Omume
[2]Etiquette / / ˈɛt i kɛt , _ - k ɪ t / ) bụ usoro omume onwe onye n'ime ọha mmadụ nke ọma, na-emekarị n'ụdị omume nke omume ọha mmadụ na-atụ anya na nabatara nke ahụ na akụkụ na echiche nke mmadụ na-ahụ ma na-eme ya, nsogbu mmadụ. klaasị, ma ọ bụ otu onye mmadụ. N'asụsụ Bekee ọgbara ọhụrụ, okwu French bụ étiquette (label na mkpado) nke n'afọ 1750. [1]
Na the third millennium BC, onye ochie vizier Ptahhotep dere The Maxims nke Ptahhotep ( 2375–2350 . ), akwụkwọ iwu didactic nke na-ebuli ezi omume obodo, dị ka eziokwu, njide onwe onye, na imere ndị ọzọ ebere. isi isiokwu ndị na-emekarị na njedebe na-agụnye saịtị n'ige ndị ọzọ ntt, na-eche echiche na-ezighị nke ihe ndị mmadụ, na-egosi na-eche mgbe ọ alara o kwere omume iwere ike, na-egosi na-eche echiche nke ọma. ikpe ziri ezi ịbụ ihe mbụ, ma, n'ihe gbasara mmadụ. iwu nke chi na-emecha n'ihe niile. Ụfọdụ n’ime nkwubi okwu Ptahhotep na-egosi ezi omume mmadụ n’ihu ndị nnukwu mmadụ (ndọrọ nhọrọ, ndị agha, ndịrechi), na edi maka otu ga-esi họrọ ezigbo nna ukwu na otu esi ejere ya ozi. Isi okwu ndị ọzọ na ụzọ ziri ezi ịbụ onye ndu site na nkwuwa okwu na ikike mma, na anyaukwu bụ ntọala nke ihe ihe niile na e ndị ichebe ya, na mmesapụ aka n'ebe ezi na ụlọ na ndị enyi dị mma.
Baldassare Castiglione ( 1478–1529 OA), ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Casatico, bụ onye omebe iwu Italy na onye onye anya onye agha, onye agha, na onye edemede nke Akwụkwọ nke Courtier (1528), akwụkwọ ugwu mara atụ nke na-ekwu njikọ ikike nke omume omume nke onye obí eze n'oge Renaissance Ịtali
[3]Louis XIV (1638–1715), Eze nke France, jiri omume hazisoo wee zọọ ndị ama ama France wee kwupụta hel elu ya dị ka eze zuru oke nke France. N'ihi ya, ụlọ ikpe eze ahụ na-eme emee masịrị ndị ọbịa si mba ọzọ nke eze nata n'oche France, Obí Versailles, nke dị na ndị na-eme egwuregwu nke Paris.
. [4]Na apụ afọ nke 18, n'oge Age of Enlightenment, nkuchi nke usoro nke onwe ya maka mmetụta nke mmetụta na omume omume (mma, mgbe, mmalite) nke na-egosi na onye ahụ bụ onye na-achọ nke elu elu . klas . Iji mata na onye na-elekọta mmadụ, ndị otu nọ n'etiti ndị na-agagharị agagharị na ndị bourgeoisie nakweere omume na ngwaọrụ nke klaas elu. Iji Tamil nke ahụ, ndị mmadụ nwere oke mkpa nke etiti etiti na-etinye onwe ha n'ịmụ ihe, ihe, na ime iwu nke omume omume, dị ka nka nke uwe mara mma na ofufe ụka amara, mgbe ha ga-egosi. ọzụzụ, na mgbaàmà na anụmanụ.
Na-akpa afụ nke 18, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl nke Shaftesbury, dere edemede ndị na-apịtị nke ngwaọrụ mma dị ka nkà nke ime ihe na-atọ ụtọ na ụlọ ọrụ; wee kunna na ndị nna mma n'okwu ọha mmadụ nke azụmahịa:
. [5]Oge oge, dị ka The Spectator, akwụkwọ a na-akpa kwa ụbọchị na 1711 site n'aka Joseph Addison na Richard Steele, na-adụ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ha, mgbe nile, omume a na-amụ aka nwa amadị, nwoke ezi omume na omume ọma; Ebumnobi ha kwuru n'asụsụ bụ "iji akọ mee ka omume dị, na iji omume na-ewe iwe… iwepụta nkà ihe n'ime ụlọ nchekwa na ụlọ akwụkwọ, ụlọ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ, ibi na-ebu na ebu, na ahia tii na ụlọ"; n'ikpeazụ, ndị editọ edi ndị ndu odee akwụkwọ dere, bụ ndị nyere isiokwu maka ụka obodo, na mkpa omume dị mkpa maka ịme ụka dị mma, na maka ijikwa usoro na eze na eze.
