Mmetụta dị n'akụkụ

Na gburugburu ebe obibi, mmetụta ihu bụ mgbanwe na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ ihe owuwu obodo na-eme na oke ebe obibi abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa.[1] Ebe ndị nwere obere iberibe ebe obibi na-egosipụta mmetụta mpụtara nke ọma nke nwere ike ịgbatị n'ofe ahụ niile. Ka mmetụta ihu na-abawanye, ebe obibi ókèala na-enye ohere maka ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche..

Ime obodo na-eme ka ụmụ mmadụ na-agbaji ala ala ma si otú a na-abawanye mmetụta dị n'akụkụ. Mgbanwe a n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na-egosi na ọ na-ebute nsonaazụ ya.[1] A hụla ụdị ndị izugbe, ọkachasị ndị na-akpa ike, ka ha na-erite uru na mgbanwe ala ebe a ebe ụdị ndị ọkachamara na-ata ahụhụ.[2] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụdị alfa dị iche iche nke nnụnụ na-adịghị anabata ya na ọhịa mmiri ozuzo Lacandona, Mexico, na-ebelata ka mmetụta ihu na-abawanye.^[1]

Ụdị

Ihe nketa - Ihe okike na-eme ka ebe ókèala kwụsie ike.
Induced - Mgbagwoju anya nke okike (dịka, ọkụ ma ọ bụ idei mmiri) ma ọ bụ ọrụ metụtara mmadụ, na-emetụta ókèala na mgbanwe na-aga n'ihu n'oge.
Narrow - Otu ebe obibi na-agwụ na mberede na nke ọzọ na-amalite (dịka, ubi ugbo).
Obosara (-" data-linkid="32" href="./Ecotone" id="mwLQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ecotone">ecotone) - Nnukwu anya na-ekewa ókèala nke ebe obibi abụọ doro anya na nke a pụrụ ịkọwapụta dabere na ọnọdụ anụ ahụ na ahịhịa ha, na n'etiti enwere nnukwu mpaghara mgbanwe.
Mgbagwoju anya - Ókèala ahụ abụghị ahịrị.
Oghere - Ókèala ahụ nwere oghere ndị na-anabata ebe obibi ndị ọzọ.

Ụdị dị iche iche

Ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-enyere ụfọdụ ụdị osisi na anụmanụ aka ịchịkọta oke ebe obibi. Osisi ndị na-achị n'akụkụ oké ọhịa na-abụkarị ndị na-adịghị anabata ndò. [1] Osisi ndị a na-anabatakwa ọnọdụ akọrọ, dịka osisi na osisi vine. Anụmanụ ndị na-achị achị na-abụkarị ndị chọrọ ebe obibi abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa, dị ka ọdụ na-acha ọcha na mgbada mule, elk, rabbits cottontail, jays blue, na robins. Ụfọdụ anụmanụ na-aga n'etiti ebe obibi, ebe ụdị ihu na-ejedebe n'akụkụ. Nnukwu patches amụbawo ụdị dị iche iche nke ụmụ amaala ma e jiri ya tụnyere obere patches.[2] Obosara nke patch ahụ na-emetụtakwa ụdịdị dị iche iche: oghere ihu ga-abụrịrị nke a na-akpọpụta karịa naanị oke oke iji mepụta gradients nke mmetụta ihu.

Ụmụ anụmanụ na-agagharị n'etiti obodo nwere ike ịmepụta ụzọ njem n'akụkụ ókèala, nke na-eme ka ìhè na-eru osisi n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ ma na-akwalite mmepụta isi. Ka ìhè na-eru n'osisi, ọnụ ọgụgụ na nha ka ukwuu nwere ike itolite. Mmụba nke mmepụta mbụ nwere ike ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịa, na-esote nnụnụ na-eme akwụ́ na ya na ọkwa trophic.

