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Ịda ogbenye na New Zealand

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Ịda ogbenye na New Zealand
aspect in a geographic region
obere ụdị nkeịda ogbenye Dezie
mba/obodoNew Zealand Dezie
ebeNew Zealand Dezie
N'ime oge etiti na mgbe agha gasịrị, gọọmentị ndị nọchiri anya ha kwadoro nnukwu mmemme ụlọ nke steeti .

Ịda ogbenye na New Zealand na-ekwu maka ọnọdụ ịda ogbenye dị na New Zealand na nha ya. N'agbata 1982 na 2011, nnukwu ngwaahịa ụlọ New Zealand toro site na 35%. [1] Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara nke mmụba ahụ bụ otu obere ìgwè bụ́ ndị kasị baa ọgaranya ná mba ahụ. N'ime oge a, nkezi ego nke 10% kacha elu nke ndị na-enweta ego na New Zealand (ndị na-enweta ihe karịrị $72,000) [1] fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ na-esi na $56,300 ruo $100,200. Nkezi ego nke ụzọ iri kacha daa ogbenye ji naanị 13% gbagoro site na $9700 ruo $11,000. [2] Ọnụ ọgụgụ sitere na 2016 na-egosi na ihe dịka 15% nke ndị bi na-ebi na ịda ogbenye, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 9% na 1980s, na 22% na 2004. </link>[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

Ndị Statistics New Zealand kwadoro na-eto eto enweghị ahaghị nhata nke na-eji usoro P80/20 na-edobe oke ego ha nwetara. Ọnụọgụ a na-egosi ọdịiche dị n'etiti nnukwu ego ezinụlọ (ndị nọ na pasenti 80) na obere ego ezinụlọ (ndị dị na pasent 20). Oke ahaghị nhatanha mụbara n'etiti 1988 na 2004, wee belata ruo mgbe mmalite nke nsogbu ego zuru ụwa ọnụ na 2008, na-abawanye ọzọ ruo 2011 wee na-agbada ọzọ site na mgbe ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2013, ego a na-atụfu ego nke ezinaụlọ nwere nnukwu ego ji okpukpu abụọ na ọkara buru ibu karịa nke ezinụlọ ndị nwere obere ego. [3] N'ịkọwapụta ọdịiche ahụ, 1% kachasị elu nke ndị bi na ya nwere 16% nke akụ na ụba obodo - 5% kasị baa ọgaranya nwere 38% [4] - ebe ọkara ndị bi na ya, gụnyere ndị na-erite uru na ndị na-erite uru na steeti na ndị ezumike nka, na-enweta ihe na-erughị $24,000. [1]

Ịda ogbenye

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Na narị afọ nke 21 nchegbu na-eto eto na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ndị New Zealand, karịsịa ụmụaka, abanyela na ịda ogbenye ebe a na-akọwa ịda ogbenye na ego dị ka ezinụlọ na-ebi n'okpuru 60% nke ego etiti obodo. [5] Na 2005, otu akụkọ mba ụwa chọpụtara na otu onye n’ime ụmụaka isii nọ na New Zealand na-etolite na ịda ogbenye - na-eme ka ụmụaka New Zealand bụrụ nke 23 kasị daa ogbenye n’ime mba 26 bara ọgaranya. [6] Na 2009 dịka NCCSS siri kwuo, ihe karịrị ọkara nde ndị New Zealand, gụnyere ụmụaka 163,000 nọ na ịda ogbenye. [7] Otu Ndụmọdụ Ọkachamara nke Kọmishọna Ụmụaka hiwere chọpụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụaka na-ada n'okpuru ọnụ ụzọ anọgidewo na-eto eto. N'afọ 2013, ihe dị ka ụmụaka 265,000, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ụmụaka niile nọ na New Zealand, 'na-ada ogbenye ugbu a'. [8]

Statistics New Zealand na-ebipụtakwa ọtụtụ data gbasara ọdịmma akụ na ụba nke New Zealanders na, na 2012, wepụtara akwụkwọ mkparịta ụka na-egosi mkpa ọ dị maka nkwekọrịta gọọmentị na mmepe nke njirisi bara uru na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị metụtara ịda ogbenye. [9] Ugbu a ozi a na-anakọta bụ 'data static' - ọ na-egosi pasentị ụmụ amaala n'okpuru ọkwa ụfọdụ nke ego. Mana New Zealand bụ ihe pụrụ iche n'etiti mba ọdịda anyanwụ OECD n'ihi na ọ naghị anakọta data 'dynamic' nke na-ejide ókè ndị mmadụ na-abanye na ịda ogbenye. [10]

