpempe osisi mahogany kpụrụ ya. A hụrụ Iv gba ọtọ ka o guzo n'elu ikpo okwu okirikiri, isi ya chere ihu n'azụ ya. Ihe oyiyi ahụ nwere otu aka nke mkpịsị aka ya na-atụgharị n'ime aka iji kpuchie pubis ya; yiri mmegharị ahụ nke ogwe aka bụ ngwakọta nke "Venus Pudica". Aka nke ọzọ na-ehulata n'ikpere aka wee kpuchie ara ebe azụ aka na-ama jijiji na-adabere n'ubu na mkpịsị aka na-atụgharị n'ime ya. N'ọnọdụ a nke ogwe aka anyị na-ahụ mmetụta nke Picasso's Two Nudes. Ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ yiri ka ọ jupụtara na obi mgbakasị, dị ka a tụrụ aro site n'ịkụgide ọkpọ, mgbagha nke ahụ na-adịghị mma na mgbalị siri ike iji kpuchie ara. Ahụ na-enye echiche nke ntorobịa na ogologo ntutu isi ya na-agbada n'ime igbe dabara n'ọkpụkpọ ahụ ya gbagọrọ agbagọ. Wayne Brown akọwawo ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ dị ka "nwanyị tụrụ ụjọ ile anya n'ubu ya" ihe "onyinyo nke ịgba ọtọ juru ya anya" ma, Manley ọ dị ka ewepụla ihe niile dị na ya n'ihu ihe ọkpụkpụ nke ntụgharịghachi nke Iv ma kama lekwasị anya na okwu n'ime pose nke onu ogugu enwere ugbua. Echiche ya banyere ihe ọkpụkpụ a bụ ka ọ bịaruo aka na nchụpụ nke Iv n’ogige Iden. A na-ekwukwa na ihu na-ele anya azụ na-anọchi anya Iv na-ele anya azụ n'ogige ahụ mgbe a chụpụrụ ya..[5]

N'oge mmalite afọ 1920, Edna Manley nọgidere na-ezigara ọrụ ya n'England maka ngosi nke mere ka ọrụ ndị ahụ bụrụ ndị a ma ama na 1927. Nkwado mbụ ọ natara sitere na ndị nta akụkọ French, e bipụtakwara ọrụ ya na Les Artistes D"Aujourd"Hui na La Revue Moderne. Onye dere isiokwu La Revue Moderne, Clement Morro, ejikọtala ya na ndị abstractionists nke oge a. N'afọ 1929, Edna Manley laghachiri England na ọrụ ya kachasị ọhụrụ ya bụ; Eve, The boy and the reed, Torso, The ape ("Edna Manley (1900-1987). Obere nchịkọta a nke ihe a tụrụ atụ enwetala ohere n'ihe ngosi Goupil Summer nke bụ nnukwu ihe omume nke na-ewere ọnọdụ kwa afọ na London.[5]

Ịga ya na Jamaica nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ọrụ ya. Ọ hapụrụ ịmụ zoology na London, ọrụ ya wee bụrụ "ọmarịcha ọdịdị", dị ka Boxer si kwuo. Ihe ndị Manley nwere bụ osisi ndị a mụrụ n'ala - o ji yakka, mahogany, redwood Guatemalan, juniper cedar, na primavera. Ụfọdụ ọrụ sitere na afọ mbụ ya n'àgwàetiti ahụ bụ Beadseller, na Listener. N'ịkọwa Beadseller, Boxer kwuru, sị, "Ọ dị ka a ga-asị na n'otu ihe na-ada, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu narị afọ nke mmepe ihe ọkpụkpụ emeela: na nke a, ọrụ mbụ ya mere na Jamaica, Edna yiri ka ọ gosipụtara echiche ya banyere ihe ọkpụchụ Britain nke oge a nke o ji mee onwe ya tupu ọ hapụ England. Akụkụ abụọ ahụ gosipụtara ụdị ọganihu na nke cubist nke Manley.

Jamaica na-eche ọtụtụ mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ihu na ngwụcha afọ 1930 na mmalite afọ 1940. Ndị Afrịka bi na mba ndị ọzọ na-achọ iwepụ usoro ọchịchị ochie nke fọdụrụ n'àgwàetiti ahụ. Ha dị njikere maka usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze ọhụrụ, ma gosipụta enweghị obi ụtọ ha na usoro ọchịchị site n'ịkwalite ọgba aghara (yana ọgba aghụghọ), ịkpali ụkọ nri, na ịkwalite ngagharị iwe. Ọrụ Manley nke oge ahụ gosipụtara ọgba aghara obodo a. Ọrụ ndị dị ka "Prophet", "Diggers", "Pocomania", na "Negro Aroused" "nwere mmụọ nke ndị anyị ma tinye iwe ha na-arịwanye elu nke usoro ọchịchị na-akwụsị akwụsị n'ime ụdị ihe oyiyi doro anya, kwesịrị ekwesị, "ka onye na-ede uri M. G. Smith dere.   [citation needed]

E gosipụtara ọrụ ya ugboro ugboro n'England n'agbata afọ 1927 na 1980. Ihe ngosi mbụ ya na Jamaica bụ na 1937. Ihe ngosi ahụ gosipụtara oge mgbanwe na nka nka na-emepebeghị emepe nke Jamaica, ọ kpaliri ihe ngosi mbụ nke ndị na-ese ihe na Jamaica. Manley bụkwa otu n'ime ndị guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ nke Jamaica School of Art. Mgbe emesịrị ya na Jamaica, ihe ngosi ya meghere na England, ebe a nabatara ya nke ọma. Ọ bụ oge ikpeazụ a ga-egosi ọrụ Manley na London ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 40.

Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike maka ọtụtụ oge ndụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe, ọ kụzikwaara na Jamaica School of Art, ugbu a ọ bụ akụkụ nke Edna Manley College of Visual and Performing Arts.

