Lee ebe IEEE-488 si


[[Usòrò:IEEE-488-Stecker2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|IEEE 488 stacking connectors&nbsp;]]
{{Databox}}'''IEEE 488&nbsp;''' bụ nkwukọrịta dijitalụ dị mkpirikpi 8-bit parallel multi-master interface bus specification mepụtara site Hewlett-Packard dị ka '''HP-IB''' (Hewlett-Paxard Interface Bus). O mechara bụrụ isiokwu nke ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ, a makwaara ya dịka '''GPIB''' (General Purpose Interface Bus).

Ọ bụ ezie na e mepụtara bọs ahụ na ngwụcha afọ 1960 iji jikọta ngwá ọrụ nnwale na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya, ọ nwekwara ihe ịga nke ọma n'oge afọ 1970 na 1980 dị ka bọs dịpụrụ adịpụ maka microcomputers mbụ, ọkachasị Commodore PET. Ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ anọchiwo IEEE 488 maka iji kọmputa, mana a ka na-eji ya eme ihe na ngwaọrụ nnwale.&nbsp;

== Mmalite ya ==
Na ngwụcha afọ 1960, Hewlett-Packard (HP)  <ref>This part of HP was later (c. 1999) spun off as [[Agilent Technologies]], and in 2014 Agilent's test and measurement division was spun off as [[Keysight Technologies]].</ref> rụrụ ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ nyocha na nyocha na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya, dị ka multimeters dijitalụ na ndị nyocha ọgụgụ isi. Ha mepụtara ''HP Interface Bus (HP-IB) '' iji mee ka njikọ dị mfe n'etiti ngwá ọrụ na ndị nchịkwa (kọmputa na ngwá ọrụ ndị ọzọ).

bọs ahụ dịtụ mfe itinye n'ọrụ site na iji teknụzụ n'oge ahụ, site na iji bọs dị mfe na ọtụtụ akara nchịkwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, HP 59501 Power Supply Programmer na HP 59306A Relay Actuator bụ ihe dị mfe HP-IB nke etinyere na TTL, na-enweghị mkpa maka microprocessor.

HP nyere ikikere HP-IB maka ego a na-akwụ ndị nrụpụta ndị ọzọ. A maara ya dị ka General Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB), ma ghọọ ụkpụrụ n'ezie maka njikwa ngwá ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya. Ka GPIB na-ewu ewu, ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche kwadoro ya.

== Ụkpụrụ ==
N'afọ 1975, IEEE kwadoro bọs ahụ dị ka Standard Digital Interface for Programmable Instrumentation, '''IEEE 488&nbsp;'''; e dezigharịrị ya na 1978 (na-emepụta IEEE 488-1978).  &nbsp;E dezigharịrị ọkọlọtọ ahụ na 1987, ma gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ '''IEEE 488.1&nbsp;''' (IEEE 488.1-1987). &nbsp;Ụkpụrụ ndị a kwadoro usoro nhazi, eletrik, na usoro iwu nke GPIB, mana ekwughị ihe ọ bụla gbasara usoro iwu ma ọ bụ data.

N'afọ 1987, IEEE wepụtara ''Standard Codes, Formats, Protocols, na Common Commands'', '''IEEE 488.2&nbsp;'''. E dezigharịrị ya na 1992.  IEEE 488.2 nyere maka nhazi okwu na usoro nkwekọrịta, yana iwu ndị na-adabere na ngwaọrụ, usoro data, usoro njehie, na ihe ndị yiri ya. &nbsp;IEEE 488.2 wuru na IEEE 48 8.1 n'ebughị ụzọ dochie ya; ngwá ọrụ nwere ike ịgbaso IEEE 48.1 n'agbasoghị IEEE 4888.2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Ọ bụ ezie na IEEE 488.1 kọwapụtara ngwaike na IEEE488.2 kọwapụtara usoro iwu ahụ, ọ ka nweghị ụkpụrụ maka iwu ndị a kapịrị ọnụ. &nbsp;&nbsp;Iwu iji chịkwaa otu ụdị ngwá ọrụ ahụ, dịka, multimeters, dịgasị iche n'etiti ndị na-emepụta na ọbụna ụdị.