Ihe Ụmụ ya na omume bụ echiche nke ike anya (mme ndị na-egosi ọha na eze mara nke ọma na isi uche) nke maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwoke nwere oke ike ghọkwara dị mkpa iji iji maka mgbaama mmadụ. [1] Na mmemme ahụ, isi ndị ama ama, dị ka Harrington's Rota Club, na-abụ omume n'ime ụlọ nke na-hazi nwaanya a-anya anya n'aka ndị otu. E wezụga The Spectator, ndị ọzọ periodicals ndị inye-direct n'ime English coffeehouse ụka, ndị editọ nke Tatler doro anya na nzube ha bụ ike nke English ụkpụrụ na omume; ruo na njedebe ndị ahụ, e ịrụ ọrụ dịka omume omume ọma na ihe omume
N'etiti narị afọ nke 18, nke mbụ, ojiji Bekee ọgbara ọhụrụ nke ụkpụrụ omume (iwu ọdịnala nke omume onwe onye na ọha mmadụ) bụ Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl nke Chesterfield, n'akwụkwọ bụ Letters to His Son on the Art of Becoming a Man. of the World and a Gentleman (1774), [6] akwụkwọ ozi karịrị narị anọ e dere site na 1737 ruo mgbe nwa ya nwoke nwụrụ, na 1768; Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ozi ndị ahụ bụụrụ nkuzi, gbasara isiokwu dị iche iche nke nwa amadi ụwa kwesịrị ịma. [7] E bipụtara akwụkwọ ozi ndị ahụ na 1774, site n'aka Eugenia Stanhope, nwanyị di ya nwụrụ nke diplomat Philip Stanhope, nwa bastard Chesterfield. N'ime akwụkwọ ozi ahụ dum, Chesterfield gbalịsiri ike iwepụ okwu gbasara omume ọha na eze site na omume ọdịnala, na nleba anya nke na-arụrịta ụka na Philip n'ụzọ doro anya na ikike nke ụkpụrụ bụ ụzọ dị mkpa maka ọganihu ọha mmadụ, maka nwoke dị ka ya. Ụdị ederede mara mma nke Chesterfield gosipụtara njide mmetụta mmetụta nke mmekọrịta ọha na eze na narị afọ nke 18:
Na narị afọ nke 19, oge Victorian (1837-1901) ụkpụrụ omume malitere ghọọ usoro mgbagwoju anya nke ụkpụrụ omume, nke na-achịkwa ụdị omume dị iche iche na ọha mmadụ-site na asụsụ, ụdị, na usoro maka ide akwụkwọ ozi, iji mee ihe n'ụzọ ziri ezi na tebụl ., na ruo nkeji oge nhazi mmekọrịta ọha na eze na mmekọrịta onwe onye n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị na n'etiti klaasị mmekọrịta. [8]
N'obodo, a na-akọwa omume dị ka àgwà ọma ma ọ bụ àgwà ọjọọ iji gosi ma àgwà mmadụ ọ̀ dị mma n'ebe ndị omenala nọ. Dị ka ndị dị otú a, omume na-eme ka ultrasociality na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe dị mkpa na-arụ ọrụ nke ụkpụrụ ọha na eze na mgbakọ ndị a na-eme n'oge na-adịghị anya site na nhazi onwe onye. Echiche nke sociology na-egosi na omume bụ ụzọ ndị mmadụ na-esi egosipụta ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ha, na ụzọ isi akọwapụta, ileba anya, na idobe ókèala nke njirimara ọha mmadụ na nke ọha mmadụ . [9]
N'ime usoro mmepe obodo (1939), ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze Norbert Elias kwuru na omume na-ebilite dị ka ngwaahịa nke otu ndụ, na-anọgidekwa dị ka ụzọ isi nọgide na-enwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze. Omume mụbara n'oge Renaissance na nzaghachi maka mmepe nke 'steeti zuru oke' - ọganihu site na obere ìgwè ibi ndụ ruo n'ìgwè dị iche iche nke a na-eji ike nke steeti mara. Omenala na omume ndị e jikọtara ha na ụlọikpe eze nke England n'oge ahụ nwere njikọ chiri anya n'ọnọdụ mmadụ . Omume na-egosi ọnọdụ mmadụ n'ime netwọk mmekọrịta, na omume mmadụ bụ ụzọ e si ekwurịta okwu site na ọnọdụ ahụ. [10]
Site n'echiche nke ahụike ọha na eze, na The Healthy Citizen (1996), Alana R. Petersen na Deborah Lupton kwuru na omume nyere aka mbelata nke ókèala ọha mmadụ nke dị n'etiti ọha na eze na nzuzo nke ndụ mmadụ, wee nye ya. bilie na "onye na-egosipụta onwe ya nke ukwuu, onye na-enyocha àgwà ya na nkwanye ùgwù kwesịrị ekwesị maka ndị ọzọ ya na ha na-emekọrịta ihe, na-elekọta mmadụ"; nakwa na "omume ọha na eze nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu bịara gosi ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ha; ụzọ isi gosipụta onwe onye na iji nyocha ndị ọzọ, yabụ njikwa nke elu ahụ dị mkpa.”
