Lee ebe Ralph Bunche si

{{Infobox person|name=Ralph Bunche|image=Ralph Bunche - 1963 March on Washington.jpg|caption=Bunche at the 1963 [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]]|birth_name=Ralph Johnson Bunche|birth_date={{Birth date|1904|8|7}}|birth_place=[[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], U.S.|death_date={{death date and age|1971|12|9|1904|8|7}}|death_place=[[New York City]], U.S.|known_for=Mediation in [[Israel]]<br>[[Nobel Peace Prize]] (1950)|children=3|relatives=[[Ralph J. Bunche III]] (grandchild)|signature=RalphJBunche.jpg|education=[[University of California, Los Angeles]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br />[[Howard University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])<br />[[Harvard University]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])}}

'''Ralph Johnson Bunche''' (/bʌntʃ/; ógọst 7, 1904 - December 9, 1971) bụ onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị America, onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mba na mba, na onye na-eme ihe nkiri n'etiti narị afọ nke 20 na usoro ikike obodo US, onye natara onyinye Nobel Peace Prize nke 1950 maka ntinye aka ya na [[Israel]]. Ọ bụ onye isi ojii mbụ nwetara ihe nrite Nobel na onye mbụ sitere n'Afrịka ka e nyere ihe nrite Nóbel. O tinyere aka n'ịmepụta na mmalite nchịkwa nke United Nations (UN), ma rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa na usoro decolonization na ọtụtụ ọrụ udo nke UN.

Bunche jere ozi na ndị nnọchi anya US na Dumbarton Oaks Conference na 1944 na Mgbakọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na International Organisation na 1945 bụ ndị depụtara akwụkwọ ikike UN.  Mgbe ahụ, ọ jere ozi na ndị nnọchiteanya America na nnọkọ mbụ nke United Nations General Assembly na 1946 wee sonye na UN dịka onye isi nke Ngalaba Ntụkwasị Obi, malite ogologo usoro nhazi nsogbu na ọrụ ndị metụtara decolonization.  Na 1948, Bunche ghọrọ onye ogbugbo maka Middle East, na-akparịta ụka n'etiti Egypt na Israel.  Maka ihe ịga nke ọma a, e nyere ya Nrite Nobel Peace Prize na 1950.

Bunche gara n'ihu na-eje ozi na UN, na-arụ ọrụ na ọgba aghara na Sinai (1956), Kongo (1960), Yemen (1963), Saịprọs (1964) na Bahrain na 1970, na-akọ ozugbo na odeakwụkwọ ukwu UN.  Ọ chịziri otu ọmụmụ ihe na-ahụ maka akụ mmiri na Middle East.  N'afọ 1957, a kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị pụrụ iche, na-enwe nnukwu ọrụ maka ọrụ nchekwa udo.  N'afọ 1965, Bunche na-ahụ maka nkwụsị ọkụ na-eso agha dị n'etiti India na Pakistan.  Ọ lara ezumike nká na UN na June 1971, nwụọ ọnwa isii ka e mesịrị.

N'afọ 1963, Onye isi ala John F. Kennedy nyere ya ihe nrite nke nnwere onwe onye. <ref name="urquhart">{{Cite book|author=Urquhart|first=Brian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lsfETlobAkC&pg=PA25|title=Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey|year=1998|publisher=WW Norton|isbn=978-0-393-31859-3}}</ref> Na UN, Bunche nwetara aha ọma nke na magazin ''Ebony'' kwupụtara na ọ bụ ma eleghị anya onye Africa America kachasị nwee mmetụta na ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke 20 na "[f] ma ọ bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri, ọ bụ onye Africa America a ma ama n'oge ya ma [na US] na mba ofesi. "<ref>{{Cite book|first=Charles P.|author=Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MgQrH75yH9wC&q=charles+p+henry+ralph+bunche+model+negro|title=Ralph Bunche: Model Negro Or American Other?|year=1999|isbn=0-8147-3582-7|publisher=NYU Press}}</ref>

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Bunche na Detroit, Michigan na 1904 wee mee baptizim na Ụka Baptist nke Abụọ.  Mgbe Ralph bụ nwata, ezinụlọ ya kwagara Toledo, Ohio, bụ́ ebe nna ya chọrọ ọrụ.  Ha laghachiri na Detroit na 1909 mgbe a mụsịrị nwanne ya nwanyị Grace, site n'enyemaka nke nwanne nne ha, Ethel Johnson.  Nna ha esoghị ezinaụlọ ahụ ebi ọzọ ka Ohio gachara, ọ bụghịkwa “ezigbo onye na-enye ya”.  Edi enye ama etiene mmọ ke ini mmọ ẹkewọrọde ẹka New Mexico.