1930 – 1939[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

1929 wetara nkwanye ùgwù dị ịrịba ama na ọrụ mbụ Edna Manley dị ka onye na-ese ihe na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Nke a bịara n'ụdị Iv nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Picasso's Two Nudes (1906) na Boy with Reed, nzaghachi nye ihe oyiyi Singing Negro (Bibliothèque Nationale na Paris). E gosipụtara ihe osise abụọ a n'ihe ngosi oge okpomọkụ na Goupil Gallery na England ma nweta nyocha dị egwu. Iv mere njem nke ukwuu n'ebe ngosi nka nke England niile ka ọnụnọ ya na-adọrọ mmasị bụ magnetik.[6]

Edna na Norman Manley na-agbanye mgbọrọgwụ na Jamaica ma onye ọ bụla na-eme ka ọrụ ha dị mfe. Ọrụ nka nke Edna na-amalite amalite na Norman Manley na-enweta aha nke ịbụ onye ọka iwu nwere ọgụgụ isi. E dere aro nke ọma ma nyefee ya ka e nye ya nhọpụta dị mma nke Kings Counsel (KC). O doro anya na nke a ga-eme ka ọrụ iwu ya dịkwuo elu ma rụpụta ihe n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1932. [7] N'agbanyeghị ụgwọ ọrụ ego sitere n'ọrụ iwu ya, n'ịbụ onye so n'etiti ndị isi obodo ma nye ya aha KC, Norman Manley lụsoro ịda mbà n'obi ọgụ nke yiri ka ọ kpatara ya n'ihi enweghị ike ịnọchite anya ihe bara uru. E kwughachiri mmetụta a n'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara Edna onye na-anọghị n'England n'ihi mmasị na nka ya. Mgbe ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ na Jamaica, ọ nwekwara ụzọ ya dị elu iji mee njem dị ka nwunye, nne na ọkpụkpụ azụ nke ezinụlọ ya yana ịbụ onye na-ese ihe na-arị elu. Mmetụta mmetụta uche ndị a gosipụtara onwe ha n'ihe osise akpọrọ Sun and Earth nke na-egosi nwoke na nwanyị na-amakụ nke ukwuu, isi nwoke ahụ na-anọdụ n'obi nwanyị ahụ. Nwanyị ahụ guzo ọtọ dị ka ihe nkwado na otu aka gburugburu úkwù ya.[8] Site na ihe ịga nke ọma mba ụwa nke Eve, Boy with Reed na ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị ka Dawn, Woman With Basket (in stone), Dance, Sixteen, Seventeen na Rachel ọhụụ nke onwe dị ka onye na-ese ihe na eziokwu nke ndụ yiri ka ọ ga-Egwú omume ma nye ya ike dị n'ime iji buru ezinụlọ ya na nka ya gaa n'ọdịnihu a na-amaghị ama.[9] Ihe osise ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu nwere ihe ọhụrụ a na-ahụbeghị n'ebe ọ bụla, "ọchịchọ" bụ okwu e ji kọwaa ihe ndị ahụ. Cubism na òtù ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe n'ihu na-achịkwa Europe n'oge ahụ, mana ihe Edna Manley nwere ikuku nke ọhụrụ nye ha nke kpaliri ọtụtụ ọchịchọ ịmata ihe na London niile.[10] Ọ bụ ezie na isi nke cubism pụtara ìhè na ihe ọkpụkpụ ya n'ihe gbasara ọnọdụ nke ụdị ha enweghị nsụgharị siri ike nke pụtara ìhè na ọrụ mbụ ya dị ka Beadseller.

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1934, Jamaica anọwo na-enwe nnukwu nsogbu akụ na ụba, nke a na-ahụ site na mbelata nke mbupụ na nloghachi nke ndị ọrụ si Cuba na Panama. N'ebe ọ bụla na Jamaica, ndị mmadụ na-eti mkpu maka ụgwọ ọrụ ka mma, ọrụ ndị ọzọ, ọnọdụ ọrụ ka mma na ụlọ ka ndị nkịtị na-ejide onwe ha n'okpuru ibu nke nchụpụ nke ndị ọchịchị. Nsogbu akụ na ụba tinyere ọgba aghara maka mgbanwe bụ nke a chịkọtara n'ụzọ okike na ihe osise Edna Manley a ma ama, Negro Aroused mere na 1935. Ihe a kpụrụ akpụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị n'ime gburugburu ahụ nwere àgwà dị elu ma gosipụta nwoke Afrịka nwere isi e weliri elu n'eluigwe n'elu ubu square, ahụ gbagọrọ agbagọ na nnukwu slab - dị ka aka etinye n'ọnọdụ akimbo pụrụ iche. O yiri ka ọ na-ekwupụta nchegbu mgbe ọ na-ele anya n'eluigwe maka ngwọta ma ọ bụ chi ọbụbọ nke echi ka mma. Ihe ndị ọzọ a ma ama e mepụtara n'oge a bụ, Pocomania, Market Woman, The Prayer, Young Negro, The Diggers na The Prophet.[11]

Onye Amụma[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Usòrò:The Prophet 1935.jpg
Onye Amụma (1935) na ngosi nke National Gallery of Art nke Akụkọ Afro-Atlantic na 2022.

Onye Amụma ahụ bụ ihe osise nke nwoke Afrịka nwere aka dị ike, nke e welitere n'elu isi ya, na-emepụta ọdịdị diamond. A na-etinye aka ya na-emeghe n'ihu nke ọzọ dịka mgbe mmadụ tetara ma gbatịa mgbe ọ na-ehi ụra miri emi. A tụgharịrị isi ya gaa n'aka nri, na-ele anya ntakịrị n'okpuru na ihu siri ike a na-apụghị ịbịaru nso. E nwere ntụgharị azụ n'elu ahụ nke na-eme ka ọ dị mma. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe a kpụrụ akpụ ahụ enweghị ahụ zuru ezu ma na-anọchite anya site na mkpịsị aka ruo n'etiti apata ụkwụ, ọ na-akpali njikere ịlụ ọgụ, nguzo agha n'echiche ọ bụla. Ime ka ụdị ahụ dị mfe na-enye ya ikike dị elu nke na-amanye onye na-ekiri ya ịlụso anya nke onye na-ahụ ụzọ ọgụ. Onye amụma ahụ gosipụtara mmụọ agha nke a kpọtere ma manye ya ime ihe. Ọ na-akọwa otú ndị nkịtị nọ n'oge ahụ si eche, dị ka nke bọket ntụ na-echere ka ọkụ ahụ gbapụ.[12] Oriakụ Manley kọwara Onye Onye Amụma ka:

"Onye na-akatọ, oh onye a katọrọ n'ike, obi ọjọọ, ịda ogbenye, ikpe na-ezighị ezi na ọ bịara, onye amụma, Amọsh nke si n'ugwu gbadata ma katọọ ụwa dị ka ọ hụrụ ya. Ọ katọrọ ndị nwere ọtụtụ ihe ma nye ndị ogbenye na ndị na-adịghị ike obere ihe".