Na 2013 ihe karịrị iri na abụọ akụkọ dị iche iche e wepụtara bụ ndị lekwasịrị anya n'okwu a na mkpa ọ dị ịzụlite ụzọ ekwekọrịtara iji kọwaa na tụọ ịda ogbenye. [11] Otú ọ dị, Gọọmenti Mba guzogidere mgbalị ndị a na-ekwusi ike na "arụmụka na-adịghị agwụ agwụ banyere nkọwa na nha bụ igbu oge". [11] N'ihi na Gọọmenti enweghị mmasị ịkọwa na tụọ nsogbu ahụ, na 2012 Commissioner Children's Commissioner Dr Russell Wills, guzobere otu ndị ọkachamara ndụmọdụ nke mepụtara akụkọ zuru oke, nke a na-akpọ Solutions to Child Poverty na New Zealand: Evidence for Action [12] nke nwere ndụmọdụ 78. ịlụso ịda ogbenye ọgụ. Dọkịnta Wills guzobekwara otu Child Poverty Monitor [13] iji gosi ọnọdụ ibi ndụ ụmụaka na New Zealand na-aga n'ihu. [8]

Uto na ọnụọgụgụ na ọdịmma

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Ihe ndị na-enye aka na uto na ahaghị nhata gụnyere mbelata dị ukwuu n'ụtụ ụtụ isi ego na 1986-88 yana mmụba nke enweghị ọrụ nke Rogernomics kpatara na mkpọka ahịa ngwaahịa nke 1987 bụ nke kpaliri ọtụtụ mmadụ na ọdịmma. [14] Mgbe ahụ na 1991, e belatara uru elele dị ka akụkụ nke mgbanwe ndị ahụ na ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịmma na-adọga kemgbe ahụ.

Prọfesọ Jonathan Boston nke Mahadum Victoria kwuru na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 20% nke ezinụlọ ndị dara ogbenye na New Zealand na-adabere ugbu a na uru ọdịmma. Ọ na-ekwu na ọdịiche na-arịwanye elu n'etiti ndị ọgaranya na ndị ogbenye na-enyere ndị ọgaranya aka "ịmepụta mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-ezighị ezi", na "ọ bụrụ na a gaghị ewepụ ụmụ amaala dara ogbenye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ha ga-enwerịrị ohere agụmakwụkwọ, nlekọta ahụike na enyemaka ọha na eze". [2] Ndị ọkà mmụta ọrịa na Britain, Richard Pickett na Kate Wilkinson, na-arụ ụka na ahaghị nhata na-emebi onye ọ bụla n'ime ọha mmadụ, ọ bụghị naanị ndị ogbenye. [15] Ha na-ekwu na mgbe ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọkwa dị elu na nke ala na-abawanye ụba, nke a na-ewepụ ntụkwasị obi na ọmịiko n'etiti ụmụ amaala na-eduga ná nkewa na nkewa nke ọha mmadụ. Nke a na-eme ka ọtụtụ nsogbu ahụike na mmekọrịta ọha na eze ka njọ dịka oke ọnwụ ụmụ ọhụrụ, oke ibu, ime afọ iri na ụma, mpụ na mkpọrọ. [14]

Mmetụta na ihe ngosi ọha mmadụ

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Na 2014, a kpọrọ Pickett na Wilkinson na Auckland na Dunedin ka ha kparịta mkpa nyocha ha na New Zealand. [16] Ha rụrụ ụka na ka enweghị ahaghị nhata na New Zealand na-eto eto, enweela mmụba dị ịrịba ama na ndị ntorobịa igbu onwe ha, [17] [18] ọ bụ ezie na n'ụzọ dị iche, data Ngalaba Ahụike na-adịbeghị anya na-egosi na ọnụ ọgụgụ igbu onwe onye nke afọ na-ebelata site na 19.5% site na. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke ọnwụ 15.1 n'ime 100,000 bi na 1998 ruo 12.2 ọnwụ n'ime 100,000 bi na 2012. [19] Mmụba nke ụlọ akụ nri mụbara nke ukwuu; [20] na ọnụ ọgụgụ ezinụlọ na ụmụaka bi na ịda ogbenye abawanyela. Agbanyeghị mpụ ndị kpatara mmerụ ahụ na ọnwụ ji 20% belata n'etiti 2012 na 2014, ebe mwakpo ahụ ji 3% belata n'otu oge ahụ. [21] N'otu oge ahụ, mmefu nlekọta ahụike abawanyela. N'afọ 2011, mmefu ahụike ruru 10% nke GDP, karịa nkezi OECD nke 9.3%. Dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ mba OECD, mmefu ahụike na New Zealand belatara post-GFC mana ọ ka ruru 3% n'ezie na 2010 na 2011 - dị elu karịa nkezi OECD. [22] na 2012 New Zealand nwere ndị dọkịta 2.7 n'ime mmadụ 1,000, na-abawanye site na 2.2 n'afọ 2000.