Na ịdị ọcha na ihe ize ndụ: Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (2003) ọkà mmụta gbasara mmadụ bụ Mary Douglas kwuru na omume, omume mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na mmemme otu na-enyere ndị na-ahụ maka mbara igwe aka ịnọgide na-enye iwu na nnwere onwe pụọ na ihe ndị ahụ nwere ike imerụ ma ọ bụ mebie iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke omenala. A na-ejikọta echiche nke mmetọ, mmetọ, na ịkpọasị na njedebe nke omume ọha mmadụ na-anakwere iji belata omume na-adịghị anabata, ya mere na-echekwa "echiche ndị a na-achịkwa ahụmahụ" n'ime omenala. [11]
N'ịmụ okwu nke mmetụta mmadụ na anụmanụ, ọkà mmụta ihe okike bụ Charles Darwin kwuru na mbara ụwa nke ọdịdị ihu nke ịkpọasị na ihere n'etiti ụmụ ọhụrụ na ndị ìsì, ma kwubie na mmeghachi omume mmetụta uche nke ihere na ịkpọasị bụ àgwà ebumpụta ụwa. [12]
Site na nyocha nke ntọala evolushọn nke ajọ mbunobi, ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ Catherine Cottrell na Steven Neuberg kwuru na mmeghachi omume omume mmadụ na ' iche ' nwere ike ime ka ichekwa àgwà na ụkpụrụ ọha mmadụ . [13] Mmetụta nke "onye mba ọzọ" - nke ndị mmadụ na-enweta na mmekọrịta mbụ ha na onye sitere n'ọdịbendị ọzọ - nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ nke evolushọn : 'Otu ibi ndụ gbara otu onye na ndị mmadụ nwere ike imerụ ndị otu ibe ha ahụ, gbasaa na-efe efe. ọrịa, ma ọ bụ "ịnya ụgbọ ala n'efu" na mbọ ha'; ya mere, ntinye aka na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ ihe ize ndụ: 'Ọ bụrụ na egwu egwu, dị ka ndị a, na-ahapụghị, ọnụ ahịa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ga-adị ngwa ngwa karịa uru ya. Ya mere, iji bulie nloghachi na otu "ibi ndụ", ndị otu n'otu n'otu kwesịrị ikwekọ na njirimara ma ọ bụ omume ndị ọzọ.' [13]
- ↑ Wright (1851). Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray. OCLC 59510372.
- ↑ (1993) "Etiquette", in Brown: The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary.
- ↑ Louis XIV. History.com (2 December 2009). Retrieved on 13 December 2012.
- ↑ Klein (1994). Shaftesbury and the Culture of Politeness: Moral Discourse and Cultural Politics in Early Eighteenth-Century England. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521418065.
- ↑ First Edition of The Spectator. Information Britain. Retrieved on 13 September 2014.
- ↑ Henry Hitchings (2013). Sorry! The English and Their Manners. Hachette UK. Retrieved on 2013-02-07.
- ↑ Mayo (25 February 2007). "Letters to His Son", The Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 30 November 2011.
- ↑ Rose (1999–2010). Victorian Society. AboutBritain.com. Retrieved on 9 August 2010.
- ↑ Richerson (1997). "The Evolution of Human Ultra Sociality", in Eibl-Eibisfeldt: Ideology, Warfare, and Indoctrinability.
- ↑ Elias (1994). The Civilizing Process. Oxford Blackwell Publishers.
- ↑ Douglas (2003). Purity and Danger – An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. London: Routledge.
- ↑ Darwin (1872). The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. London: John Murray.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Neuberg (2006). "Evolutionary Bases of Prejudices", in Schaller: Evolution and Social Psychology, etal. New York: Psychology Press. ISBN 1134952422.