Edna Manley yiri ka ọ bụ enyo ahụ na-amịkọrọ ma na-egosipụta ọnọdụ ndị nkịtị site na ịma mma ọhụrụ ya.Site na ọrụ dị ịrịba ama, Oriakụ Manley dị njikere ịlụso ụwa nka England ọgụ, mana tupu ya emee, o mere ihe ngosi mbụ ya na ụlọ Mutual Life Assurance Society na Barry Street Kingston Jamaica na Jenụwarị 1937. [13] Nke a bụ ihe ngosi nka nke mbụ maka onye ọ bụla na Jamaica ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma na ihe karịrị narị mmadụ asatọ na-agafe ihe ngosi ahụ.[14] Ihe ngosi ahụ were ụbọchị ise mana tupu ọ kwụsị, ndị mmadụ na-arịọ ka steeti zụta Negro Aroused. A zụrụ ihe oyiyi ahụ site na ndị na-anakọta ego a haziri ahazi ma nyefee ya na Institute of Jamaica.

N'England, ihe ngosi ya meghere na nke abụọ n'ọnwa Machị ma were ụbọchị iri abụọ na atọ ma nabata ya na nyocha "lukewarm". Ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ na akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ na-enyo ọrụ aka ya na ụzọ o si eme ihe enyo.[15] Enweghị nghọta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site n'aka ndị nkatọ Bekee bụ ndị nọ n'ebe dị anya site na nnupụisi nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Jamaica mere ka o sie ha ike ịnakwere ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ n'ezie ma nyochaa naanị iberibe ndị ahụ dabere na ọdịdị.[16] Ka e mesịrị n'otu afọ ahụ, Oriakụ Manley dara ọrịa ma nọrọ ogologo oge na-agbake. E nwere nnukwu ọgba aghara na Jamaica na 1938, ọgba agha na ọgba aghasị ndị ọrụ kpatara ọtụtụ njide na ọbụna ọnwụ. Enweghị ebe ọ bụla na Jamaica ka ọ ghara ịpụ n'ọgba aghara ahụ mana Westmoreland na Kingston nwere nnukwu ọgba aghara ka ndị nkịtị na-agba mbọ maka ụgwọ ọrụ na ọrụ ka mma. Onye na-eme ihe ike maka mgbanwe aha ya bụ Alexander Bustamante nọ n'ihu n'ahịrị na-agbachitere ihe ndị nkịtị na-eme, mkpesa na-enweghị nkwụsị mere ka ọ banye n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ọ bụkwa Norman Manley guzobere Peoples National Party (PNP) bụ onye chọtara ọganihu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya na ezi ebumnuche ya nke na-ezere ya ruo ọtụtụ afọ. N'oge a, Oriakụ Manley rụchara ọtụtụ ọrụ, ọkachasị nke akpọrọ Strike nke bụ nzaghachi maka ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-aga n'ihu na mpaghara ahụ. Ọ bụghị naanị na mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ na-anọchite anya ọnọdụ ndị mmadụ kamakwa ọ na-ejide aka ya na di ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ rụkwara akara ngosi The Rising Sun maka PNP nke na-anọchite anya mmalite nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Jamaica. Ihe osise ndị ọzọ e mere n'oge 1938 - 1939, bụ Mrs. Molesworth, Tomorrow, Youth, In the Beginning, Idyll na The Sawyers. David Boxer kpọrọ ihe osise ndị a "ihe osise na-atọ ụtọ" iji kọwaa ọdịdị ha na mmegharị ha.

Ndụ ọkachamara na Horse of the Morning (1940s)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Edna Manley mepụtara ọtụtụ ihe a ma ama gụnyere, "Negro Aroused" na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ bụ akụkụ nke nchịkọta ya na-adịgide adịgide na National Gallery (NGJ) na-adabere na 1940s. Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ya n'etiti (1935) na (1940), bụ, "Mountain Girl", "The Prophet", na "Pocomania". "Before Thought", "The Forerunner", "Befor Truth", na "Into the Mist" sochiri n'etiti (1941) na (1948). Ndị a bụ ọrụ ndị gosipụtara echiche ya banyere ndụ onwe ya na mmekọrịta ezinụlọ. Edna Manley mepụtara ọrụ dịka Digger, ink on paper (1940), Dispossessed, Sepia wash on paper na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Dị ka akwụkwọ Edna Manley Sculptor nke David Boxer si kwuo, "N'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 1941, ọ na-edekọ n'akwụkwọ diary: Oh, mana achọrọ m ịkpụ chi m abụọ gbara ọchịchịrị na ìhè. Ọ ga-achọ ịkpụ ha ebe ụda ugwu ga-abụ abụ ahụ, ebe ụfụfụ gburugburu... ebe enwere nnwere onwe na ìhè ma ọ nweghị ọchịchọ... N'ezie, ọ ga-eme ka ihe ndị a na-eme ka ọ dị iche iche iche iche na-eme ihe ndị a site na ihe ndị a, ọ bụrụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme n'oge ụfọdụ.[17][18][19]"Dị ka Edna Manley the Diary si kwuo, "15 Eprel 1943 ugwu na-enyere m aka ịghọta na ekwesịghị m ịrụsi ọrụ ike, ọ bụghị nchegbu banyere ihe m na-emepụta. Maka m ọ ga-aga n'ụzọ na-enweghị ntụpọ na nke na-enweghị iwu ọ ga-abụrịrị nke ikpeazụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka ọ dị. "[20]

Ịnyịnya nke Ụtụtụ (1943)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Manley tụrụ Horse of the Morning na 1943, e ji osisi redwood nke Guatemala mee ihe a. Dị ka National Gallery of Jamaica Blog si kwuo, "Ọrụ ya banyere n'oge ọzọ nke ọ jikọtara ihe nnọchianya onwe ya, nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Jamaica Blue Mountain, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụzọ na-ese onyinyo iji mepụta na elu. Horse of the Morning (1943), nke nwa Edna Manley na onye bụbu praịm minista nke Jamaica nyere onyinye maka nchịkọta ahụ, Michael Manley nwụrụ anwụ, bụ ihe a maara nke ọma nke okirikiri a. [21] Oriakụ Manley gara n'azụ ya wee hụ mmalite nke ụtụtụ, m chọrọ ka m si kọwaa Horse of The Morning: "Ọ si n'azụ ụzọ m si aga... Ahụrụ m ya... ọ nọ ebe ahụ nwa oge wee pụọ. Mana ahụrụ m ya". Akwụkwọ ahụ gara n'ihu kwuo na, "Horse of the Morning na-egosi otu akụkụ nke chi anyanwụ, ya bụ, mmekọahụ ya, onwe ya. E jidere ya n'oge na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na ụkwụ ọkpụkpụ na anya "ping pong ball" nke ọma nke na-acha ọbara ọbara ma n'anyanwụ ma dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke mmekọahụ zuru oke.[22]