N’ihi ahụ́ ike nke nne ya na nwanne nna ya na-adalata, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Albuquerque, New Mexico, na 1915. Nne ya, “nwanyị nwere mmasị n’egwú bụ́ onye nyere ọtụtụ ihe n’ihe nwa ya nwoke kpọrọ ezinụlọ ‘na-eji echiche na echiche na-ejupụta’”  , nwụrụ na 1917 site na ụkwara nta, [1] na nwanne nna ya obere oge ka nke ahụ gasịrị.[2]  Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Bunche bụ nne nne ya, Lucy Taylor Johnson zụlitere, onye o kwuru na ọ kụnyere n'ime ya mpako ya n'agbụrụ ya na nkwenye onwe ya.<ref name="HarvardMag-2003">{{Cite web|url=http://harvardmagazine.com/2003/11/ralph-johnson-bunche.html|first=Benjamin|author=Rivlin|title=Ralph Johnson Bunche: Brief life of a champion of human dignity: 1903–1971|work=[[Harvard Magazine]]|date=November 2003}}</ref>

N'afọ 1918, Lucy Taylor Johnson na ụmụ ụmụ abụọ Bunche kwagara na mpaghara South Central nke Los Angeles.  <ref name="NYTobit">{{Cite news|title=Dr. Bunche of U.N., Nobel winner, Dies|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 10, 1971|first=Robert D.|author=McFadden|accessdate=October 22, 2010|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/10/archives/dr-bunche-of-un-nobel-winner-dies-dr-ralph-j-bunche-of-un-is-dead.html}}</ref><ref name="Detnews">{{Cite news|title=Michigan History: Dr. Ralph Bunche—from Detroit to the world stage|work=[[The Detroit News]]|publisher=detnews.com|date=August 29, 1997|first=Laurie J.|author=Marzejka|accessdate=October 22, 2010|url=http://apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php?id=89}}</ref>

Bunche bụ nwa akwụkwọ nwere ọgụgụ isi, onye na-arụrịta ụka, onye na'eme egwuregwu na onye na-ekwu okwu ikpeazụ nke klas ya na Jefferson High School. Ọ gara Mahadum California, Los Angeles (UCLA) dị ka nwa akwụkwọ sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị,  ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ ''[[wiktionary:summa cum laude|summa cum laude]]'' na Phi Beta Kappa <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbk.org/WEB/pbkdocs/NobelLaureates2009.pdf|title=Nobel Laureates Who Are BK Members|date=2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909005827/https://www.pbk.org/WEB/pbkdocs/NobelLaureates2009.pdf|archivedate=September 9, 2015}}</ref> na 1927 dị ka onye na-ekwu okwu ikpeazụ nke klas ya. N'iji ego obodo ya nwetara maka ọmụmụ ya na agụmakwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Harvard, ọ nwetara nzere doctorate na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[1]<ref name=":1" />

== Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ==
Bunche nwetara nzere masta na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na 1928 yana doctorate na 1934, mgbe ọ na-akụzi na ngalaba sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum Howard, kọleji ojii n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.[1].  N'oge ahụ, ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị chọrọ doctoral ịmalite nkuzi tupu ha agụchaa akwụkwọ edemede ha.  Ọ bụ onye mbụ Afrịka America nwetara PhD na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mahadum America.  Akwụkwọ edemede Bunche nke 1934, "Nchịkwa French na Togoland na Dahomey", nwetara ihe nrite Toppan maka akwụkwọ edemede kacha mma na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ntụnyere na Ngalaba Gọọmenti na Mahadum Harvard.[2].  Akwụkwọ nta ahụ nyochara usoro iwu nke Njikọ Mba, na-arụ ụka na usoro ahụ enweghị ike ịmata ọdịiche dị na alaeze ukwu. [1] <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Robinson|first=Pearl T.|date=2008|title=Ralph Bunche and African Studies: Reflections on the Politics of Knowledge|journal=African Studies Review|language=en|volume=51|issue=1|pages=1–16|doi=10.1353/arw.0.0005|issn=0002-0206}}</ref>

Site na 1936 ruo 1938, Ralph Bunche gụrụ Anthropology ma mee nnyocha postdoctoral na Mahadum Northwestern <ref name="pbs">{{Cite web|title=Ralph Bunche {{!}} Teacher's Guide {{!}} Timeline|url=https://www.pbs.org/ralphbunche/education/teach_timeline.html|accessdate=2021-01-05|work=www.pbs.org}}</ref> na Evanston, Illinois, na London School of Economics (LSE), ma mesịa na Mahaduma Cape Town na South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ralph Bunche {{!}} American diplomat|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ralph-Bunche|accessdate=2021-01-05|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

O bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya, A World View of Race, na 1936, na-arụ ụka na "agbụrụ bụ echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke nwere ike ịbụ ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ dị irè iji mee ka mmetụta  ihe dị mma maka ịzụlite ajọ mbunobi nke otu. " N'afọ 1940, Bunche jere ozi dị ka onye isi nchọpụta na-arụkọ ọrụ na onye ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na Sweden bụ Gunnar Myrdal'ihe ọmụmụ ihe dị ịrịba ama banyere agbụrụ na US, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy . <ref name="Myrdal_1944">{{Cite book|edition=1|publisher=Harper & Bros|isbn=978-1-56000-857-6|author=Myrdal|first=Gunnar|title=An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy|location=New York and London|date=1944}}</ref>[and]