N'ihe banyere ókèala sara mbara na / ma ọ bụ nke jupụtara na ya, ụdị ụfọdụ nwere ike ịbụ ndị a kpaara ókè n'otu akụkụ nke ókèala n'agbanyeghị na ha nwere ikike ibi na nke ọzọ. Mgbe ụfọdụ, mmetụta ndị dị n'akụkụ na-akpata ọnọdụ abiotic na biotic nke na-ebelata ọdịiche okike ma na-eyi usoro okike mbụ egwu. A na-ahụkwa mmetụta na-emebi emebi na ọnọdụ anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal nke ụdị ókèala. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, fatịlaịza sitere n'ubi ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịwakpo oké ọhịa dị n'ókè ma metọọ ebe obibi ahụ. Enwere ike ịchịkọta ihe atọ na-emetụta akụkụ:

Mmetụta abiotic - Mgbanwe na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke sitere na ịdị nso na matrik dị iche iche
Mmetụta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ kpọmkwem - Mgbanwe n'ọtụtụ ụdị na nkesa nke ọnọdụ anụ ahụ kpatara kpọmkwem n'akụkụ
mmịpụta ndị na-apụtaghị ìhè nke na-agụnye mgbanwe na mmekọrịta dị iche iche dị ka predation, ^[2] brood parasitism, asọmpi, herbivory, na biotic pollination na mgbasa mkpụrụ. ^[3]

Mmetụta mmadụ

Ọrụ mmadụ na-emepụta ọnụ site na mmepe na ọrụ ugbo. Ọtụtụ mgbe, mgbanwe ndị ahụ na-emebi ma nha ebe obibi ma ụdị. Ihe atụ nke mmetụta mmadụ gụnyere:

Ntinye nke ndị na-awakpo / ndị na-abụghị ndị ọzọ
Ọkụ dị elu na ugboro ole ọkụ na-agba
Anụmanụ ibe (anụ ụlọ) na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-eri ibe ha na ndị na-asọmpi
Okporo ụzọ
Mmetọ, mbuze
Mfu nke ebe obibi maka nri
Nkewa nke ebe obibi
Mgbukpọ ọhịa na mgbanwe nke iji ala eme ihe

Ihe Nlereanya

Mgbe akụkụ na-ekewa usoro okike ọ bụla na mpaghara dị n'èzí ókèala bụ usoro a na-emetụta ma ọ bụ nke na-abụghị nke okike, usoro okike nwere ike imetụta nke ukwuu maka oge dị anya site na nsọtụ. N'afọ 1971, Odum dere, 'A maara ọchịchọ maka mmụba nke ụdị dị iche iche na ọdịiche dị iche iche n'ebe ndị obodo jikọtara dị ka mmetụta dị n'akụkụ... Ọ bụ ihe ọmụma a ma ama na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nnụnụ na-abụ abụ dị ukwuu na ala, ụlọ akwụkwọ na ntọala ndị yiri ya... ma e jiri ya tụnyere mpaghara ọhịa. N'ime ọhịa ebe e gburu ala dị n'akụkụ ya, na-emepụta ókèala oghe / ọhịa, Ìhè anyanwụ na ifufe na-abanye n'ụzọ dị ukwuu, na-eme ka ime ọhịa dị nso na nsọtụ ma na-agba ume uto nke ụdị ohere n'ebe ahụ. Okpomọkụ ikuku, ụkọ nrụgide ikuku, mmiri nke ala, ike ìhè na ọkwa nke radiation photosynthetically active (PAR) niile na-agbanwe n'akụkụ.

Oké ọhịa Amazon

Otu nnyocha mere atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mpaghara Amazon Basin gbanwere site na mmetụta ọnụ karịa mpaghara e kpochapụrụ.^[4] "N'ọmụmụ ihe banyere iberibe ọhịa Amazon, mmetụta nke micro-climate pụtara ìhè ruo 100m (330ft.) n'ime ime ọhịa. " Ka iberibe ahụ dị obere, ka ọkụ na-agbasa site na ubi ndị dị nso.^[5] Ọkụ ọhịa na-adịkarị nso n'akụkụ n'ihi mmụba nke ìhè nke na-eduga n'ịbawanye nkụ na mmụba uto nke ala. Mmụba nke ihe ndị dị n'okpuru ala na-enye mmanụ ụgbọala nke na-enye ohere ka ọkụ na-ere n'ime ọhịa gbasaa. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọkụ na-arịwanye elu kemgbe afọ 1990 so n'ime mmetụta ndị na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbanwe ọhịa Amazon. Mgbanwe nke okpomọkụ, iru mmiri na ọkwa ìhè na-akwalite mwakpo nke ụdị ndị na-abụghị ọhịa, gụnyere ụdị ndị na'ime. Mmetụta zuru oke nke usoro iberibe ndị a bụ na iberibe ọhịa niile na-efunahụ ụdị dị iche iche dabere na nha na ọdịdị iberibe, ikewapụ onwe ha site na mpaghara ọhịa ndị ọzọ, na matrix ọhịa.^[5]