Ndụ ọrụ 1950s[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Edna Manley kwalitere mmepe nke nka Jamaica dị ka onye nkuzi, onye nhazi na onye nkwado ma nye aka na ntọala ụlọ akwụkwọ nka na nka nke Jamaica na 1950. Ọ bụ ezie na afọ 1950 na 1960 bụ afọ ndị na-adịghị arụsi ọrụ ike maka Edna Manley, o mepụtara ọrụ ole na ole. National Gallery of Jamaica N'afọ 1951, e nyere Edna Manley ọrụ mbụ ya n'ihu ọha nke gụnyere ịmepụta obe maka ụka Anglican niile dị nsọ na etiti obodo Kingston, a raara obe ahụ nye iji cheta Joseph Francis onye okenye nke ụka na 10 Disemba 1951. Ihe osise nke afọ ndị a mechara bụrụ ihe ndị zoro ezo ma na-abụkarị ọrụ ha.[23]

Afọ nke 1952 ka a na-alụ ọgụ na echiche maka asọmpi na Britain maka ihe ncheta maka onye mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a na-amaghị ama. N'ọnwa Mee, ọ malitere obere ihe ọkpụkpụ, ihe ọkpụ ahụ n'ezie ihe ọkpụkọ na-akwadebe n'echiche n'ezie ma bụrụ nke na-adabere n'echiches maka ihe ncheta ahụ. Ihe Nzuzo bụ ọrụ na-adọrọ mmasị nke dị na obere usoro ma nwee echiche bụ isi nke abalị. Ọzọkwa, site n'oge a bụ obere osisi satin, nke e mere iji daba n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ gramophone ọrụ a sitere na Noël Coward. Ọ matara ụlọ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugwu nke agwaetiti ahụ. Àgwà ya bụ otu ihe dị ịrịba ama na nke ihe nzuzo mana isiokwu ya, isi abụọ nke nwoke na nwanyị, na aka e weliri elu na njirimara Manley na-anọchite anya mkparịta ụka chiri anya n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị. Edna Manley kpọrọ ya ugwu. Ewezuga obere nwanyị ugwu terracotta nke e dere n'afọ 1956, ọ dịghị ihe ọkpụkpụ nwere elu site n'oge 1952 ruo 1958 ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ihe akaebe na terracottas ndị ọzọ sitere n'oge a nwere ike ịdị. Anyị makwaara na a haziri ihe ngosi nke eserese maka ụlọ ọrụ Jamaica na 1954 mana ọbụna nke a kagburu n'ihi na enweghị ọrụ ọhụrụ zuru ezu iji kwado ihe ngosi ahụ. Edna sonyere n'ihe ngosi narị afọ atọ nke e mere na ụlọ ọrụ Jamaica na Nọvemba 1955. [23]

N'ime anyanwụ. nwoke ojii, na-agba ịnyịnya ọcha nwere anya anyanwụ na-enwu enwu, na-agafe eluigwe site n'ọchịchịrị nke ụbọchị. Ọ na-abịa dị ka o mere n'ọnwa ndị mbụ nke mkpọsa maka ntuli aka nke 1955. Ihe oyiyi ahụ bụ nwa nke onye ojii a na-akpọlite ugbu a dị ka nwoke na-eme ihe ma na-etinye ugbu a n'ihe gbasara ihe nnọchianya anyanwụ na ọnwa mepụtara n'afọ ndị iri anọ. Ọ bụ onye na-akpọsa Jamaica ọhụrụ na-ebute ma na-azọrọ "ebe ya n'anyanwụ". na 1958 chips malitere ife ọzọ na coda na-adọrọ mmasị na usoro chi na-anwụ anwụ, uto mere ka echiche bụ isi gụnyere isiokwu ndị a kpughere n'ọrụ onwe ha dị ka Sun God Heads nke 1941 na The Horse of the Morning nke 1943. Ịnyịnya nke ụtụtụ nke chi anyanwụ nọ n'elu, isi amamihe na ume na-enweghị njedebe. Njikọ dị n'etiti mpaghara abụọ dị n'elu ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị n'akụkụ nke ndị na-ehi ụra na-amalite ibuli isi ya ma meghee anya ya ka ọ na-eteta na ndụ ọzọ. A rụzuru uto ya n'oge maka itinye ya na ihe ngosi agwaetiti niile nke ihe ọkpụkpụ nke meghere n'ọnwa Ọktoba 1958 na ụlọ ọrụ Jamaica, n'oge ahụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwetara ya. N'afọ 1959, ọ hụrụ ka e mepụtara ihe osise dị nso karịa nke ndị enyi ya họọrọ dị ka isiokwu nwa agbọghọ na-enwe mmasị ịmakụ obere ewu. N'ịbụ onye nwa nwa ya nwanyị dị afọ iri na abụọ bụ Rachel kpaliri, onye bịara Jamaica ka ya na Edna na Norman biri na 1949, nke na-ekwu okwu kemgbe enweghị ihe kpatara ya.[23]

N'ime Anyanwụ (1954)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ime Anyanwụ bụ ihe e mepụtara nke ọrụ Edna Manley. Ọ na-egosi nwoke na-acha uhie uhie n'ihu na-amakụ ịnyịnya ọcha; ịnyịnya ahụ nọ n'ọnọdụ na-agba ọsọ na onyinyo ahụ na-ejide ya na ịnyịnya ahụ na aka ekpe ya gbatịrị na-egosi n'ihu. Ihe ndabere na-egosi oge abụọ dị iche iche nke ụbọchị ma jiri Anyanwụ na Ọnwa na-egosi ọdịiche dị n'etiti akụkụ ọ bụla. N'okpuru ya, e nwere ugwu na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke nwere agba abụọ dị iche iche. Akụkụ ugwu ahụ dị n'aka ekpe nke nwere ihe dị ka abalị na-egosi na ọ gbara ọchịchịrị karịa akụkụ ahụ nke nwere ihe e mere n'ehihie. Ọ na-enyekwa ihe ngosi nke ịnyịnya na nwoke na-agba ịnyịnya na-aga Anyanwụ. Otú ọ dị, ihe oyiyi nke ịnyịnya ahụ na-apụta na ọrụ ndị ọzọ n'ime afọ iri dịka Only the Brave, ebe nwoke na nwanyị na-esonyere n'otu silhouette dị n'elu ugwu. E nwere ịnyịnya abụọ na-abịa azụ n'akụkụ ha. Ịnyịnya nke abalị na ịnyịnya nke ụtụtụ. A na-egosikwa ọnwa na anyanwụ n'ime mpempe akwụkwọ a ma na-achịkwa n'eluigwe. N'otu aka ahụ, Uto. A na-ewere 1950s na 60s dị ka oge dị mkpa nke a na-emepụta ihe oyiyi Edna Manley. Ịchọta ọtụtụ codas na Dying GoN'ime Anyanwụ">Uto ka mahogany relief Growth (1958) na eserese Into the Sun (1954) na ọ dịghị ma e wezụga Brave (1960) yana onyinyo ugwu anthropomorphic nke ugwu.