N'ime ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ (1928-1950), Bunche jere ozi dịka onye isi oche nke Ngalaba Sayensị Ọchịchị na Mahadum Howard, ebe ọ kụzikwara.  Ọzọkwa, o nyere aka na Howard School of International Relations na ọrụ ya gbasara mmetụta ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na alaeze ukwu nwere na usoro akụ na ụba ụwa na mmekọrịta mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Vitalis|first=Robert|title=White World Order, Black Power Politics: the Birth of American International Relations|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-8014-5669-5|pages=83, 87}}</ref>

A họpụtara Bunche ka ọ bụrụ onye American Philosophical Society n'afọ 1950. Ọ bụ onye isi ojii mbụ a nabatara n'ime Society kemgbe a tọrọ ntọala ya na 1743. <ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Ralph+J.+Bunche&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|accessdate=2021-01-27|work=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> N'afọ 1953-54, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke American Political Science Association . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apsanet.org/DIVERSITY/Ralph-Bunche-Summer-Institute/About-Dr-Ralph-J-Bunche|title=About Dr. Ralph J. Bunche|work=American Political Science Association}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu Board of Overseers nke [[alma mater]] ya, Mahadum Harvard (1960-1965), dị ka onye so na bọọdụ nke Institute of International Education, yana dị ka onye nlekọta nke Oberlin College, Mahadum Lincoln, na New Lincoln School.

== Afọ Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ ==
Na 1941–43, Bunche rụrụ ọrụ na Office of Strategic Services (OSS), ọrụ ọgụgụ isi oge agha, dịka onye nyocha mmekọrịta ọha na eze na Colonial Affairs.  Na 1943, e zigara ya na OSS na State Department.  A họpụtara ya Associate Chief of Division of Dependent Area Affairs n'okpuru Alger Hiss.  Ya na Hiss, Bunche ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị isi nke Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR).  O tinyere aka na nhazi mbido maka United Nations na Nzukọ San Francisco nke 1945. Na 2008, US National Archives and Records Administration wepụtara PDF dị peeji 51 nke ndekọ OSS ya, nke dị na ịntanetị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://media.nara.gov/oss/Bunche_Ralph.pdf|title=Digital Copies of Selected OSS Personnel Files – Bunche, Ralph|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=August 2008|work=Archives.gov|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]]|accessdate=July 16, 2014|archivedate=February 25, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225033401/http://media.nara.gov/oss/Bunche_Ralph.pdf}}</ref>

== Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu ==
N'ihe dị ka ngwụcha Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na 1944, Bunche sonyere na atụmatụ maka United Nations na Dumbarton Oaks Conference, nke emere na Washington, D.C. Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ nye ndị nnọchi anya US maka Charter Conference nke United Nations nke emere n'afọ 1945, mgbe edere akwụkwọ na-achịkwa. Ya na First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, Bunche nyere aka n'ịmepụta na ịnabata Universal Declaration of Human Rights na 1948. Bunche gbara ndị Africa America ume ka ha were ọnọdụ UN. "Ndị isi ojii kwesịrị ịrụsi ọrụ ike ma kwadebe iji nweta ụfọdụ ọrụ na United Nations, "ọ dụrụ ya ọdụ. "A ga-enwe ụdị ọrụ niile na ndị Negro kwesịrị ịnwa inweta ọrụ na ọkwa niile. Ụfọdụ nzukọ kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ na nke a ugbu a. "<ref>{{Cite book|author=Plummer|first=Brenda Gayle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4eEkAbYTTUC&pg=PA122|title=Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935–1960|year=1996|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-4575-2|authorlink=Brenda Gayle Plummer}}</ref>

Dị ka akwụkwọ United Nations "Ralph Bunche: Visionary for Peace", si kwuo, n'ime afọ iri abụọ na ise ọ jere ozi na United Nations, ọ
 

=== Ịkwụsị ịchị mba ọzọ ===
Bunche nyere aka n'ịkwụsị ọchịchị colonial.  Ọrụ ya iji kwụsị ọchịchị colonial malitere n'isi mmalite nke ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya, n'oge ahụ ọ tolitere ghọọ onye ọkà mmụta na-ahụ maka mmetụta nke colonialism na ndị a na-achị n'okpuru ọchịchị, wee malite mmekọrịta chiri anya ya na ọtụtụ ndị isi na-emegide ọchịchị colonial na ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi.  sitere na Caribbean na Africa, karịsịa n'oge nyocha ihe ubi ya na oge ya na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Economics nke London.  Bunche kọwara amụma akụ na ụba n'ime obodo na iwu dị ka ihe na-erigbu mmadụ, ma kwuo na ndị ọchịchị colonial na-akọwahie ụdị ọchịchị ha.[1]  Ọ rụrụ ụka na Kọmishọna Mandates na-adịgide adịgide chọrọ ikike ịgbasawanye iji nyochaa ka e si chịkwaa iwu ndị ahụ<ref name=":02223">{{Cite book|author=Pedersen|first=Susan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tu2kCQAAQBAJ|title=The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-957048-5|pages=321–324|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570485.001.0001}}</ref>

