Lee ebe Red Sea si

[[Usòrò:Day_Pass_down_the_Red_Sea.ogv|thumb|Ndị ọrụ njem njem 29 nọ n'ụgbọ mmiri International Space Station sere vidio a dị n'akụkụ ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Oké Osimiri Mediterenian na n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri nke Oké Osimiri Uhie.]]
Oké Osimiri Uhie nwere ihe dị ka 438,000 km2 (169,000  mi), ọ dị ihe dị ka 2,250 km (1,400 mi) n'ogologo, na - n'ebe kachasị obosara - 355 km (221 mi) n"obosara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-06-16|title=State of the Marine Environment Report for the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden: 2006|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/ebsaws-2015-02/other/ebsaws-2015-02-persga-submission1-en.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421194829/https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/ebsaws-2015-02/other/ebsaws-2015-02-persga-submission1-en.pdf|archivedate=2021-04-21|accessdate=25 January 2020}}</ref> O nwere nkezi oimi nke 490 m (1,610 ft), na etiti ''Suakin Trough'' ọ na-eru omimi ya kachasị elu nke 3,040 m (9,970 ).<ref>{{Cite book|author=Dinwiddie|first=Robert|title=Ocean: The World's Last Wilderness Revealed|date=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|isbn=978-0-7566-2205-3|editor=Thomas|location=London|pages=452}}</ref>

Akwụkwọ Ọpụpụ nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ na-akọ akụkọ banyere otú ụmụ Izrel si gafee otu mmiri, nke ihe odide Hibru kpọrọ Yam Suph (Hibru: יַם סוּף).  A na-akpọ Yam Suph na omenala dị ka Oké Osimiri Uhie.  Rabbi Saadia Gaon (882‒942), na nsụgharị Judeo-Arabic nke Pentateuch, mere ka ebe a na-agafe Oké Osimiri Uhie dị ka Baḥar al-Qulzum, nke pụtara Ọwara Suez.[1]

The construction of the canal during Darius's reign is evidenced by ancient records, including inscriptions. Darius commemorated the completion of the canal by creating stelae (stone monuments) with inscriptions in several languages, describing the construction and its benefits. The canal not only facilitated trade but also solidified Darius’s control over Egypt and enhanced the Achaemenid Empire's economic and political power in the region.

.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Fernandez-Armesto|first=Felipe|url=https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/32|title=Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2006|isbn=0-393-06259-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/32 32–33]}}</ref>N'ọgwụgwụ narị afọ nke anọ BC, Alexander Onye Ukwu zipụrụ njem ụgbọ mmiri ndị Gris gbada n'Oké Osimiri Uhie gaa n'Oké Osimiri India.  Ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri Gris gara n'ihu na-enyocha ma na-achịkọta data na Oké Osimiri Uhie.  Agatharchides chịkọtara ozi gbasara oke osimiri na narị afọ nke abụọ BC.  The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ("Periplus of the Red Sea"), nke Gris periplus nke onye edemede a na-amaghị dere na narị afọ nke mbụ, nwere nkọwa zuru ezu nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na ụzọ oké osimiri nke Oké Osimiri Uhie.[1]  Periplus kọwakwara otú Hippalus si buru ụzọ chọpụta ụzọ kpọmkwem site n'Oké Osimiri Uhie na-aga India.

Oké Osimiri Uhie nwere mmasị maka ịzụ ahịa ndị Rom na India malite n'oge ọchịchị Ọgọstọs, mgbe Alaeze Ukwu Rom nwetara ikike n'ebe Mediterenian, Ijipt, na Oké Osimiri Uhie dị n'ebe ugwu.The route had been used by previous states but grew in the volume of traffic under the Romans. From Indian ports goods from [[China]] were introduced to the Roman world. Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Rome na China dabere n'Oké Osimiri Uhie, mana alaeze Aksumite mebiri ụzọ ahụ n'ihe dị ka narị afọ nke atọ AD.[1].<ref>{{Cite book|author=East|first=W. Gordon|url=https://archive.org/details/geographybehindh0000east_z8c9/page/174|title=The Geography behind History|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=1965|isbn=0-393-00419-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/geographybehindh0000east_z8c9/page/174 174–175]}}</ref>