"Negro Aroused" - ihe osise[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbe ọ nọ na London, Manley chọpụtara na ndị Jamaica anakọtara ego iji zụta ihe nkiri ya "Negro Aroused". Ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-etinye ihe ọ bụla ha nwere ike ịzụta, na-azụta ihe ahụ iji malite nchịkọta nka mba. Omume a metụrụ ya n'ahụ nke ukwuu, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi na o kwuru na ọ bụ ihe siri ike maka ya ịmepụta: "Negro Aroused,... na-anwa ịmepụta ọhụụ mba, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ gbuo m, ọ na-anwa itinye ihe karịrị m na ihe fọrọ nke nta hiwere onwe m, [24] " Manley gwara Sculpture Review.

E mepụtara ihe osise mbụ nke "Negro Aroused" na 1935 ma gosipụta ya na 1937. Site na ngosipụta ya, "Negro Aroused" kpaliri echiche ọha na eze; a nwetara ya site na ndenye aha ọha na eze ma nye ya Institute of Jamaica iji mepụta isi maka nchịkọta nka nke oge a. Nchịkọta a na 1974 ghọrọ ihe ndabere maka nchịkọta National Gallery of Jamaica. [25]   [<span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2019)">page<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>needed</span>]

N'afọ 1977, a malitere ịrụ ọrụ iji gbasaa ihe a tụrụ atụ ma mepụta ihe ncheta maka ndị ọrụ Jamaica na Movement nke ndị ọrụ nke a mụrụ na 1938. E nyere Edna Manley ọrụ iji ọla nchara mepụta ọrụ ahụ, okpukpu atọ ruo anọ karịa nke mbụ. Ọtụtụ ndị na-eto eto na-ese ihe nyeere ya aka. Tupu e bugara ya na New York maka nchara nchara, e bibiri ụdị ụkwụ asaa ahụ n'ọkụ ụlọ nkwakọba ihe.

N'afọ 1982, Manley mepụtara ụdị nke atọ, nke dị nso na nke mbụ, mana ọ gụnyere mgbanwe ụfọdụ ọ na-eme n'ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ mebiri emebi.

N'afọ 1991, e mere ka ihe a tụrụ atụ ahụ bukwuo ibu mgbe ọ nwụsịrị site n'iji usoro "scaling up" nke ebe a na-akpụ ọla nchara maka ịgbasawanye ihe a tụrụ akpụ. A họọrọ mbipụta nke atọ n'ihi na ọ dị nso na mbipụta mebiri emebi. A kwụrụ ụgwọ ahụ site na ndenye aha ọha na eze.

Ndụ ọkachamara (1960s) na Ihe oyiyi Bogle[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Norman Manley banyere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, wee guzobe People's National Party na 1938. Ọ bụ ezie na Edna Manley nwere obi abụọ na mbụ, ọ nabatara ọnọdụ di ya - na nke ya - na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Jamaica ngwa ngwa. O mekwara akara ngosi Rising Sun maka People's National Party. Mmalite nke gọọmentị ọhụrụ nke Jamaica- - na ọdịda nke ọchịchị ndị na-achị ala ọzọ- gosipụtara n'ọrụ Manley, nke n'oge ahụ na-ekwu maka usoro, ọmụmụ na ọnwụ nke anyanwụ na ọnwa. Ihe okike gbara ya gburugburu na Nomdmi, ebe mgbaba ugwu ya na di ya wuru nwekwara mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ọrụ ya.[20]

Ọtụtụ ọrụ na-echere Edna Manley na 60s dị ka Nne na Nwatakịrị Tondo maka Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ụmụaka na Bush nke a na-ejighị maka Webster United Church.[23]

Manley nwere mmasị mgbe niile na Rastafari ma na 1961, o mere usoro ihe osise site na iji ndị Rastafari na-eto eto nke jere ozi dị ka ọkpụkpụ azụ maka ịkpụ Nwanne Nwoke. Nke a nyeere ya aka ịnakwere nkà ihe ọmụma ya ka a na-enyo enyo ma na-ele ya anya dị ka onye iro. [23]

Afọ 1950 na 1960 bụ oge dị jụụ maka Manley dị ka onye na-ese ihe. Di ya malitere itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, wee bụrụ Onye isi minista nke Jamaica na 1955. Ọrụ Manley dị ka nwunye onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị hapụrụ obere oge maka nka. N'afọ 1958, o mepụtara Flag of the West Indies Federation. O mere ihe ngosi nke atọ ya na Hills Galleries na 1960 (ụlọ ngosi meghere na 1953), [23] ebe ọ gosipụtara naanị ihe osise ebe ọ nwere obere oge iji mee ihe ọkpụkpụ n'ihi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mmegide nke Norman Manley na People's National Party. [26] Ọrụ ya bụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na nke nwere echiche akụkọ ifo. Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ndị a gụnyere Youth Early na Night Flower. Otu n'ime ọrụ ya I Saw My Land (1960) na-egosi mkpa Norman Manley dị na Jamaica dịka ebumnuche ya bụ ịnapụta mba ahụ. N'afọ 1965, o mepụtara ihe oyiyi nke Paul Bogle iji cheta ọnwụ ya n'ihi okwukwe ya na Morant Bay Rebellion nke Jamaica na 1865. [27] Nnupụisi Morant Bay bụ n'ihi ọdịdị na-anọchite anya gọọmentị Jamaica na nsogbu akụ na ụba nke Jamaica na-ata ahụhụ n'oge a. Nke a pụtara na ọtụtụ ndị isi ojii Jamaica enweghị mmetụta nke ịbụ ndị gọọmentị ha na-anọchite anya ha.[28] Paul Bogle bụ onye ndú ma kwụgbuo ya dị ka ntaramahụhụ ka ọ na-eduga nnupụisi ikpeazụ maka ikike ịtụ vootu na njedebe nke ịkpa ókè iwu na mmegbu akụ na ụba megide ndị Africa Jamaica chere ihu ma n'ihi ikike ya iguzo ogologo ma buru ibu, a matara ya dị ka dike mba na Jamaica na 1969.[29]