Ebe Ugwu America

Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oke ọhịa bụ usoro nke ibu ugbu a na United States karịa mgbe Ndị Europe malitere ibi na North America. Ụdị ụfọdụ eritewo uru site n'eziokwu a, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nnụnụ cowbird nwere isi nchara, nke bụ nje na-eyi àkwá ya n'akwụ́ nke Nnụnụ na-abụ abụ na-eme akwụ́ n'oké ọhịa dị nso n'ókè oké ọhịa.^[6] Ihe atụ ọzọ nke ụdị na-erite uru site na mmụba nke oke ọhịa bụ poison ivy. ^[7]

N'aka nke ọzọ, nnụnụ na-eri anwụnta, mana ha nwere nsogbu karịa anwụnta na-adị ndụ gburugburu ọnụ ụlọ mmadụ. Ya mere, ụzọ na ebe ndị njem n'akụkụ ebe obibi mmadụ na-enwekarị anwụnta karịa ebe obibi oké ọhịa. Ahịhịa, huckleberries, okooko osisi na-adịghị anabata onyinyo dịka Douglas-fir niile na-eto eto n'ebe obibi.

In the case of developed lands juxtaposed to wild lands, problems with invasive exotics often result. Species such as kudzu, Japanese honeysuckle and multiflora rose have damaged natural ecosystems. Beneficially, the open spots and edges provide places for species that thrive where there is more light and vegetation that is close to the ground. Deer and elk benefit particularly^{[Tinye edensibịa]} as their principal diet is that of grass and shrubs which are found only on the edges of forested areas.

Mmetụta ọ na-enwe n'usoro

Mmetụta Edge na-emetụtakwa usoro, mgbe ahịhịa na-agbasa kama ịla ndị na-asọmpi. Ụdị dị iche iche dị mma ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ma ọ bụ na mpaghara etiti nke ebe obibi, na-akpata nkesa dịgasị iche iche. Akụkụ na-adịgasị iche na ntụziaka: akụkụ ndị dị n'ebe ugwu ma ọ bụ n'ebe ndịda na-enweta obere ma ọ bụ karịa anyanwụ karịa akụkụ nke ọzọ (dabere na hemisphere na convex ma ọ bụ concave relief), na-emepụta ụdị ahịhịa dịgasị iche.

Ojiji ndị ọzọ

A na-akpọkwa ihe na-eme ka osisi dị iche iche na anụmanụ dị iche iche dị na nkwụsị nke obodo (ecotone) na-akpọ mmetụta ihu na ọ bụ n'ezie n'ihi ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma ma ọ bụ niche gburugburu ebe obibi.

Mmetụta dị n'akụkụ na Nnyocha nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-ezo aka na ihe ndị dị na data nke ọnọdụ nke olulu mmiri na efere nyocha kama mmetụta nke ihe ndị mmadụ. ^{[citation needed]}

Mmetụta dị n'akụkụ na microscopy electron bụ ihe dị ịrịba ama nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke electrons nke abụọ na / ma ọ bụ azụ na-agbasa nke na-agbapụ na sample ma rute na ihe nchọpụta dị elu n'akụkụ karịa n'elu. Mmekọrịta ahụ na-agbasa n'okpuru ala, mana electrons nke abụọ nwere ike ịgbapụ mgbe ọ dị nso n'elu (n'ozuzu ihe dị ka 10 nm, ọ bụ ezie na nke a dabere na ihe ahụ). Otú ọ dị, mgbe ọkụ eletrọn na-emetụta mpaghara dị nso n'akụkụ, eletrọn ndị a na-emepụta n'okpuru ebe mmetụta nke dị nso n"akụkụ ma nke ahụ dị n'okpuru elu nwere ike ịgbanahụ site n'elu elu. ^{[citation needed]}