Ndị United States Air Force, <ref>Project Mate in 1985</ref> na mgbe e mesịrị Hewlett-Packard, ghọtara nke a dị ka nsogbu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=History of GPIB|publisher=National Instruments|url=http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/3419|quote=In 1990, the IEEE 488.2 specification included the Standard Commands for Programmable Instrumentation (SCPI) document.|accessdate=2010-02-06}}</ref>'afọ 1989, HP mepụtara Test Measurement Language (TML) <ref>{{Cite web|title=GPIB 101, A Tutorial of the GPIB Bus|publisher=ICS Electronics|url=http://www.icselect.com/ab_note.html#anchor338658}}</ref> ma ọ bụ Test and Measurment Systems Language (TMSL) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hewlett Packard Test & Measurement Catalog 1991|publisher=hparchive.com|url=http://hparchive.com/Catalogs/HP-Catalog-1991.pdf}}</ref> nke bụ onye bu ụzọ na Standard Commands for Programmable Instrumentation (SCPI), nke e webatara dị ka ọkọlọtọ ụlọ ọrụ na 1990. SCPI gbakwunyere iwu ndị dị n'ozuzu, na usoro klas ngwá ọrụ nwere iwu ndị kwekọrọ na klas. SCPI nyere iwu ka IEEE 488.2 syntax, mana o kwere ka ndị ọzọ (ndị na-abụghị IEEE 4881).&nbsp;&nbsp;

IEC mepụtara ụkpụrụ nke ha n'otu oge na IEEE, na ''''''IEC 60625-2&nbsp;'''-1&nbsp;''' na IEC 70625-2 (IEC 625), mgbe e mesịrị jiri IEC 60488 dochie ya.&nbsp;

National Instruments webatara ndọtị na-adaba azụ na IEEE 488.1, nke a maara na mbụ dị ka '''HS-488'''. &nbsp;Ọ mụbara ọnụego data kachasị elu ruo 8 Mbyte / s, ọ bụ ezie na ọnụego ahụ na-ebelata ka ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ jikọtara na bọs ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=P488.1 Project Home|publisher=IEEE|url=http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/imstc8/488/1/|accessdate=2010-02-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428090906/http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/imstc8/488/1/|archivedate=2010-04-28}}</ref> tinyere nke a n'ime ọkọlọtọ na 2003 (IEEE 488.1-2003), <ref>{{Cite web|title=Upgraded Standard Boosts Speed of IEEE 488 Instrument Buses Eightfold|date=2003-10-06|publisher=IEEE|url=http://standards.ieee.org/announcements/pr_4881upgrade.html|accessdate=2010-02-06|archivedate=2012-04-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409050740/http://standards.ieee.org/news/}}</ref> n'ihi mmegide HP.&nbsp;

<ref>{{Cite web|title=Replaced or Withdrawn Publications|url=http://www.iec.ch/cgi-bin/procgi.pl/www/iecwww.p?header=IEC&search=replaced&wwwprog=sea22.p|publisher=IEC|accessdate=2010-02-06|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66zxvz7fc?url=http://www.iec.ch/cgi-bin/procgi.pl/www/iecwww.p?header=IEC&search=replaced&wwwprog=sea22.p|archivedate=2012-04-17}}</ref>'afọ 2004, IEEE na IEC jikọtara ụkpụrụ ha n'ime "Dual Logo" IEEE / IEC ọkọlọtọ ''''''IEC 60488-2&nbsp;'''-1&nbsp;''', Standard for Higher Performance Protocol for the Programmable Instrumentation - Akụkụ 1: General, <ref>{{Cite book|title=IEC/IEEE Standard for Higher Performance Protocol for the Standard Digital Interface for Programmable Instrumentation - Part 1: General (Adoption of IEEE Std 488.1-2003)|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/IEEESTD.2004.95749|isbn=978-0-7381-4536-5}}</ref> dochie IEEE 488.1/IEC 60625-1, na IEC 60 48488-2, Akụkụ 2: Koodu, Ụdị, Protocols na Common Commands, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Standard Digital Interface for Programmable Instrumentation- Part 2: Codes, Formats, Protocols and Common Commands (Adoption of (IEEE Std 488.2-1992)|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/IEEESTD.2004.95390|isbn=978-0-7381-4100-8}}</ref> dochie IEE 488.2/IEC 60225-2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

== Ihe ndị e ji mara ya ==
IEEE 488 bụ bọs 8-bit, nke na-arụ ọrụ eletrik nke na-eji akara ngosi iri na isii - asatọ eji maka nnyefe data abụọ, atọ maka nkwonkwo aka, na ise maka njikwa bọs - gbakwunyere akara nloghachi ala asatọ.&nbsp;

<ref name="Agilent_82350B">{{Cite book|chapterurl=http://literature.cdn.keysight.com/litweb/pdf/82350-90004.pdf|title=Agilent 82350B PCI GPIB Interface: Installation and Configuration Guide|date=2009-07-20|publisher=Agilent Technologies|chapter=Table 1-1: 82350 GPIB interface card configuration parameters|id=Agilent P/N 82350-90004|quote=any address in the range 0 - 30, inclusive, may be used|accessdate=2010-02-16}}</ref> ahụ <ref name="NI-488.2">{{Cite book|title=NI-488.2 User Manual|date=February 2005|publisher=National Instruments Corporation|id=NI P/N 370428C-01|chapter=GPIB Addressing|quote=The primary address is a number in the range 0 to 30.|chapterurl=http://www.ni.com/pdf/manuals/370428c.pdf|accessdate=2010-02-16}}</ref>-akwado adreesị ngwaọrụ isi iri atọ na otu nke nwere nọmba site na 0 ruo 30, na-enye adreesị pụrụ iche na ngwaọrụ ọ bụla dị na bọs ahụ.