Ihe oyiyi ahụ bụ ihe arụmụka siri ike n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe ncheta ọha na eze mbụ nke Jamaica iji gosipụta nwoke ojii na Jamaica. Ihe oyiyi ahụ bụ ọrụ Edward Seaga mere na 1964 iji cheta otu narị afọ nke Morant Bay Rebellion [30] Ọ nweghị ike inweta nkọwa kwesịrị ekwesị n'ihi na enweghị foto Bogle n'oge ahụ. Nke a mere ka Edna hụ ozi n'ebe ọzọ n'ihi na nke a bụ ihe na-edoghị anya, ha kwuru na ọ bụ "akara ojii na-egbuke egbuke nke kịtịkpa n'ihu, ọkachasị n'imi... nnukwu ọnụ, egbugbere ọnụ na-acha ọbara ọbara; ihe dị ka mita ise na sentimita asatọ n'ogologo, ubu sara mbara... enweghị ntutu isi". ya mere ọ gara Stony Gut wee nata ozi site n'aka agadi nwanyị nke kwuru "Ma, Bogle bụ nwoke BOLD".[31] O mere ihe ngosi na ihe osise dị iche iche nke Bogle.[1] Ihe oyiyi ahụ dị n'ihu ụlọ ikpe Morant Bay.[32]

E mere ihe oyiyi 'Bogle' na 1965. O mere ọtụtụ ihe ngosi ka echiche ya na-agbanwe mgbe niile na ọhụụ ya maka ihe oyiyi ahụ na-agbagọ agbagọ. mpempe akwụkwọ a rụchara arụcha guzo ogologo ma kwụ ọtọ na mma n'aka na-ebu mma n'okpuru. Ogwe aka abụọ ahụ e welitere ka aka ya na-ejide mma ahụ na-egosi ịdị egwu na agụụ mmekọahụ ya. A na-ahụ uru ahụ na eriri ọgịrịga ndị a ma ama tinyere ntì ndị miri emi, imi sara mbara na nnukwu anya. A hụrụ mpempe akwụkwọ a dị ka ihe na-ese okwu ozugbo onyinyo nke otú Paul Bogle si yie n'ezie pụtara ka ndị Morant Bay chọrọ ka e mee ihe oyiyi ọhụrụ nke yiri Bogle n'ezie. A maghị onye na-ese foto.[33] Mgbe Edna rutere n'ụlọ ikpe Morant Bay iji guzobe ihe oyiyi ahụ, ndị na-eso ụzọ Bogle were iwe na-achọ ka ọ dị ndụ ma Edna jiri nzaghachi ya ma bụrụ onye nwere nkwanye ùgwù.[20]

Manley laghachiri, n'ihe osise nke onwe ya, na ihe osise anụmanụ ọ mere mgbe ọ bụ nwa agbọghọ. Norman Manley dara ọrịa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1968 site na ọrịa iku ume, nke kara njọ n'ụbọchị isii n'ọnba. O nwere ọrịa dị iche iche dịka ọbara mgbali elu ya na-enye ya nsogbu. Edna Manley kwuru, "Ọ tetara n'abalị na nkụchi obi mbụ ya".[23] N'afọ 1968, e nyere Edna Manley ọrụ ime Mary ebe o jidere mmetụta site na iji geometry kama ihu ihu ma kpọọ ya The Grief of Mary . [2] N'ime otu afọ nke arụchara ọrụ ahụ, ka ọ na-erule 1969, di Edna Manley (Norman Manley) nwụrụ na 2 Septemba ma lie ya na National Heroes Park.[34] Mgbe Norman Manley nwụsịrị, Edna malitere oge iru uju ya.[2] O nyeere Jamaica aka inweta nnwere onwe zuru oke site na Britain na ọchịchị onwe ya site na 1962. Ihe Manley tụrụ n'oge a bụ nke onwe ya - - echiche banyere ọnwụ di ya, ihe mgbu ya, na mmetụta nke ọnwụ. Ọ laghachiri n'ugwu wee mepụta "Adios," otu ihe a kọwara dị ka ndị na-ahụ n'anya na makụọ ikpeazụ, na "Woman," nwanyị na-ata ahụhụ na nzuzo. Tupu Norman anwụọ, Edna mepụtara obere, ụrọ siri ike nke mmụọ ozi na-eburu obere ihe oyiyi n'otu n'ime nku ya na-eru n'elu. ọ dị ka a ga-asị na ọ maara n'obi ya na ọ ga-anwụ n'oge na-adịghị anya.[2] Ọgwụgwụ nke oge iru uju a gosipụtara site n'ịmepụta mmeri nke "Mountain Women". Ọ nabatara ọnwụ di ya. "Enwere m mmetụta na n'ihi na mgbọrọgwụ m dị ebe a na Jamaica, enwere m ike ịlanarị," ka ọ gwara Americas.[35] "Ọ bụ nlọghachi m n'ụwa mgbe oge iru uju siri ike gasịrị.

Mgbe o mepụtara ọtụtụ ihe osise ndị ọzọ miri emi, gụnyere "Faun", "Message" na "Journey", Manley nyere onye na-ese ihe na-eto eto na Jamaica ngwá ọrụ ya ma kwuo na ọ gaghị eji osisi arụ ọrụ ọzọ. Kama nke ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ihe ngosi terracotta ma ọ bụ plaster cast. N'ime afọ ndị 1970, isi isiokwu nke ọrụ Manley bụ ngosipụta nke "nne nne ya," ma ọ bụ "nwanyi meworo agadi", nke ọha mmadụ, na ncheta nke ndụ ya na di ya Norman.