=== Oge Ụwa Na-emepechabeghị Anya na Oge A ===
In 1513, trying to secure that channel to Portugal, Afonso de Albuquerque laid siege to Aden<ref>{{Cite book|author=Newitt|first=M. D. D.|title=A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400–1668|publisher=New York Routledge|year=2005|isbn=978-0-415-23979-0|location=London}}</ref> but was forced to retreat. They cruised the Red Sea inside the Bab al-Mandab, as the first fleet from Europe in modern times to have sailed these waters. Later in 1524 the city was delivered to Governor Heitor da Silveira as an agreement for protection from the Ottomans.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Mathew|first=K. M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl3IR3RJTIEC&q=Heitor+da+Silveira+Aden&pg=PA136|title=History of the Portuguese Navigation in India, 1497–1600|year=1988|isbn=9788170990468|accessdate=2020-11-19}}</ref>
In 1798, [[France]] ordered General Napoleon to invade [[Egypt]] and take control of the Red Sea. Although he failed in his mission, the engineer Jean-Baptiste Lepère, who took part in it, revitalised the plan for a canal which had been envisaged during the reign of the Pharaohs. Several canals were built in ancient times from the Nile to the Red Sea along or near the line of the present Sweet Water Canal, but none lasted for long. The Suez Canal was opened in November 1869. After the [[World War II|Second World War]], the Americans and Soviets exerted their influence whilst the volume of oil tanker traffic intensified. However, the Six-Day War culminated in the closure of the Suez Canal from 1967 to 1975. Today, in spite of patrols by the major maritime fleets in the waters of the Red Sea, the Suez Canal has never recovered its supremacy over the Cape route, which is believed to be less vulnerable to piracy.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

The rainfall over the Red Sea and its coasts is extremely low, averaging {{cvt|60|mm|in|2}} per year. The rain is mostly short showers, often with thunderstorms and occasionally with dust storms. The scarcity of rainfall and no major source of fresh water to the Red Sea result in excess evaporation as high as {{cvt|2050|mm|in|0}} per year and high salinity with minimal seasonal variation. A recent{{When|date=June 2023}} underwater expedition to the Red Sea offshore from [[Sudan]] and [[Eritrea]]{{Verify source|date=June 2023}} found surface water temperatures {{cvt|28|C|F|0|lk=on}} in winter and up to {{cvt|34|C|F|0|lk=on}} in the summer, but despite that extreme heat, the coral was healthy with much fish life with very little sign of coral bleaching, with only 9% infected by ''Thalassomonas loyana'', the 'white plague' agent. <nowiki><i id="mwAYY">Favia favus</i></nowiki> coral there harbours a virus, BA3, which kills ''T. loyana''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Virus power harnessed to protect Red Sea coral|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21528725-700-virus-power-harnessed-to-protect-red-sea-coral/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423092252/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21528725.700-virus-power-harnessed-to-protect-red-sea-coral.html|archivedate=2015-04-23|accessdate=2023-06-04|work=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref>
Scientists are investigating the unique properties of these coral and their commensal algae to see if they can be used to salvage bleached coral elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Fitzgerald|first=Sunny|date=8 April 2020|title=The super-corals of the Red Sea|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507075625/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200408-the-middle-eastern-corals-that-could-survive-climate-change|archivedate=7 May 2022|accessdate=24 May 2022|publisher=[[BBC Future]]}}</ref>