Hụkwa

Ecotone
Nkewa nke ebe obibi
Ọdịdị gburugburu ebe obibi
Ụdị osisi ndị a na-akpọ Ruderal
Mpaghara gburugburu ebe obibi
Ugwu ọhịa

Ebem si dee

↑ Carrara (April 2015). "Impact of landscape composition and configuration on forest specialist and generalist bird species in the fragmented Lacandona rainforest, Mexico" (in en). Biological Conservation 184: 117–126. DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.01.014. Retrieved on 2022-04-01.
↑ Valentine, E.C. (2019). "Predation on artificial avian nests is higher in forests bordering small anthropogenic openings". Ibis 161 (3): 662–673. DOI:10.1111/ibi.12662.
↑ Murcia (1995). "Edge effects in fragmented forests:implications for conservation". Tree 20 (2): 58–62. DOI:10.1016/S0169-5347(00)88977-6. PMID 21236953. Retrieved on 2011-12-06.
↑ Skole (1994). "Tropical deforestation and habitat loss fragmentation in the Amazon: satellite data from 1978-1988". Science 260 (5116): 1905–1910. DOI:10.1126/science.260.5116.1905. PMID 17836720.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Corlett (2011). Tropical Rain Forests an Ecological and Biogeographical Comparison, Second, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The atrium, Southern Fate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ: Wiley-Blackwell, 266–267. ISBN 978-1-4443-3254-4.
↑ Howell (2007-02-01). "Landscape context and selection for forest edge by breeding Brown-headed Cowbirds" (in en). Landscape Ecology 22 (2): 273–284. DOI:10.1007/s10980-006-9022-1. ISSN 1572-9761. Retrieved on 2023-02-14.
↑ Fraver (1994). "Vegetation Responses along Edge-to-Interior Gradients in the Mixed Hardwood Forests of the Roanoke River Basin, North Carolina" (in en). Conservation Biology 8 (3): 822–832. DOI:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08030822.x. ISSN 1523-1739. Retrieved on 2021-01-27.

[1] Carrara (April 2015). "Impact of landscape composition and configuration on forest specialist and generalist bird species in the fragmented Lacandona rainforest, Mexico" (in en). Biological Conservation 184: 117–126. DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.01.014. Retrieved on 2022-04-01.

[2] Valentine, E.C. (2019). "Predation on artificial avian nests is higher in forests bordering small anthropogenic openings". Ibis 161 (3): 662–673. DOI:10.1111/ibi.12662.

[3] Murcia (1995). "Edge effects in fragmented forests:implications for conservation". Tree 20 (2): 58–62. DOI:10.1016/S0169-5347(00)88977-6. PMID 21236953. Retrieved on 2011-12-06.

[4] Skole (1994). "Tropical deforestation and habitat loss fragmentation in the Amazon: satellite data from 1978-1988". Science 260 (5116): 1905–1910. DOI:10.1126/science.260.5116.1905. PMID 17836720.

[Corlett2011-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Corlett (2011). Tropical Rain Forests an Ecological and Biogeographical Comparison, Second, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The atrium, Southern Fate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ: Wiley-Blackwell, 266–267. ISBN 978-1-4443-3254-4.

[6] Howell (2007-02-01). "Landscape context and selection for forest edge by breeding Brown-headed Cowbirds" (in en). Landscape Ecology 22 (2): 273–284. DOI:10.1007/s10980-006-9022-1. ISSN 1572-9761. Retrieved on 2023-02-14.

[7] Fraver (1994). "Vegetation Responses along Edge-to-Interior Gradients in the Mixed Hardwood Forests of the Roanoke River Basin, North Carolina" (in en). Conservation Biology 8 (3): 822–832. DOI:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08030822.x. ISSN 1523-1739. Retrieved on 2021-01-27.

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