Mmiri nke oké ifufe
| obere ụdị nke | surface water  |
|---|---|
| ihe kpatara ya | mmiri ozuzo |
Oké mmiri ozuzo, bụkwa mmiri oké mmiri ozuzo edekwara, bụ mmiri nke sitere na mmiri ozuzo (oké ifufe), egwu oke mmiri ozuzo na mmiri gbazere site na akụ mmiri mmiri na snow . Mmiri mmiri nwere ike ike n'ime ala ( ịbabata ) wee ihe mmiri dị n'ime ala, a na-echekwa ya n'elu ala dara mbà n'obi na ɔdɔ mmiri na mmiri mmiri, na-ekupụ azụ n'ikuku. , ma ọ bụ na-eme ka mmiri na-ahọpụta n'elu . A na-ebufe ọtụtụ mkpọpu mmiri dị ka mmiri dị n'elu gaa na iyi, ma ọ bụ nnukwu mmirika ndị ọzọ ( ala mmiri, ọdụ mmiri na oke osimiri ) na-agụnye .
Na mgbakwunye na mmetọ ndị a na-ebu na mmiri mmiri ozuzo, a na-amata mpụta mmiri nke obodo dị ka ihe eserese n'onwe ya. N'ebe a na-adabaghị mmiri n'okike ( mmiri mmiri ) na-ahọpụta n'elu mmiri na-abanye n'okporo ụzọ mmiri bụ ihe a na-ahụ ahụkebe, na-eme ugboro ole na ole kwa afụ na n 'ozuzu mgbe nnukwu mmiri ozuzo. Tupu mmalite emee, ọtụtụ mmiri mmiri na-abanye n'ime ala wee nye aka n'ịgbanye mmiri dị n'ime ala ma ọ bụ na-ama ya na ikuku site na GPS site na evapotranspiration .
Mmiri mmiri bụ ihe dị mkpa ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na ike maka mmiri na-eto eto, n'ebe igwu egwu nkụ na nke ụkọ mmiri mmiri. Usoro owuwe ihe ubi na ime ka mmiri dị ọcha nwere ike ime ka ụfọdụ obodo mepere emepe kwụgidere onwe ya n'ihe gbasara mmirika.
Mmetụta nke mmiri ozuzo
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
. Na obere na ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ike ọgwụgwụ. ala, na-eme ka mmiri na-aapu uzo ka ọ dị n' ndị na-eso ndị na-marịriri. Na mgbakwunye, ndị ụzọ dị ka mmiri mmiri na mmiri mmiri mmiri ozuzo na-ebuga mmiri na-agbapụ ngwa ngwa site na mpaghara azụmahịa na ebe obibi banye n'ime mmiri dị nso. Nke a na-ekiri oke mmiri n'ụzọ mmiri na mwepu nke ụzọ mmirika ahụ, na-eduga na mbuze na idei mmiri. N'ihi na mmiri na-ahọpụta na mmiri mmiri n'oge ifufe merenụ, obere infiltrates n'ala, replenishes ala mmiri, ma ọ bụ na-enye iyi baseflow na akọrọ ihu igwe.
. [1]Ihe omume ụmụ na-eme kwa ụbọchị na-ebute akụrụngwa nke mmetọ n'okporo ụzọ, mgbagharị, elu ụlọ, ubi ugbo na ala ndị ọzọ. Ihe mmetọ ndị dị otú ahụ na-agụnye, sedimenti, nri nri, nje bacteria, ọgwụ pesticides, ola na-egosi. [1] Mgbe mmiri na-ezo ma ọ bụ na -agba mmiri, mmiri na-awụpụ ma ịrịba banye n'osimiri, ɔdɔ mmiri, ma ọ bụ oké osimiri . Ọ bụ ebe na ekiri mbelata nke mmetọ ndị a tupu ha abanye na mmirika, mpụta mmiri na-ahọ oyi na-ebute oke mmetọ nke ukwuu iji mebie gburu mmiri.
Na mgbakwunye na mmetọ ndị a na-ebu na mmiri mmiri ozuzo, a na-amata mpụta mmiri nke obodo dị ka ihe eserese n'onwe ya. N'ebe a na-adabaghị mmiri n'okike ( mmiri mmiri ) na-ahọpụta n'elu mmiri na-abanye n'okporo ụzọ mmiri bụ ihe a na-ahụ ahụkebe, na-eme ugboro ole na ole kwa afụ na n 'ozuzu mgbe nnukwu mmiri ozuzo. Tupu mmalite emee, ọtụtụ mmiri mmiri na-abanye n'ime ala wee nye aka n'ịgbanye mmiri dị n'ime ala ma ọ bụ na-ama ya na ikuku site na GPS site na evapotranspiration .
Usoro mmiri nke oge a, nke na-anakọta mmiri na-asọpụta site na elu ndị na-adịghị agwụ agwụ (dịka, ụlọ na okporo ụzọ), hụ na a na-ebugharị mmiri nke ọma n'okporo ụzọ mmiri site na netwọk ọkpọkọ, nke pụtara na ọbụna obere oké ifufe na-eme ka mmiri na-asọbawanye.