Ọrụ Bunche na decolonization nwere mmetụta site na ọrụ Raymond Leslie Buell. Otú ọ dị, Bunche ekwenyeghị na Buell na uru nke ọchịchị ndị Britain na ndị France. Bunche kwuru na ọchịchị ndị Britain abụghị nke na-aga n'ihu - ọchịchị ndị Britain bụ nke nna na-eme nke ọma na ndị ọcha na-eme ka ọ dị njọ.<ref name=":02223">{{Cite book|author=Pedersen|first=Susan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tu2kCQAAQBAJ|title=The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-957048-5|pages=321–324|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570485.001.0001}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPedersen2015">Pedersen, Susan (2015). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tu2kCQAAQBAJ ''The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire'']. Oxford University Press. pp.&nbsp;321–324. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570485.001.0001|10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570485.001.0001]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-0-19-957048-5|<bdi>978-0-19-957048-5</bdi>]].</cite></ref>&nbsp;

Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Susan Pedersen na-akọwa Bunche dị ka "onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ" nke ọchịchị United Nations's trusteeship.[1]  Bunche bụ onye isi odee nke isiakwụkwọ dị na akwụkwọ ikike UN gbasara ókèala na-anaghị ekpebi onwe ya na onye nnọchi anya.[2]  O mechara bụrụ onye isi nke ngalaba Trusteeship nke UN.[2]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|editor=Hill|title=Trustee for the Human Community: Ralph J. Bunche, the United Nations, and the Decolonization of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEWmkdhRAWUC|year=2010|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-8214-1909-0}}</ref>

=== Esemokwu Arab na Israel na Nobel Peace Prize ===
Malite na 1947, Bunche tinyere aka na ịgbalị idozi esemokwu Arab-Israel na Palestine.  Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye enyemaka na Kọmitii Pụrụ Iche nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na Palestine, ma mesịa bụrụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke UN Palestine Commission.  Na 1948, ọ gara Middle East dị ka onye isi na-enyere aka na Sweden Count Folke Bernadotte, onye UN họpụtara ka ọ dozie esemokwu ahụ.  Ndị ikom a họọrọ àgwàetiti Rhodes maka isi ụlọ ọrụ na ọrụ ha.  Na Septemba 1948, ndị otu ndị Juu Lehi nọ n'okpuru ala gburu Bernadotte na Jerusalem, bụ nke Yitzhak Shamir duziri wee kpọọ ndị otu ya dị ka ndị na-eyi ọha egwu [1] ma kweta na ha mere mwakpo ndị na-eyi ọha egwu.ndị na-eyi ọha egwu <ref>Calder Walton (2008), Intelligence and National Security. 23(4): 435-462</ref> <ref>He Khazit (underground publication of Lehi), Issue 2, August 1943 also see Heller, p.115</ref>
[[Usòrò:Levi_Eshkol_&_Ralph_Bunche.jpg|thumb|Bunche na Praịm Minista Israel Levi Eshkol, 1966]]
Mgbe ogbugbu ahụ gasịrị, Bunche ghọrọ onye isi ogbugbo nke UN;  ọ duziri mkparịta ụka niile n'ọdịnihu na Rhodes.  Onye-nnọchi-anya Israel bu Moses Dayan;  ọ kọrọ na memoirs na ọtụtụ n'ime mkparita uka ya na Bunche mere n'elu tebụl billiard mgbe ha abụọ nọ na-agbapụ ọdọ mmiri.  N'iji nchekwube, Bunche nyere onye ọkpụite obodo ọrụ ka o mepụta epekele ncheta pụrụ iche nke bu aha onye mkparita uka ọ bụla.  Mgbe ha bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta ahụ, Bunche nyere onyinye ndị a.  Mgbe ọ kpughechara nke ya, Dayan jụrụ Bunche ihe nwere ike ime ma ọ bụrụ na enweghị nkwekọrịta ọ bụla.  Bunche zara, "Agara m agbaji efere ndị ahụ n'elu isi unu jọrọ njọ."  Maka imezu nkwekọrịta Armistice nke 1949, Bunche nwetara Nrite Nobel Peace na 1950.[1][2]  Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ maka United Nations, na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara ndị ọzọ esemokwu tisasịrị, gụnyere Congo, Yemen, Kashmir, na Saịprọs.  A họpụtara Bunche n'okpuru odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations na 1968. Mgbe ọ nọ na UN, Bunche nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya na enyi ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya, Ambassador Charles W. Yost, onye ya na ya rụkọrọ ọrụ na nzukọ ntọala UN.

== Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ ==
[[Usòrò:Ralph_Bunch_Headstone_1024.jpg|thumb|Ili Ralph Bunche]]
Bunche na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mmegharị maka nnwere onwe ndị ojii n'ime ụbọchị ya tupu United Nations, gụnyere site n'ọkwá ọchịchị na òtù dị iche iche na-ahụ maka ikike obodo yana dịka otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta na-eduga n'okwu gbasara agbụrụ na US na colonialism na mba ọzọ.  N'oge ya na United Nations, Bunche nọgidere na-akwado ụda olu nke US Civil Rights Movement n'agbanyeghị na koodu na-achịkwa ndị ọrụ obodo na-egbochi ọrụ ya.  O sonyere na March 1963 na Washington, ebe Martin Luther King Jr. kwuru okwu "Enwere m nrọ" ya, na kwa, na-aga n'akụkụ ya na Eze, na Selma na Montgomery March na 1965, bụ nke nyere aka na ngafe nke njem ahụ.  Iwu ikike ntuli aka nke 1965 na mmanye gọọmentị etiti nke ikike ịtụ vootu.[1]  N'ihi ọrụ ya na oge tupu agha, Bunche bụ isiokwu nke mkparịta ụka na Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Na-adịghị na America.  Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụ onye ọchịchị Kọmunist ma ọ bụ Marxist, na n'ezie a wakporo nnukwu mwakpo site na pro-Soviet press n'oge ọrụ ya.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Brian|author=Urquhart|title=Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lsfETlobAkC&pg=PA251|year=1998|pages=249–251|publisher=WW Norton|isbn=978-0-393-31859-3}}</ref>

Bunche bi na mpaghara Kew Gardens nke Queens, New York, n'ụlọ ejiri ego Nrite Nobel zụrụ, site na 1953 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.[1]  Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ nwere agba, Bunche gara n'ihu na-alụ ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ofe United States na mgbe ụfọdụ na mpaghara ya.  Na 1959, a jụrụ ya na nwa ya nwoke, Ralph, Jr., ịbụ onye otu na West Side Tennis Club na mpaghara Forest Hills nke Queens.[2]  Mgbe ndị nta akụkọ nyechara mbipụta a nke mba, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nyere ndị Bunches mgbaghara na òkù nke ịbụ otuOnye ọchịchị ahụ jụrụ ha gbara arụkwaghịm.  Bunche jụrụ onyinye a, na-ekwu na ọ bụghị n'ihi nhata agbụrụ na ọ bụ ihe dịpụrụ adịpụ dabere na ugwu onwe ya.[1]  N'oge ọrụ UN ya, Bunche jụrụ nhọpụta site n'aka ndị isi oche Harry Truman na John Kennedy, n'ihi iwu Jim Crow ka na-arụ ọrụ na Washington, DC Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme John Hope Franklin kwadoro ya na "ịmepụta ụdị ọhụrụ nke ndu n'etiti ndị Africa-America" n'ihi  n'ikike ya pụrụ iche "iwere ike na ugwu ọ chịkọbara ... iji dozie nsogbu nke obodo  ya".<ref name="HarvardMag-2003">{{Cite web|url=http://harvardmagazine.com/2003/11/ralph-johnson-bunche.html|first=Benjamin|author=Rivlin|title=Ralph Johnson Bunche: Brief life of a champion of human dignity: 1903–1971|work=[[Harvard Magazine]]|date=November 2003}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRivlin2003">Rivlin, Benjamin (November 2003). [http://harvardmagazine.com/2003/11/ralph-johnson-bunche.html "Ralph Johnson Bunche: Brief life of a champion of human dignity: 1903–1971"]. ''[[Magazin Harvard|Harvard Magazine]]''.</cite></ref>

Bunche katọrọ Ọgba aghara Watts, nke dugara na nkatọ sitere n'aka ndị ike ojii. O weere nkatọ ahụ n'ụzọ siri ike ma mgbe nwa ya nwanyị gburu onwe ya bịara nwee ọmịiko maka ọgba aghara ahụ, na-akpọ ha ịjụ ikike na-ezighị ezi.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Pedersen|first=Susan|title=Dining at the White House|url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v45/n13/susan-pedersen/dining-at-the-white-house|work=London Review of Books|date=29 June 2023|language=en}}</ref>

== Alụmdi na nwunye na ezinụlọ ==
Mgbe ọ na-akụzi na Mahadum Howard na 1928, Bunche zutere Ruth Harris, onye bụ onye nkuzi klas nke mbụ na Washington, D.C.[1]  Ha mechara malite ịhụ ibe ha wee lụọ na June 23, 1930. Di na nwunye ahụ nwere ụmụ atọ: Joan Harris Bunche (1931–2015), Jane Johnson Bunche (1933–1966), na Ralph J. Bunche, Jr. (1943–2016).  [2]  Nwa nwa ya, Ralph J. Bunche III, bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Mba Ndị Na-adịghị anọchi anya ya, bụ òtù mba ụwa nke e guzobere iji kwado olu nke mba na ndị mmadụ n'ụwa nile na-abụghị ndị nnọchiteanya na ndị a na-akpapụ iche.