Ụkpụrụ ahụ na-enye ohere ka ngwaọrụ 15 kerịta otu bọs anụ ahụ ruru mita 20 (66  ngụkọta nke ogologo eriri. Topology anụ ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ahịrị ma ọ bụ kpakpando (forked). <ref>{{Cite web|title=GPIB Instrument Control Tutorial|publisher=National Instruments|date=2009-08-24|quote=connected in either a daisy-chain or star topology|url=http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/2761|accessdate=2010-02-16}}</ref> Ndị na-agbatị ihe na-arụ ọrụ na-enye ohere bọs dị ogologo, na ihe ruru ngwaọrụ 31 nwere ike ime na bọs ezi uche dị na ya.

Ọrụ nchịkwa na nnyefe data kewara n'ụzọ ezi uche dị na ya; onye nchịkwa nwere ike ịgakwuru otu ngwaọrụ dị ka "onye na-ekwu okwu" na otu ma ọ bụ karịa ngwaọrụ dị ka 'ndị na-ege ntị' n'enweghị isonye na nnyefe Data. <ref>{{Cite book|title=NI-488.2 User Manual|date=February 2005|publisher=National Instruments Corporation|id=NI P/N 370428C-01|url=http://www.ni.com/pdf/manuals/370428c.pdf|accessdate=2010-02-16}}</ref> kwere omume ka ọtụtụ ndị na-achịkwa otu bọs ahụ, mana ọ bụ naanị otu nwere ike ịbụ "Onye na-achị achị" n'otu oge.

Na usoro izizi, nnyefe na-eji aka agbakwunyere agbakwunye, nke nwere waya atọ dị njikere-ịkwado. <ref>{{Cite book|title=NI-488.2 User Manual|date=February 2005|publisher=National Instruments Corporation|id=NI P/N 370428C-01|chapter=Handshake Lines|chapterurl=http://www.ni.com/pdf/manuals/370428c.pdf|accessdate=2010-02-16}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ data kachasị elu bụ ihe dịka otu megabyte kwa sekọnd. Mgbatị HS-488 mechara mee ka nkwonkwo aka dị jụụ, na-enye ohere ruo 8 Mbyte / s. &nbsp;Ngwaọrụ <ref>{{Cite web|title=Using HS488 to Improve GPIB System Performance|publisher=National Instruments Corporation|date=30 March 2009|url=http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/4552|accessdate=2010-02-16}}</ref>-ekere òkè nke ọma na-ekpebi ọsọ nke bọs.

== Njikọ ==
 
IEEE 488 na-akọwapụta njikọ micro ribbon nke Amphenol mepụtara na pin 24. &nbsp;Micro ribbon connectors nwere D-shaped metal shell, mana ha buru ibu karịa D-subminiature connectors. A na-akpọ ha mgbe ụfọdụ "Centronics connectors" site na njikọ micro ribbon 36-pin Centronics eji maka ndị nbipute ha.

Otu ihe pụrụ iche nke njikọ IEEE 488 bụ na ha na-ejikarị "isi abụọ", na nwoke n'otu akụkụ, na nwanyị n'akụkụ nke ọzọ. &nbsp;Nke a na-enye ohere ịkwanye njikọ maka eriri daisy dị mfe. Ntụle igwe na-egbochi ọnụ ọgụgụ nke njikọ ndị a na-etinye na anọ ma ọ bụ na-erughị, ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ na-agụnye ịkwado njikọ ahụ nwere ike inwe ike ịgafe nke a.

A na-ejide ha n'ọnọdụ site na screws, ma ọ bụ 6-32 UNK <ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/hp/hpib/TutorialDescrOfHPIB.pdf|title=Tutorial Description of the Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus|publisher=Hewlett-Packard|chapter=Mechanical Aspects|quote=Some existing cables use English threads (6-32UNK).|accessdate=2022-06-13}}</ref> (nke na-adịkarị ugbu a) ma ọ bụ metric M3.5×0.6 threads. Ụdị mbụ nke ọkọlọtọ ahụ tụrụ aro na a ga-eme ka ọ na-acha oji iji zere mgbagwoju anya na eriri UTS na-ekwekọghị. Otú  dị, site na mmezigharị nke afọ 1987, a naghịzi ele nke a anya dị ka ihe dị mkpa n'ihi mmụba nke eriri metric.