Na mgbakwunye na ịnapụta mmetọ dị elu site na nwude obodo mepere emepe, mmụba mmiri ozuzo nwere ike bute mbuze mmiri, na-akwalite mbuso ahịhịa, na gbanwee usoro ịgbasa eke. Ụdị ala ala na-adaberekarị na usoro ịgbasa dị otú ahụ maka ịmụ nwa, mmepe ụmụaka, na ịkwaga. A chọpụtala na mmiri na-asọpụta n'okporo ụzọ nwere ọtụtụ ọla gụnyere zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), ọla kọpa (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe). ), vanadium (V), cobalt (Co), na aluminom (Al) (Sansalone na Buchberger, 1997; Westerlund na Viklander, 2006) </link> na mpaghara ndị ọzọ.
. N'ebe ụfọdụ, a n'ịkpọ n'ụdị oke osimiri US, mmiri na-aputa n'okporo ụzọ ụzọ na okporo ụzọ awara nwere ike ịbụ isi iyi na mmetọ mmiri mmiri . apeere, ihe dị ka kpakpando 75 nke kemikal na-egbu egbu na-erute Seattle, Washington's Puget Sound na-ebu mmiri ozuzo nke na-agbapụ n'okporo ụzọ awara awara na okporo ụzọ, ụlọ elu, yad, na ala ndị ọzọ. mepere emepe
. [2] [3]Mmiri mmiri mmiri nke ụlọ ọrụ na -esi na mmiri ozuzo na-ada na ikike ihe (ka ụlọ ọrụ ihe, ogbunigwe, ụgbọ mmiri elu). A na-ihe ndị a na-edozi ma ọ bụ na-echekwa na saịtị ndị a na-emetọ mmiri ozuzo a, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ahụ na-adabere n'ụkpụrụ iji chịkwaa ihe ndị ahụ.
Mmiri mmiri mmiri bụ isi ihe na-akpata idei mmiri n'obodo ukwu . Iju mmiri n'obodo ukwu bụ nri nke ala ma ọ bụ ihe mmetụta na gburugburu ebe ewulitere site na mmiri na-emebiga ihe ókè nke sistemu mmiri, dị ka mmiri mmiri mmiri ozuzo . Ọ bụ ebe na ihe omume dị otu dị ka idei mmiri na-agbaze ma ọ bụ snow gbazere kpalitere, idei mmiri n'obodo ukwu bụ ọnọdụ, nke e ji mara ugboro ugboro, dị oke ọnụ na ụzọ na obodo. N'ebe nwere ike ibu idei mmiri n'obodo mepere emepe, arịa ike valvụ azụ na-adọ ndị ọzọ iji gbata mfu.
Ebe a na-eji ụlọ okpuru ulo wuo ihe, idei mmiri nke obodo ukwu bụ isi ihe na-akpata okpuru ulo na mmiri mmiri. Ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ site na idei mmiri nke obodo ukwu na-, mgbaàmà, na-enyere ndị mmadụ na ibe ya na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịba: na mgbakwunye na nkwado nke ihe na-egosi ( okporo ụzọ ụzọ awara awara, ụlọ ọrụ na ọrụ), a na-azụ ụlọ na-ahụ ala ala mmiri na ngosi nke iku ume. nsogbu na ọrịa ndị ọzọ. [1] A na-enwetakwa nchekwa mmiri mmiri na-esitekarị na sistemu ịsa mmiri dị ọcha, nke na-ebute ụfọdụ mmiri mmiri mmiri n'ihi nbanye / ebe .
. [4]Ọmụmaatụ nke mmiri ozuzo obodo mepere emepe na-eke ike sinkhole bụ ike Dishman Lane na Bowling Green, Kentucky na Febụwarị 25, 2002, ebe mmiri mmiri siri n'okpuru ụgbọ ala a na-eme njem na ike. Nrụzi nke ụnwayọ nke ike Disman Lane furu otu nde dollar mana ike inwe nsogbu n'etiti
- Stormwater at Curlie
- EPA Stormwater Permit Program
- Stormwater Model USGS Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model (SELDM)
- Stormwater Model USEPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)
- International Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMP) Database
- Stormwater YouTube Page
- ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. "Results of the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program: Volume 1 – Final Report", Water Planning Division. 1983.
- ↑ Müller (2020-03-20). "The pollution conveyed by urban runoff: A review of sources". Science of the Total Environment 709. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136125. PMID 31905584.
- ↑ Stormwater Discharges from Industrial Activities. EPA (2022-11-28).
- ↑ Kambesis, P., R. Brucker, T. Waltham, F. Bell, and M. Culshaw. "Collapse sinkhole at Dishman Lane, Kentucky." Sinkholes and Subsidence: Karst and Cavernous Rocks in Engineering and Construction. Springer, Berlin (2005): 277-282.