Manley gara n'ihu na-ese ihe ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1987. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya bụ nke onwe ya, o mepụtara ihe ọkpụkpụ nke na-egosipụta ọdịbendị na mmụọ Jamaica. Onye edemede Bekee Sir Hugh Walpole, onye na-anakọta ọrụ ya, kwuru okwu na mmeghe nke ihe ngosi ya na London na 1937. "E nwere mmụọ dị ịtụnanya na nke na-achọ ịmata ihe n'ebe ahụ na Oriakụ Manley abanyela n'ime mmụọ ahụ dị ịtụnanya", ka o kwuru. "E nwere na Jamaica ịma mma nke na-ahụ ngosipụta ya site na ya, nke na-abịa n'akụkụ ụfọdụ site na ihe ndị Jamaica ọ na-eji, n'akụkụ nke onwe ya, na n'akụkụ ọzọ, echere m, site na ụdị ịma mma nke ndị Jamaica dị iche iche nwere. " Maka Manley, igosipụta ịma mma nke Jamaica bụ ọdịdị nke abụọ. "M na-ese dị ka onye Jamaica maka Jamaica," ka ọ gwara Americas, "na-anwa ịghọta nsogbu anyị ma na-ebi nso n'obi ndị anyị.

Ndụ ọrụ 1970s-1987[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ọgwụgwụ 1960 - mmalite 1970s bụ oge dị mwute na ndụ Edna Manley, ebe di ya Norman Manley na-arịa ọrịa ma nwụọ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya n'oge iru uju a siri ike ma gosipụta iru uju, ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ndị a bụ: Angel (1970), ụka parish Kingston, Njem (1974), National Gallery of Jamaica Woman (1971), Adios (1971). Njem bụ ihe osise osisi ikpeazụ Edna Manley mere, ọrụ ya niile ka e ji ụrọ na nkedo mee ihe, ọ malitere inyocha Media ndị ọzọ dị ka eserese na eserese. Dị ka akwụkwọ Edna Manley Sculptor nke David Boxer si kwuo "Mgbe obere oge ezumike nke hụrụ ihe osise ise a gwụchara na Bolivar Gallery na ihe ngosi otu nwoke na-aga nke ọma (nke mbụ ya gụnyere ihe ọkpụkpụ kemgbe 1948), Edna laghachiri ọzọ na-ese ihe. a gbakwunyekwara ọrụ abụọ ọzọ n’usoro isiokwu a.” Akwụkwọ ahụ kwukwara na "ọ bụ akara nke ime, ụjọ onwe ya na mgbe ọ na-ese Faun, echiche mbụ maka njem malitere ịpụta." Manley keere òkè dị ukwuu n'inyere di ya aka ịlụ ọgụ maka nnwere onwe ndị Jamaica na n'agbanyeghị ọnwụ di ya, ọ nọgidere na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu na mmepe omenala Jamaica. N'agbata 1970 na 1974 Edna Manley mere ihe ngosi ihe ngosi abụọ, na 1971 o mere otu na Bolivar Gallery, Kingston nwere ihe ọkpụkpụ iri na asatọ na nke ọzọ na 1973 na Spelman College, Atlanta, Georgia, nwere ihe osise iri na ise na ihe osise atọ. Na 1972, afọ atọ ka Norman Manley nwụsịrị, onye jere ozi dị ka onye mbụ na onye isi ala Jamaica, nwa Edna Michael gbasoro nzọụkwụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nna ya wee bụrụ onye isi ala Jamaica.

Nne Ghetto[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nne Ghetto bụ ihe ọkpụkpụ Edna Manley mere n'afọ 1981. Ọ na-egosi mkpụrụedemede ise, na nnukwu agwa yiri ka ọ bụ nne na-ele anya na mbara igwe na ihu ya dị mwute ebe ihe anọ ndị ọzọ gbara ya gburugburu yiri ka ọ bụ ụmụ ya nwere. mmegharị ahụ na ọdịdị ihu nke mwute na egwu. Enwere ụmụaka abụọ n'ihu na abụọ n'azụ, otu n'ime ha abụọ dị n'ihu nwere aka abụọ n'agba ya na nwa nke ọzọ na-egbu ikpere n'ala n'ebe ekpere. Nwata nọ n'aka ekpe n'azụ na-eji aka ya n'ọnụ ma nke aka ekpe nwere aka n'obi ya. Nne ahụ dị ka ọ na-egbu ikpere n'ala site n'itinye aka ya..

Ọnwụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Dị ka Edna Manley si kwuo: Sculptor a Retrospective: "N'oge afọ ikpeazụ nke Edna Manleys, o mepụtara ọtụtụ ọrụ ochie, ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-apụta na lobby mmeghe. Ikekwe ihe kachasị mma e kere eke bụ echi (1985) nke dabeere n'otu n'ime ihe atụ ndị dị mkpa nke ihe osise na-atọ ụtọ nke ngwụcha afọ 1930. Otu ọnọdụ ime mmụọ ahụ dị n'ọtụtụ ọrụ ikpeazụ nke Edna Manley na ọtụtụ echiche banyere ọnwụ na ọmụmụ ọzọ. A na-egosipụta nke a site na ọrụ ndị dị ka The Listener (1986), ọdịnihu (1983), ihe osise Birth (1986) na Ọmụmụ maka Raising of Lazarus nke onye na-ese ihe na-arụ ọrụ ruo ụbọchị tupu ọnwụ ya na 10 February 1987. [36]"

Mgbe Edna Manley nwụrụ na 1987, e nyere ya olili ozu ma lie ya n'ili Norman Manley na National Heroes Park, ọrụ ya mere ka a kpọọ ya "Nne nke nka Jamaica" [37]

Ọrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  Ọrụ ya na-agụnye: "Njakịrị"; "N'ime alụlụ", "Tupu echee echiche", "Ọnwa", "Eve (Egwuregwu Ememe)", "N'ime Sun", "Uto", "Nna Nna", "Nne", "Negro Aroused", "Pocomania". "," Ndị na-egwu ala ", "Nwoke na Nwanyị", "Ndị na-ere Bead", "Osisi na-aṅụrị ọṅụ", "Agwọ Egwurugwu", "Rising Sun", "Prophet", "Nne Ghetto", "Ugwu Women" na ndị ọzọ kwuru. n'elu"[38]

Ihe Nketa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụlọ akwụkwọ nka nke Jamaican ka ahagharịrị aha Edna Manley College of the Visual & Performing Arts na 1995 iji cheta ndụ ya; ihe nketa na-adịgide adịgide; na mmetụta na nka Jamaica, Caribbean Art na ụwa nka dum. Mgbanwe aha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ akụkụ nke nhazigharị ya dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum. Edna Manley ka a họpụtara n'otu akụkụ n'ihi ntinye aka ya na nka Jamaica, nke gụnyere ịkwado ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1950, ụlọ akwụkwọ ka bụ nanị ụdị ya na Caribbean na-asụ Bekee. Enyere ya ọtụtụ ndepụta nrite na ihe nrite n'oge ndụ ya, gụnyere::

  • Ihe nrite ọlaọcha nke Institute of Jamaica (1929)
  • Gold Musgrave Medal nke Institute of Jamaica (1943)
  • Degree Honorary nke Doctor of Letters site na Mahadum nke West Indies (1975)
  • The Order of Merit (Jamaica, 1986)

Na June 2023, a kpọrọ otu nnukwu oghere dị na mbara ala Mercury aha maka nsọpụrụ ya. [39]

Akwụkwọ akụkọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nwa nwa ya bụ Rachel Manley deziri akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke e bipụtara na 1998..