Enweghị ahaghị nhata akụ na ụba na New Zealand, tụrụ site na ọnụọgụ Gini, guzo na 0.34 dị ka nke June 2019. [23]

Na 2012, atụmanya ndụ mgbe a mụrụ na New Zealand guzoro na 81.5 afọ, ihe karịrị otu afọ dị elu karịa nkezi OECD nke afọ 80.2. [24]

Mmetụta na uto

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Na December 2014, OECD wepụtara Global Income Inequality Report nke kwuru na "[r] ising inequality a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ kwụsịrị ihe karịrị pasent 10 na ... New Zealand" n'etiti 1990 na 2010. [25] Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ achọpụtaghị ihe àmà na-egosi na atumatu redistribution, dị ka ụtụ isi na uru ọha na eze, na-emerụ ọganihu akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụrụhaala na e mere atụmatụ ndị a nke ọma, ezubere iche ma tinye ya n'ọrụ. [26] O kwubiri na "ilekwasị anya naanị na uto na iche na uru ya ga-adaba na mpaghara dị iche iche nke ndị mmadụ nwere ike imebi ọganihu n'ikpeazụ." [27]

Hụkwa

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  • Foodbank Canterbury
  • Enweghị ebe obibi na New Zealand

Edensibia

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arụ ụka na ahaghị nhata na-emebi onye ọ bụla n'ime ọha mmadụ, ọ bụghị naanị ndị ogbenye. Ha na-ekwu na mgbe ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọkwa dị elu na nke ala na-abawanye ụba, nke a na-ewepụ ntụkwasị obi na ọmịiko n'etitiarụ ụka na ahaghị nhata na-emebi onye ọ bụla n'ime ọha mmadụ, ọ bụghị naanị ndị ogbenye. [28] Ha na-ekwu na mgbe ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọkwa dị elu na nke ala na-abawanye ụba, nke a na-ewepụ ntụkwasị obi na ọmịiko n'etiti

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "NZ income gap at crisis level", Stuff.co.nz, 19 September 2013.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Paradise for a few", The New Zealand Herald, 22 June 2013."Paradise for a few". The New Zealand Herald. 22 June 2013.
  3. ↑ New Zealand Progress Indicators:Income inequality. Statistics New Zealand (August 2014). Retrieved on 22 December 2014.
  4. ↑ Brian Fallow: Wealth gap goes mainstream. The New Zealand Herald (24 October 2014).
  5. ↑ Child Poverty Monitor. Childpoverty.co.nz. Retrieved on 24 January 2018.
  6. ↑ NZ's child poverty rate one of highest. The New Zealand Herald (2 March 2005).
  7. ↑ Facts About Poverty in 2009. New Zealand Council of Christian Social Services. Archived from the original on 2022-01-19. Retrieved on 2024-04-02.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "One in four Kiwi children living in poverty", The Dominion Post, 9 December 2013."One in four Kiwi children living in poverty". The Dominion Post. 9 December 2013.
  9. ↑ Measuring child poverty in New Zealand: Issues and practicalities, Paper prepared for the Expert Advisory Group on Solutions to Child Poverty. Statistics New Zealand. Archived from the original on 2022-09-26. Retrieved on 2024-04-02.
  10. ↑ Data on Poverty in New Zealand. New Zealand Treasury. Archived from the original on 2015-01-13. Retrieved on 2018-01-24.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Kieran Madden. The Heart of Poverty. Maxim Institute.
  12. ↑ Solutions to Child Poverty in New Zealand: Evidence for Action. Occ.org.nz. Retrieved on 24 January 2018.
  13. ↑ Child Poverty Monitor. Childpoverty.nz. Retrieved on 24 January 2018.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 The equality debate: Inequality in NZ under spotlight. The New Zealand Herald (13 May 2014)."The equality debate: Inequality in NZ under spotlight". The New Zealand Herald. 13 May 2014.
  15. ↑ Paul Barber. The Spirit Level for New Zealand. “Closer Together” NZCCSS. Archived from the original on 2022-08-20. Retrieved on 2024-04-02.
  16. ↑ "'Spirit Level' authors to speak in Dunedin", Otago Daily Times, 23 May 2014.
  17. ↑ Wasserman (1 June 2005). "Global suicide rates among young people aged 15-19". World Psychiatry 4 (2): 114–20. PMID 16633527. 
  18. ↑ Joy (24 January 2018). "Rogernomics and Rupture: Huntly's Response to the Corporatisation of State Coal Mines in 1987.". Retrieved on 24 January 2018. 
  19. ↑ Suicide Facts: Deaths and intentional self-harm hospitalisations 2012. Health.govt.nz. Retrieved on 24 January 2018.
  20. ↑ Ballard (2003-10-14). "Inclusion, exclusion, poverty, racism and education: An outline of some present issues" (DOC). 
  21. ↑ Crime Statistics for calendar year ending 31 December 2014. Police.govt.nz. Retrieved on 24 January 2018.
  22. ↑ Health Expenditure Trends in New Zealand 2000–2010. Health.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved on 24 January 2018.
  23. ↑ Household income and housing-cost statistics: Year ended June 2019. Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved on 18 March 2020.
  24. ↑ Archived copy. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved on 2015-08-26.
  25. ↑ Federico Cingano (December 2014). OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 163 – Trends in Income Inequality and its Impact on Economic Growth. OECD. Retrieved on 11 December 2014.
  26. ↑ OECD income inequality gap widest in 30 years. TV3 News (9 December 2014). Archived from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved on 24 January 2018.
  27. ↑ "Income inequality stunts NZ growth – OECD", NZ Herald, The New Zealand Herald, 10 December 2014.
  28. ↑ Paul Barber. The Spirit Level for New Zealand. “Closer Together” NZCCSS. Archived from the original on 2022-08-20. Retrieved on 2024-04-02.

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