Asụsụ Wa
Wa (Va) bụ Asụsụ Austroasiatic nke Ndị Wa nke Myanmar na China na-asụ. E nwere ụdị atọ dị iche iche, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-ewere ha dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche; aha ha na Ethnologue bụ Parauk, ọtụtụ na ụdị ọkọlọtọ; Vo (Zhenkang Wa, 40,000 ndị na-ekwu okwu) na Awa (100,000 ndị na-asụ okwu), ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ịkpọ ha niile Wa, Awa, Va, Vo. David Bradley (1994) na-eme atụmatụ na e nwere ngụkọta nke 820,000 ndị na-ekwu okwu Wa.
Nkesa na ụdị dị iche iche
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Gerard Diffloth na-ezo aka na mpaghara Wa dị ka "Wa corridor", nke dị n'etiti Osimiri Salween na Mekong. Dị ka Diffloth si kwuo, ụdị dị iche iche gụnyere South Wa, "Bible Wa" na Kawa (Chinese Wa).
Ndị Kraịst Wa nwere ike ịkwado ojiji nke Standard Wa, ebe ọ bụ na Bible ha dabeere na nsụgharị nke Wa, nke dabere na ụdị a na-asụ na Bang Wai, kilomita 150 n'ebe ugwu Kengtung (Watkins 2002). Bang Wai dị na Northern Shan State, Burma, nso n'ókè China ebe Cangyuan County dị.
Asụsụ ụfọdụ nke Wa na-echekwa - / s / ikpeazụ. Ha gụnyere ụdị dị iche iche a na-asụ na Meung Yang na Ximeng County (dị ka ụdị dị iche na-asụrụ na Zhongke 中课, Masan 马散, Ximeng County nke Zhou & Yan dere (1984)) (Watkins 2002:8).
Burma
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]David Bradley (1994) na-eme atụmatụ na e nwere ngụkọta nke ihe dị ka 500,000 ndị na-asụ asụsụ Wa na Burma.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ Wa bikwa na Taunggyi, Mandalay na Yangon.
China
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Usoro ederede PRC maka Wa dabeere na ụdị Wa na Aishuai, Cangyuan County, Yunnan.
David Bradley (1994) na-eme atụmatụ na e nwere ndị na-asụ asụsụ Wa 322,000 na China. Na China, Ndị Wa bi na (Watkins 2002):
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Standard Wa bụ asụsụ na-abụghị ụda olu. Otú ọ dị, ụda emeela n'ụfọdụ n'ime olumba. E[1] nkwekọrịta n'etiti ụda n'asụsụ ụda na tenseness n'asụsụ ndị na-abụghị ụda.
Na Wa, e nwere ụdaume iri anọ na anọ; ụdaume iri atọ na ise [2] na ụdaume itoolu. Mkpụrụedemede ndị a niile nwere ike ịbụ nke na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ nke na-adịchaghị mma. Tenseness [1] ihe na-eme ka ụdaume dị na mkpụrụedemede nwere mkpụrụedemede na-enweghị ume.
Mkpụrụedemede
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| N'ihu | Ịlaghachi azụ | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | gbara gburugburu | ||
| N'akụkụ | i | ɯ | u |
| N'etiti etiti | na | Ihe omume | o |
| N'etiti oghere | Ọ bụ | Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya | |
| Emeghe | a | ||
E nwere diphthongs I.A.A. na ise: iu, ɯi, ui, ia, ɤi, ua, ei, ou, oi~ɔi, ai, aɯ, au na 2 triphthongs: iaa, ua. Ọdịdị syllabic nke Wa bụ C (C) (V) V (V) (C). [1] okwu ole na ole nwere akara mmalite efu.
Mkpụrụ okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| Akpụkpọ ahụ | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Mkpịsị aka | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ụgbọ imi | ala dị larịị | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| aspirated | mɦ | nɦ | ɲ na-eme | ŋɦ | |||
| Kwụsị | enweghị olu | ala dị larịị | p | t | c | k | ʔ |
| aspirated | ph | th | ch | kh | |||
| tupu ịlụ di ma ọlị | kwuru okwu | mb | nd | ɲɟ | ŋɡ | ||
| aspirated | mbɦ | ndọmba | ɲɟɦ | ŋɡɦ | |||
| Ihe na-esiri ike | ala dị larịị | v | s | ||||
| aspirated | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | h | |||||
| Ihe atụ | ala dị larịị | l | j | ||||
| aspirated | Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka ọ na-eme | jɦ | |||||
| Ihe na-atọ ụtọ | ala dị larịị | r | |||||
| aspirated | rɦ | ||||||
Ihe odide
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Asụsụ Wa enweghị edemede n'oge gara aga na ụfọdụ n'ime ndị Wa ole na ole maara akwụkwọ jiri mkpụrụedemede Chinese, ebe ndị ọzọ jiri Asụsụ Shan na edemede ya. Ọrụ ozi ala ọzọ nke Ndị Kraịst n'etiti ndị Wa malitere na mbido narị afọ nke 20 nke mbụ na Burmese ma mesịa na mpaghara China nke ókèala Wa. Ọ bụ William Marcus Young, onye si Nebraska, duziri ya. Ọ bụ Young na Sara Yaw Shu Chin (Joshua) chepụtara nsụgharị mbụ nke asụsụ Wa na 1931 maka ebumnuche nke Ịsụgharị Bible. Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Wa mbụ a dabeere na mkpụrụedemede Latin na mbipụta mbụ bụ nchịkọta nke ukwe Wa na 1933, [3] Agba Ọhụrụ Wa na-emecha na 1938. [4] maara nsụgharị a, nke a maara dị ka orthography Bible, dị ka orthopgraphy Wa ochie na Chinese, a na-ejikwa ya eme ihe ugbu a na mpaghara Wa nke Burmese na n'etiti Wa na Thailand site na ihe ndị Wa Welfare Society bipụtara (Cub Yuh Bwan Ka son Vax, Cub Pa Yuh Phuk Lai Vax, Phuk Lai Hak Tiex Vax) na Chiang Mai. [1]
N'afọ 1956, e mepụtara transcription nke kwekọrọ na Romanization ọhụrụ pinyin, nke a maara dị ka orthography ọhụrụ Wa, "PRC orthograph" ma ọ bụ "Chinese orthographia", maka ndị Wa na China. Otú ọ dị, akwụkwọ ya, nke a na-agbasa site na nchịkwa Yunnan, ka na-eru ndị mmadụ n'ihu karịa agụmakwụkwọ. Ihe odide a, nke na mbụ gụnyere ọbụna mkpụrụedemede abụọ nke Cyrillic, emeela ka ọ dịghachi mma. [5]'agbanyeghị mmezigharị ndị ahụ, ma ndị China ma ndị Bible ka na-enwe nsogbu n'ihi enweghị nkwekọ.