Ebem si dee[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Laduke (1986). "Edna Manley: The Mother of Modern Jamaican Art". Woman's Art Journal 7 (2): 36–40. DOI:10.2307/1358304.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "ArtMother" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ https://www.geni.com/people/Margaret-Manley/6000000024119130886Àtụ:Full citation needed Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  3. ↑ Meeks (December 2015). "The Politics of Edna Manley: A Preliminary Appraisal". Caribbean Quarterly 61 (4): 61–81. DOI:10.1080/00086495.2015.11878851. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hoyles (1999). "Edna Manley", Remember me: achievements of mixed race people, past and present. Hansib Publications & Ethos Publishing, 114–117. ISBN 978-1-870518-62-8. OCLC 1166672301. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Boxer (2003). "Manley, Edna", Oxford Art Online. DOI:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t053820. ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Boxer 2003" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ Boxer (5 March 1996). Edna Manley: Sculptor. Ian Randle Publishers. ISBN 0962383627. 
  7. ↑ Brown (1975). Edna Manley, The Private Years 1900 – 1938. London, England: London, England, Andre Deutsch.: 1975. ISBN 0233967311. 
  8. ↑ Brown (1975). Edna Manley, The Private Years 1900 – 1938. . London, England: London, England, Andre Deutsch. ISBN 0233967311. 
  9. ↑ Brown (1975). Edna Manley, The Private Years 1900 – 1938. London, England: London, England, Andre Deutsch. ISBN 0233967311. 
  10. ↑ Brown (1975). Edna Manley, The Private Years 1900 – 1938. London, England: London, England, Andre Deutsch. ISBN 0233967311. 
  11. ↑ Boxer (1996). Edna Manley: Sculptor. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers. ISBN 0962383627. 
  12. ↑ Brown (1975). Edna Manley, The Private Years 1900 – 1938. London, England: London, England, Andre Deutsch.. ISBN 0233967311. 
  13. ↑ Boxer (1996). Edna Manley: Sculptor. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers. ISBN 0962383627. 
  14. ↑ Brown (1975). Edna Manley, The Private Years 1900 – 1938. London, England: London, England, Andre Deutsch. ISBN 0233967311. 
  15. ↑ Brown (1975). Edna Manley, The Private Years 1900 – 1938. London, England: London, England, Andre Deutsch. ISBN 0233967311. 
  16. ↑ Boxer (1996). Edna Manley: Sculptor. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers. ISBN 0962383627. 
  17. ↑ Boxer (1990). Edna Manley: Sculptor. Kingston: National Gallery of Jamaica, 32. 
  18. ↑ Boxer (1990). Edna Manley: Sculptor. Kingston: National Gallery of Jamaica, 33. 
  19. ↑ Boxer (1990). Edna Manley. Kingston: National Gallery of Jamaica, 35. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Manley (1989). Edna Manley: The Diary. Kingston: HEINEMANN PUBLISHERS(CARIBBEAN) LIMITED, 70.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  21. ↑ nationalgalleryofjamaica (2009-10-18). RE-INSTALLING THE PERMANENT COLLECTION: PART II – THE EDNA MANLEY GALLERIES (en). National Gallery of Jamaica Blog. Retrieved on 2019-05-09.
  22. ↑ Boxer (1990). Edna Manley: Sculptor. Kingston: National Gallery of Jamaica, 34. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 Boxer (1990). Edna Manley, Sculptor. National Gallery of Jamaica. ISBN 0962383627. OCLC 24403510.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Boxer" defined multiple times with different content
  24. ↑ Edna Manley (1900–1987) – The National Library of Jamaica. nlj.gov.jm. Retrieved on 2019-03-12.
  25. ↑ Boxer (1998). Modern Jamaican Art. Ian Randle Publishers. 
  26. ↑ Juan (1993). A Woman to Remember. Heinmann Publishers (Caribbean), 26. 
  27. ↑ Edna Manley | National Gallery of Jamaica Blog (en). Retrieved on 2019-03-12.
  28. ↑ What were the causes of the Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica in 1865? (en). eNotes. Retrieved on 2019-05-14.
  29. ↑ Paul Bogle (1822–1865) • BlackPast (en-US). BlackPast (2013-10-14). Retrieved on 2019-05-14.
  30. ↑ nationalgalleryofjamaica (2010-10-21). Panel Discussion: Edna Manley's Bogle (en). National Gallery of Jamaica Blog. Retrieved on 2019-05-07.
  31. ↑ nationalgalleryofjamaica (2010-04-06). Edna Manley's Bogle (en). National Gallery of Jamaica Blog. Retrieved on 2019-05-14.
  32. ↑ nationalgalleryofjamaica (2010-04-06). Edna Manley's Bogle (en). National Gallery of Jamaica Blog. Retrieved on 2019-05-07.
  33. ↑ Edna Manley | National Gallery of Jamaica Blog (en). Retrieved on 2019-05-14.
  34. ↑ Boxer (2000). "Tribute: The Life of EDNA MANLEY (1900–1987)", in Straw: Fifty Years--fifty Artists: 1950-2000, the School of Visual Arts. Ian Randle Publishers, 13–14. ISBN 978-976-637-018-3. 
  35. ↑ Manley, Edna 1900–1987 | Encyclopedia.com. www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved on 2019-05-14.
  36. ↑ Nettleford (1987). Edna Manley: Sculptor a Retrospective. Kingston: National Gallery of Jamaica. 
  37. ↑ Jamaica Observer Limited. Jamaica Observer. Retrieved on 2019-03-12.
  38. ↑ "Edna Manley – Jamaica Information Service", Jamaica Information Service. Retrieved on 2018-03-26. (in en-GB)
  39. ↑ Manley. Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. IAU/NASA/USGS. Retrieved on 22 August 2023.
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