Na Ọktoba 9, 1966, nwa ha nwanyị Jane Bunche Pierce dara ma ọ bụ wụpụ site n'elu ụlọ ya na Riverdale, Bronx; e kwenyere na ọnwụ ya bụ igbu onwe ya. Ọ hapụghị akwụkwọ ozi ọ bụla. Ya na di ya Burton Pierce, onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Cornell na onye isi ọrụ, nwere ụmụ atọ. Ụlọ ha dị na okpukpu nke mbụ nke ụlọ ahụ.<ref name="Jane">{{Cite news|title=Ralph Bunche's Daughter Falls to Death|work=The Park City Daily News (Bowling Green, Kentucky)|date=March 10, 1966|page=3|accessdate=November 30, 2010|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1697&dat=19661010&id=CCoeAAAAIBAJ&pg=5155,3683304}}</ref>

== Ọnwụ ==
Bunche gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ya na UN n'ihi ọrịa ahụ, mana ekwuputaghị nke a, dịka odeakwụkwọ ukwu U Thant tụrụ anya na ọ ga-enwe ike ịlaghachi n'oge na-adịghị anya.  Ahụ́ ike ya adịkwaghị mma, Bunche wee nwụọ na Disemba 9, 1971, n'ihi nsogbu nke ọrịa obi, ọrịa akụrụ, na ọrịa shuga.  Ọ dị afọ 67. [1]  E liri ya na ili Woodlawn na Bronx, New York City.

== Nsọpụrụ ==

=== Ihe nrite ===

* N'afọ 1949, e nyere ya Ihe nrite Spingarn site na NAACP . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naacp.org/pages/spingarn-medal-winners|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707184346/http://www.naacp.org/pages/spingarn-medal-winners|title=NAACP Spingarn Medal|archivedate=July 7, 2010}}</ref>
* N'afọ 1950, e nyere ya Ihe nrite Nobel maka Udo, maka ọrụ ya n'idozi esemokwu Arab-Israel na Palestine
* N'afọ 1951, ndị Boy Scouts of America nyere Bunche Silver Buffalo Award maka ọrụ ya na scouting na mmetụta dị mma maka ụwa 
* N'afọ 2002, onye ọkà mmụta Molefi Kete Asante gụnyere Ralph Bunche na ndepụta ya nke 100 Greatest African Americans. <ref name="asante">{{Cite book|author=Asante, Molefi Kete|year=2002|title=100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia|location=Amherst, New York|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=978-1-57392-963-9}}</ref>
* N'afọ 2004, e nyere Ralph Bunche ihe nrite William J. Donovan Award site na OSS Society.
* A gụrụ ya aha agụmakwụkwọ na UCLA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alumni.ucla.edu/scholarships/prospective-students/|title=Prospective Students|work=alumni.ucla.edu|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-06-26}}</ref> A na-akpọ Kọmitii Ralph Bunche, nke dị na Alumni Association's Alumni Scholars Club, aha ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alumni.ucla.edu/leadership/asc/board.aspx|title=Student Alumni Association {{!}}|work=alumni.ucla.edu|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-06-26}}</ref>
* A gụrụ ya aha agụmakwụkwọ na Colby College <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.colby.edu/pugh/ralph-j-bunche-scholar-program/|title=Ralph J. Bunche Scholar Program {{!}} Pugh Center|work=Colby College|accessdate=2017-06-26|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Ihe ncheta ===

* Na Febụwarị 11, 1972, edepụtara ebe a mụrụ ya na Detroit dị ka Ebe Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Michigan. Nwunye ya di ya nwụrụ, Ruth Bunche gara emume mmeghe nke ihe ịrịba ama akụkọ ihe mere eme na Eprel 27, 1972.<ref name="Detnews">{{Cite news|title=Michigan History: Dr. Ralph Bunche—from Detroit to the world stage|work=[[The Detroit News]]|publisher=detnews.com|date=August 29, 1997|first=Laurie J.|author=Marzejka|accessdate=October 22, 2010|url=http://apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php?id=89}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMarzejka1997">Marzejka, Laurie J. (August 29, 1997). [https://archive.today/20120707182010/http://apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php?id=89 "Michigan History: Dr. Ralph Bunche—from Detroit to the world stage"]. ''[[Akụkọ Detroit|The Detroit News]]''. detnews.com. Archived from [http://apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php?id=89 the original] on July 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ralph J Bunche Birthplace|url=http://www.mcgi.state.mi.us/hso/sites/15255.htm|publisher=Michigan State Housing Development Authority|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122110355/http://www.mcgi.state.mi.us/hso/sites/15255.htm|archivedate=November 22, 2012}}</ref>
* Na Jenụwarị 12, 1982, United States Postal Service wepụtara stampụ stampụ 20¢ nke Great Americans iji sọpụrụ ya.
* N'afọ 1996, Mahadum Howard kpọrọ ụlọ ọrụ ya na mba ụwa, ụlọ ọrụ anụ ahụ na mmemme nchịkwa metụtara ya, Ralph J. Bunche International Affairs Center. Ebe ahụ bụ ebe a na-ekwu okwu na mmemme mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.howard.edu/rjb/ABOUT.HTM|title=About the Ralph J. Bunche International Affairs Center|publisher=Howard University|year=2001|accessdate=November 30, 2010}}</ref>

