Ihe omume
Ihe a na-ekwu na ọ bụ otu na ọtụtụ n'asụsụ Bekee, ọtụtụ n'ime Swahili bụ mashetani) bụ ike nke ndị na-eme ihe a ma ama n'Ebe Ọwụwa agha Afrịka. N'ịbụ ndị na-eme ihe, ma na-ahụ n'ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche na ụdị dị ichelekana nwere ike dị iche iche, shetani bụ isiokwu a ma nke ihe osise a atụ, saịtị n'aka ndị Makonde nke Tanzania, Mozambique, na Kenya. N'ụzọ anụ ahụ, shetani nke ụdị dị iche iche na-ahụ dị ka ụmụ na anụmanụ gbagọọ agbagọ.
E nwere òtù nzuzo nke ndị Shetani n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka nke oge a, na akụkọ banyere ịhụ ndị Shetani ọ bụla na-agagharị agagharị, na egwu Popo Bawa mere na 1995 na Zanzibar[1] na 2007 na Dar es Salaam.[2]
Onye na-ese ihe na Makonde George Lilanga (1934-2005) Sarka aha ọma n'ụwa niile site na ihe ọkpụkpụ na ihe ọrụ ya. Samaki Likankoa, onye na-ese ihe na Tanzania bụ onye isi nke ụdị shetani na-abụ afọ 1950. Mohamed Peera, onye na-ahụ maka nka nke India bụ onye isi na ụgbọ na-enye ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe makonde dịka Samaki, ma onye ọrụ dị mkpa na ike shetani makonde site na afọ 1950 ruo afọ 1970.
Okwu mmalite
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Okwu Swahili nke a na-eji na mba dị iche iche dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka na-ezo aka na mmụọ ọjọọ nke ndị Alakụba, shetani (pl. mashetani), bụ ihe a gbazitere site na Arabic, Shaitan, nke pụtara ekwensu, ma ọ bụ, karịa kpọmkwem, onye iro. Okwu a nwere njikọ na okwu Bekee bụ Satan nke sitere n'otu mgbọrọgwụ Semitic.[3]
Okike na ụdị
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị shetani, nwere àgwà dị iche iche, ha na-enwekwa ọtụtụ ụdị; abstract, animal, anthropomorphic na njikọta ya. Ma ọ bụ otu ụkwụ ma ọ bụ otu aka, cyclopic ma ọ bụ nwere oghere na appendix ndị gabigara ókè, ọdịdị dị mkpa nke shetani bụ ọdịdị mmadụ gbagọrọ agbagọ, ọdịdị ụwa a na-ahụkarị, Ihe a na-ese n'ime ụwa, nke a na-eme na ebony ma ọ bụ blackwood nke Africa, nwere ike ịnwe "otu anya, ezé, ọnụ mepere emepe na ahụ nke gbagọrọ azụ na isi ya na-eche ihu n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi".[4][5]
E nwere ụdị dị iche iche nke shetani. Ihe atụ ukunduka dị ize ndụ, nke na-eri nri site na agụụ, na chameleon shetani, onye na-eri anụ nke nwere omume gabigara ókè nke ezé, ma ọ bụ ọgwụ shuluwele na-enweghị eze ahụ nke na-achịkọta obodo maka ndị dibịa afa.
Mmụọ ụfọdụ, dị ka "ihe ọjọọ pụrụ iche" Popo Bawa ('ụmụ ahụhụ'), nke jikọtara ya na "mmekọahụ na ime ihe ike" na ísì sulphur ọkụ, bụ ndị nwere aha ndụ na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ.[6][7][8] Dị ka BBC si kwuo na 2001, "Ọtụtụ ndị Zanzibar ugbu a na-ajụ ihi ụra n'ụlọ ha n'ihi na ha kwenyere na ọ na-eri naanị ndị mmadụ na ntụsara ahụ nke àkwà ha. [P]eople kwenyere na ọ na-emetọ ndị ọ na-emegbu, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ụmụ nwoke. "[9]
Ihe omuma nke Ofufe
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nkwenye na Shetani bụ ihe na-aga n'ihu n'oge a nke malitere tupu Islam. Na mgbakwunye na ndị Makonde na-aga n'ihu na omenala nke ihe ọkpụkpụ, ndị ọzọ, dị ka ndị Segeju nke Tanzania, ndị na-amata ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ iri nke ike. na-aga na-ekwere na ihe ndị shetani nwere na ikepụ ike.