N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị isi nke Wa State na Pangkham nabatara orthography Bible e degharịrị nke na-eji ihe ụfọdụ sitere na orthograph Chinese dị ka orthographia Wa State ma ọ bụ "spelling Wa nke gọọmentị" nke bipụtara usoro nke primers iji melite ịgụ na ide nke Ndị agha United Wa State. [6], mgbe 2000 ndị Wa na netwọk mmekọrịta dị ka Facebook, yana ndị na-ede egwu Wa na okwu karaoke nke egwu Wa, na-eji orthography Myanmar a (nke e degharịrị Bible) na isi ọdịiche ya.
| WBO | IPA | WBO | IPA | WBO | IPA | WBO | IPA | WBO | IPA | WBO | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p | [p] | bh | [mbɦ] | nh | [nh] | rh | [rh] | o | [ma ọ bụ] | na | [Ebe] |
| ph | [ph] | d | [nd] | ny | [ɲ] | na | [j] | ie | [ụ] | o | [ma ọ bụ] |
| t | [t] | dh | [n'ihi na] | nyh | [ɲh] | Ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anya | [J] | aw | [ọ] | Ee, ee, anyị | [oi~ɔi] |
| th | [nke a] | j | [ɲɟ] | ng | [ŋ] | l | [l] | a | [a] | ai | [Ebe m] |
| c | [c] | jh | [ɲɟɦ] | ngh | [ŋh] | lh | [lh] | Ya | [iu] | na | [aɯ] |
| ch | [ch] | g | [Mgbapụta] | s | [s] | i | [i] | eei, ui | [ɯi] | n'oge a | [na] |
| k | [k] | gh | [Mkpesa] | h | [h] | ee | [ɯ] | nke a, nke a | [ui] | Yao | [N'ihi ya] |
| kh | [kh] | m | [m] | v | [v] | u | [u] | Ya | [ia] | oe | [Ụgbọ mmiri] |
| x | [ʔ] | mh | [mh] | vh, f | [Vɦ] | na | [e] | eue | [ɤi] | ||
| b | [mb] | n | [n] | r | [r] | eu | [ɤ] | ua, wa | [ua] |
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ndị Wa
Edensibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Chinese dị ka orthographia Wa State ma ọ bụ "spelling Wa nke gọọmentị" nke bipụtara usoro nke primers iji melite ịgụ na ide nke Ndị agha United Wa State. , mgbe 2000 ndị Wa na ndị Wa na China. Otú ọ dị, akwụkwọ ya, nke a na-agbasa site na nchịkwa Yunnan, ka na-eru ndị mmadụ n'ihu karịa agụmakwụkwọ. Ih
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 (1994) in Wang: Wǎyǔ yánjiū (in zh). Kunming shi: Yunnan minzu chubanshe. Wang, Jingliu 王敬骝, ed. (1994). Wǎyǔ yánjiū 佤语研究 [Wa Language Research] (in Chinese). Kunming shi: Yunnan minzu chubanshe. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "wyyj" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ (2012) in Parker: The Sonority Controversy (in en). De Gruyter Mouton. ISBN 9783110261523.
- ↑ The Young Family's Work with the Wa People (en). humancomp.org.
- ↑ A Bibliography of Materials in or About Wa Language and Culture (en). humancomp.org.
- ↑ Writing of the Wa Language (en). Wa Dictionary Project.
- ↑ Watkins, Justin (2013). Wa Dictionary, 2 vols. Introduction
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Njikọ ụfọdụ na saịtị ịntanetị metụtara Wa
- A Dictionary of the Wa Language with Burmese (Myanmar), Chinese, and English Glosses and Internet Database for Minority Languages of Burma (Myanmar)
- ワ藍射射音と表記 (Nkọwa okwu na mkpụrụ okwu nke Wa; na Japanese)
- RWAAI na-arụ ọrụ RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
- http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0003-7BBF-9@view Parauk na RWAAI Digital Archive
- Ihe omuma nke nkuzi ntị
- Nchịkọta XG1 na Kaipuleohone gụnyere ihe ndị na-emeghe ohere asụsụ Awa.
- WA (PARAOG / BA RĀOG) - BURMESE-Chinese-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
Templeeti:Austro-Asiatic languagesTempleeti:Languages of BurmaTempleeti:Languages of China