Ụkpụrụ IEC 60625 na-enye iwu iji njikọ D-subminiature 25-pin (otu ihe ahụ e ji mee ihe maka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị n'otu akụkụ na IBM PC dakọtara). &nbsp;Njikọ a enwetaghị nkwenye ahịa dị ukwuu megide njikọ pin 24 e guzobere.

== Ikike ==
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|1
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| rowspan="3" |T
|5
|Na-azaghachi na ntuli aka usoro; na-ekwu okwu mgbe a natara adreesị ige ntị; naanị ikike ikwu okwu
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|6
|Untalks mgbe a natara adreesị ntị; ọ dịghị naanị okwu
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|4
|A naghị ege ntị ma ọ bụrụ na a natara adreesị okwu
|-
|Onye na-ege ntị gbasaa
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|0
|Enweghị onye na-ege ntị
|-
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|Enweghị ikike ịrịọ maka ọrụ
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|0
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== Ntụnyere na ụkpụrụ interface ndị ọzọ ==
 
Na eletrik, IEEE 488 jiri interface ngwaike nke enwere ike itinye n'ọrụ na ụfọdụ ọgụgụ isi ma ọ bụ na microcontroller. &nbsp;Ngwaọrụ ngwaike ahụ mere ka ngwaọrụ ndị nrụpụta dị iche iche mepụta nwee ike iso otu onye na-elekọta ya kwurịta okwu. Ebe ọ bụ na ngwaọrụ ọ bụla mepụtara akara aka asynchronous nke usoro bọs chọrọ, enwere ike ịgwakọta ngwaọrụ na-adịghị ngwa ngwa na ngwa ngwa n'otu bọs. Mbufe data ahụ dị nwayọ, ya mere, a na-eleghara nsogbu akara nnyefe dị ka nkwekọrịta impedance na nkwụsị nke akara anya. Enweghị ihe achọrọ maka ikewapụ galvanic n'etiti bọs na ngwaọrụ, nke mepụtara ohere nke looping ala na-akpata mkpọtụ ọzọ na ọnwụ data.

N'ụzọ anụ ahụ, njikọ IEEE 488 na eriri siri ike ma jide ya n'ọnọdụ site na screws. &nbsp;Ọ bụ ezie na njikọ ndị buru ibu ma sie ike bụ uru na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ma ọ bụ ụlọ nyocha, nha na ọnụahịa nke njikọ ndị ahụ bụ ibu ọrụ na ngwa dịka kọmputa onwe onye.

Ọ bụ ezie na a kọwapụtara njikọ eletrik na nke anụ ahụ nke ọma, enweghi usoro iwu mbụ. Ngwaọrụ sitere <ref>Early devices might respond to an <code>ID</code> command with an identification string; later standards had devices respond to the <code>*ID</code> command.</ref> ndị nrụpụta dị iche iche nwere ike iji iwu dị iche iche maka otu ọrụ ahụ. Akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụkpụrụ iwu anaghị edozi ruo mgbe Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments (SCPI) na 1990. Nhọrọ mmejuputa (dịka njedebe nke njikwa nnyefe) nwere ike ime ka mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya na ngwaọrụ pre-IEEE 488.2.&nbsp;

Ụkpụrụ ndị ọzọ dị ka USB, FireWire, na Ethernet na-eji ọnụahịa na-ebelata nke interface electronics iji mejuputa ụkpụrụ dị mgbagwoju anya na-enye bandwidth dị elu. Njikọ multi-conductor (n'otu data) na eriri echebe dị oke ọnụ karịa njikọ na eriri nke enwere ike iji ya na ụkpụrụ nnyefe data dịka RS-232, RS-485, USB, FireWire ma ọ bụ Ethernet. Kọmputa onwe onye ole na ole ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ (dị ka ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ndị na-enyocha) mejupụtara IEEE 488.&nbsp;

== Hụkwa ==
{{Commons category|IEEE 488}}

* Iwu ọkọlọtọ maka Ngwá Ọrụ A Na-eme Ihe Nhazi (SCPI) 
* PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation (PXI) 
* LAN eXtensions maka Instrumentation (LXI) 
* Virtual Instrument Software Architecture (VISA) 
* Usoro HP 80
* Ugwu Rocky BASIC
* HP-IL, usoro nke IEEE-488 site na HP
* Commodore bus, usoro nke IEEE-488 site na Commodore

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]