=== Ụlọ ===

* Mahadum Colgate nwere Ralph J. Bunche House nke bụ nhọrọ ụlọ maka juniors na seniors ma nwee ike ịbụ ebe obibi maka ndị nwere mmasị pụrụ iche.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Colgate University Housing Options|url=http://www.colgate.edu/campus-life/residential-life/housing-options#juniors|work=Colgate University|accessdate=3 July 2018}}</ref>
* Bunche Hall, nke akpọrọ aha ya, na UCLA. E guzobere bust nke Dr. Bunche n'ọnụ ụzọ mbata 
* Ọbá akwụkwọ Ralph J. Bunche nke Ngalaba Steeti US bụ ọbá akwụkwọ gọọmentị etiti kacha ochie. Onye odeakwụkwọ mbụ nke steeti, Thomas Jefferson, guzobere ya na 1789, a raara ya nye ma nye ya aha ọzọ Ralph J. Bunche Library na Mee 5, 1997. Ọ dị na Harry S. Truman Building, isi ụlọ ọrụ Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọchịchị.
* Mpaghara nke West Oakland, ebe Ralph Bunche High School,  a makwaara dị ka "Ralph Bunche".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ousd.org/domain/4865|title=Welcome to Bunche! / Welcome|accessdate=October 24, 2019|archivedate=July 2, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702084457/https://www.ousd.org/domain/4865}}</ref>
* A gụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị aha ya na Midland, Texas; Markham, Illinois; Flint, Michigan; Ecorse, Michigan; Canton, Georgia; Miami, Florida; Fort Wayne, Indiana; Tulsa, Oklahoma; Carson, California;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rbes-compton-ca.schoolloop.com/|title=Dr. Ralph Bunche Elementary|work=rbes-compton-ca.schoolloop.com|accessdate=October 11, 2021|archivedate=July 3, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703165311/https://rbes-compton-ca.schoolloop.com/}}</ref> Metairie, Louisiana; Anne Arundel County, Maryland<ref>[https://mht.maryland.gov/secure/medusa/PDF/AnneArundel/AA-2063.pdf Ralph Bunche School, (Ralph J. Bunche Community Center, Inc.)] Maryland Historical Trust.</ref> na New York City; a gụrụ ụlọ ọrụ sekọndrị aha ya n'West Oakland, California na King George County, Virginia (Ralph Bunche High School).
* Dr. Ralph J. Bunche Peace and Heritage Center, ebe obibi nwata ya na nne nne ya, edepụtara na National Register of Historic Places and City of Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Landmarks, HCM #159. E weghachiri ụlọ ahụ ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ụlọ ntụgharị Museum na Community Center.
* Na Glasgow, Kentucky, a kpọrọ ''Liberty District-Ralph Bunche Community Center'', iji kwado mmekọrịta obodo na nghọta ọdịbendị, aha iji sọpụrụ ya.

=== Ogige ntụrụndụ ===

* A gụrụ Ralph Bunche Park aha ya na New York City; ọ dị n'ofe First Avenue site na Isi ụlọ ọrụ United Nations.
* N'akụkụ Fort Myers, Florida, osimiri ojii n'akụkọ ihe mere eme n'oge nkewa, a kpọrọ ya Bunche Beach <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.conservation2020.org/Pages/preservedetails.aspx?projid=2|title=Bunche Beach}}</ref>
* A gụrụ agbata obi Bunche Park na obodo Miami Gardens, Florida, aha iji sọpụrụ ya.
* A na-akpọ Ralph Bunche Road na Nairobi, [[Kenya]], aha ya.
* A gụrụ Bunche Park na Fort Worth, Texas aha iji sọpụrụ ya na 1954.

== Ebe Ndị Dị Ndụ ==
E depụtara ọtụtụ ebe obibi Bunche na National Register of Historic PlacesNdepụta Mba nke Ebe Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme
{| class="wikitable"
!Aha ya
!Ebe
!Afọ Ndị O biri
!Ihe edeturu
|-
|Ụlọ Ralph J. Bunche
|[[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, Cal.]]
|1919?–1928?
|Ọzọkwa ihe ncheta akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịbendị Los Angeles.
|-
|Ụlọ Ralph Bunche
|[[Washington, D.C.]]
|1941–1947
|E wuru ya maka Bunche.<ref name="NYCLPC">{{Cite web|title=Ralph Bunche House|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/bunchehouse.pdf|publisher=New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission|accessdate=January 2, 2014|archivedate=June 12, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612100557/http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/bunchehouse.pdf}}</ref>
|-
|Obodo Parkway
|Queens, NY
|1947–1952
|Ụlọ obibi e wuru maka ndị ọrụ UN.[1]<ref name="NYCLPC" />
|-
|Ụlọ Ralph Johnson Bunche
|Queens, NY
|1952–1971
|Ọzọkwa National Historic Landmark na New York City designated landmark.[1]<ref name="NYCLPC" />
|}

== Ihe nkiri ==

* Ralph Bunche: Onye American Odyssey (2001) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Freedman|first=Richard|date=2019-09-24|title=September 26 Arts and Entertainment Source: Film at Empress honors Nobel Peace Prize winner|url=https://www.timesheraldonline.com/2019/09/24/september-26-arts-and-entertainment-source-film-at-empress-honors-nobel-peace-prize-winner|accessdate=2023-04-17|work=[[Times-Herald]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Ralph Bunche: Odyssey na-aga n'ihu...'' (2003)

== Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Bunche|first=Ralph|title=A World View of Race|series=Bronze Booklet Series|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Associates in Negro Folk Education|year=1936|quote=Reprint, Port Washington: Kennikat Press, 1968; excerpt in Ralph Bunche: Selected Speeches and Writings, edited by Charles P. Henry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRlGvwEACAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|author=Bunche|first=Ralph|editor=Grantham|title=The Political Status of the Negro in the Age of FDR|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1973|quote=Edited with an Introduction by Dewey W. Grantham. A version of a Ralph Bunche 1941 research memorandum prepared for the Carnegie-Myrdal study, ''The Negro in America''|isbn=978-0-226-08029-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVALPwAACAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|author=Bunche|first=Ralph|editor=Holloway|title=A Brief and Tentative Analysis of Negro Leadership|location=New York|publisher=New York University Press|year=2005|quote=edited with an Introduction by Jonathan Scott Holloway, A version of ''The Negro in America''|isbn=978-0-8147-3684-5|url=https://archive.org/details/brieftentativean0000bunc}}
* {{Cite book|editor=Edgar|title=An African American in South Africa: The Travel Notes of Ralph J. Bunche, September 28, 1937 – January 1, 1938|location=Athens|publisher=Ohio University Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-8214-1394-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b-1EPgAACAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|editor=Henry|title=Ralph J. Bunche: Selected Speeches and Writings|location=Ann Arbor|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=1995|isbn=978-0-472-10589-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbEE659doD8C}}

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ndị Africa America mbụ
* Ndị nwetara ihe nrite Black Nobel

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* {{Cite book|editor=Rivlin|title=Ralph Bunche: The Man and His Times|location=New York|publisher=Holmes & Meyer|year=1990|isbn=978-0-8419-1145-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBF3AAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|author=Urquhart|first=Brian|title=Ralph Bunche: An American Life|location=New York|publisher=W. W. Norton|year=1993|isbn=978-0-393-03527-8|url=https://archive.org/details/ralphbuncheameri00urqu}}
* {{Cite book|author=Henry|first=Charles P.|title=Ralph Bunche: Model Negro or American Other?|location=New York|publisher=New York University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8147-3582-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MgQrH75yH9wC}}
* {{Cite book|editor=Hill|title=Trustee for the Human Community: Ralph J. Bunche, the United Nations, and the Decolonization of Africa|publisher=Ohio University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-8214-1909-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEWmkdhRAWUC}}
* {{Cite book|author=Ben-Dror|first=Elad|title=Ralph Bunche and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: Mediation and the UN 1947–1949|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-1-138-78988-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mP2PCgAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book|author=Meyer|first=Edith Patterson|title=In Search of Peace: The Winners of the Nobel Peace Prize, 1901–1975|location=Nashville|publisher=Abdington|year=1978|isbn=978-0-687-18969-4|url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofpeace00meye}}
* {{Cite book|author=Plummer|first=Brenda Gayle|title=Rising wind: Black Americans and US foreign affairs, 1935–1960|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4eEkAbYTTUC|isbn=978-0-8078-4575-2|authorlink=Brenda Gayle Plummer}}
* {{Cite book|author=Krenn|first=Michael|title=Black Diplomacy: African Americans and the State Department, 1945–69|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-1-317-47582-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3qVzCQAAQBAJ}}
* Raustiala, Kai 2022. Nwoke a na-apụghị mkpa: Ralph Bunche, United Nations, na ọgụ iji kwụsị alaeze ukwu. Oxford University Press. [https://hdiplo.org/to/E535 Nnyocha ndị ọkà mmụta n'ịntanetị nke akwụkwọ a]

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Akụkọ ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere Ralph Bunchen'imeEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie nke Narị Afọ 20nkeZBW 
* Ralph Bunche  gụnyere Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1950 Some Reflections on Peace in Our Time''Ụfọdụ Echiche Banyere Udo n'Oge Anyị''
* {{Cite web|url=https://digital.library.ucla.edu/catalog/3cvg9000zz-89112|title=Digitized materials from Ralph J. Bunche Papers|publisher=UCLA Library Special Collections}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeacemission.com/ralph-bunche.htm|title=Ralph Bunche Biography}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/southerncampus1927univ#page/184/mode/2up|title=1927 Yearbook Photo|year=1920}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.depauw.edu/news/?id=27214|title=Commencement address|publisher=DePauw University|year=1956}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://archives.nypl.org/scm/20652|title=Ralph Bunche Papers, 1922–1988|work=Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture|publisher=nypl.org}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://nara-media-001.s3.amazonaws.com/arcmedia/oss/Bunche_Ralph.pdf|title=Ralph Bunche|work=Records of the Office of Strategic Services|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt409nb02d|title=Brian Urquhart Collection of Material about Ralph Bunche, ca 1932-1972|publisher=UCLA Library|work=Special Collections.}}
* {{IMDb name|0120366|Ralph Bunche}}
* A kọọrọ akụkọ banyere mgbalị ndị ọ na-eme n'etiti na ihe nkiri redio nke 1949 "Peace Mediator", ihe ngosi sitere na Destination Freedom, nke Richard Durham dere
{{S-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{S-bef|before=Position Created}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations]] <br />for Special Political Affairs|years=1961–1971}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Brian Urquhart]]}}
{{S-end}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]