Dị ka Zanzibar Bradt Travel Guide si kwuo, "Enweghị ezigbo ụzọ, ka ndị obodo ahụ na-ekwu, nke ichebe onwe gị pụọ na ohere nke ịbụ ndị shetani na-enye nsogbu ma ọ bụ na-awakpo. Ihe kachasị mma bụ nanị ịhapụ ụzọ ha ma gbalịa ijide n'aka na ha na-anọpụ iche - dịka ọmụmaatụ site n'ịkwụnye mpempe akwụkwọ, nke e dere amaokwu Arabic pụrụ iche, n'uko ụlọ ahụ. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ahịa ọ bụla dị na Zanzibar nwere otu n'ime ihe ndị a na-acha nchara nchara, nke a na-ejikọta ya na ogwe ụlọ.[10]
Nkà na omenala a ma ama
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nkọwa nke shetani na-aga n'ihu na akara ihe ọkpụkpụ Makonde na-aga nke ọma, na-adịgasị iche site na "ihe ọrụ ọdụ ụgbọ elu" na nka dị mma a na-ahụ n'ebe ndị dị ka Hamburg Mawingu Collection. .
George Lilanga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
George Lilanga (1934-2005) bụ onye Tanzania na-ese na onye na-ese egwu nke ụdị Makonde nke bi na Dar es Salaam . E taka ọrụ ya na enyo mba ụwa nke ndị Afrịka oge ya egwu Africa Remix na Düsseldorf, Paris, London na Tokyo.
N'afọ ndị 1970, Lilanga ngwaọrụ n'ihe ngosi nke ndị na-ese ihe n'Afrịka na Washington D.C. N'ime ọrụ 280 e sere, ihe dị ka 100 bụ nke Lilanga. Ọ bụ n'oge a ka e jiri ya Jean Dubuffet. A na-ewere Lilanga dị ka onye nwere ike na ndị na-eto eto America na-ese ihe; Keith Haring kwuru najụjụ ọnụ na nka Lilanga nwere ike n'ahụ ya. Lilanga usoro nke ogologo ihe ngosi. Ọrụ ya nwere na-ewepụ elu na Africa, Europe, US, India na Japan. N'afọ ndị 1980, o ji onwe ya kpamkpam n'ise ihe. A na- anya shetani ya n'ụzọ na Masonite na, mgbe e ịhụ, na Faesite.
Nchịkọta Hamburg Mawingu nchịkọta zuru ezu nke ọrụ Lilanga mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ọrụ ya bụkwa ihe ndabere nke nchịkọta ha.
N'ime Ọpụpụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'akpụ egwu / fantasy nke Alan Dean Foster na 1986, Into the Out Of, ndị okenye nke ndị Maasai na-emetụta na site na ndịda ha n'akwụkwọ Ruaha nke Tanzania nsogbu ụwa na-eru nso. Malevolent shetani, nke sitere na ọnụ ụzọ dị iche iche nke ndị Maasai mara dị ka "Out Of" (n'ihi na ihe niile, dị ka ụmụ ụmụ, anụmanụ na osisi, sitere na mbụ "na" ya), na- ọnwụ ụzọ ha n'ime ụwa a. Na mgbakwunye na iwu n'ozuzu, ndị shetani na-akpata nsogbu n'etiti nnukwu ike, na-ezube nnali agha. Ọ bụrụ na emebighị ya, a ga-emebi ihe na-ekwu dị n'etiti abụọ ahụ ma mgịrị ndị shetani a na-abụta ọnụ ga-awakpo ụwa, na-eme ka mmadụ ole na ole ha na-egbu ewepụ ifo ohu. .
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ihe osise Africa
- Omenala nke Mozambique
- Omenala nke Tanzania
- Ihe osise Makonde
- Shaytani (n'ụzọ ọzọ)
Ihe odide
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ "Today the cult of the shetani (meaning a spirit or spirits, the word is singular or plural) is still going strong in Zanzibar and Pemba – a dark undercurrent unseen and unknown by the majority of visitors." Zanzibar: The Bradt Travel Guide, fifth edition, 2006 "The Shetani Of Zanzibar" Gemma Pitcher http://www.zanzibar-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1847
- ↑ "Sex attacks blamed on bat demon", BBC News, 2007-02-21. Retrieved on 2010-04-29.
- ↑ A host of devils: the history and context of the making of Makonde spirit sculpture, Zachary Kingdon, p 118.
- ↑ A host of devils: the history and context of the making of Makonde spirit sculpture, Zachary Kingdon, p 132.
- ↑ A host of devils: the history and context of the making of Makonde spirit sculpture, Zachary Kingdon, p 133.
- ↑ Gritchka (2001-01-26). Popo Bawa. Everything2.com. Retrieved on 2022-09-08.
- ↑ Wind, Life, Health: Anthropological and Historical Perspectives, Elisabeth Hsu, Chris Low, p. 44.
- ↑ Zanzibar, Chris McIntyre, Susan McIntyre, p. 39.
- ↑ "Sex-mad 'ghost' scares Zanzibaris", Ally Saleh, Thursday, 19 July 2001, 12:32 GMT 13:32 UK, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1446733.stm
- ↑ Zanzibar: The Bradt Travel Guide, fifth edition, 2006 "The Shetani Of Zanzibar" Gemma Pitcher http://www.zanzibar-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1847