In general, tide ranges between {{cvt|0.6|m|ft|1}} in the north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and {{cvt|0.9|m|ft|1}} in the south near the Gulf of Aden, but it fluctuates between {{cvt|0.20|m|ft|2}} and {{cvt|0.30|m|ft|2}} away from the nodal point. The central Red Sea (Jeddah area) is therefore almost tideless, and as such the annual water level changes are more significant. Because of the small tidal range the water during high tide inundates the coastal sabkhas as a thin sheet of water up to a few hundred metres rather than flooding the sabkhas through a network of channels. However, south of Jeddah in the [[Shoiaba]] area, the water from the lagoon may cover the adjoining sabkhas as far as {{cvt|3|km|mi|0}}, whereas north of Jeddah in the [[Al-Kharrar]] area the sabkhas are covered by a thin sheet of water as far as {{cvt|2|km|mi|1}}. The prevailing north and northeast winds influence the movement of water in the coastal inlets to the adjacent sabkhas, especially during storms. Winter mean sea level is {{cvt|0.5|m|ft|1}} higher than in summer. Tidal velocities passing through constrictions caused by reefs, sand bars and low islands commonly exceed {{cvt|1–2|m/s|0}}. Coral reefs in the Red Sea are near Egypt, Eritrea, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

* A "race" between the Red Sea widening and Perim Island erupting filling the Bab el Mandeb with lava.
* The lowering of world sea level during the Ice Ages because of much water being locked up in the ice caps.

Modern development is focused on the following fields. The Durwara 2 Field was discovered in 1963, while the Suakin 1 Field and the Bashayer 1A Field were discovered in 1976, on the Egyptian side of the Red Sea. The Barqan Field was discovered in 1969, and the Midyan Field in 1992, both within the Midyan Basin on the Saudi Arabian side of the Red Sea. The 20-m thick Middle Miocene Maqna Formation is an oil source rock in the basin. Oil seeps occur near the Farasan Islands, the Dahlak Archipelago, along the coast of Eritrea, and in the southeastern Red Sea along the coasts of Saudi Arabia and Yemen.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lindquist|first=Sandra|title=The Red Sea Province: Sudr-Nubia(!) and Maqna(!) Petroleum Systems, USGS Open File Report 99-50-A|date=1998|publisher=US Dept. of the Interior|pages=6–7, 9}}</ref>

Ọgaranya dị iche iche bụ n'otu akụkụ n'ihi 2,000 km (1,240 mi) nke coral reef na-agbasa n'akụkụ osimiri ya; reefs ndị a dị n'akụkụ ya dị afọ 5000-7000 ma bụrụ  e ji nkume acropora na porites corals mee. Reefs na-emepụta ikpo okwu na mgbe ụfọdụ ọdọ mmiri n'akụkụ osimiri na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka cylinders (dị ka Blue Hole (Red Sea) na Dahab). Ụdị azụ ndị dị n'oké osimiri Red Sea na-eleta ugwu ndị a, gụnyere ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị 44 nke shark. Ebe obibi ndị ọzọ dị n'ime mmiri gụnyere ahịhịa mmiri, nnu, mangrove na nnu.

 

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

*  
* {{Cite book|author=Hamblin|first=W. Kenneth|title=Earth's Dynamic Systems|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1998|isbn=0-13-745373-6|edition=8th|location=Upper Saddle River}}
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Oké Osimiri Uhie," na David Armitage, Alison Bashford na Sujit Sivasundaram (ed.), Oceanic Histories (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), peeji nke 156-181. 

* [http://www.coral-reef-info.com/red-sea-coral-reefs.html Oké Osimiri Uhie Coral Reefs]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120326031330/http://www.redseadivinghurghada.co.uk/underwater-photography.html Foto Oké Osimiri Uhie]
* {{Cite web|author=Potts|first=D.T.|date=March 2, 2021|title=Places: 39290 (Arabicus Sinus/Erythr(ae)um/Rubrum Mare)|url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/39290|accessdate=June 2, 2023|publisher=Pleiades}}
{{List of African seas}}{{List of seas}}{{Countries bordering the Red Sea}}