Lee ebe Ịda ogbenye na Poland si

[[Usòrò:Poverty_rates_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px| Ọnụọgụgụ ịda ogbenye (% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi) bi n'okpuru $4 (mgbanwe ikike ịzụrụ ihe) kwa ụbọchị na Central na Eastern Europe, 1992-2009 (afọ ndị na-efu efu ka etinyere n'usoro). Akara edo edo edochitere Poland.]]
Ịda ogbenye na Poland kwụsiri ike n'ime iri afọ gara aga, na-emetụta (dabere na nha) ihe dịka 6.5% nke mmadụ.  N'ime afọ iri gara aga, a na-enwe akara dị ala, n'ihi na n'ozuzu Polish ọha mmadụ na- àgwà na aku na uba na-anụ ụtọ otu n'ime ndị kasị elu na-eto eto na  Europe.  Enweela ịhụnanya ìhè na ndị ogbenye n'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga, site na mbelata nke ogbenye n'ime afọ ndị na-esote oge ndị ahụ.
[[Usòrò:02015_1769_Weihnachten_2015_in_Polen._Brot_für_Bedürftige.JPG|thumb|300x300px| Nkesa ogbe achịcha nye ndị ogbenye n'oge ekeresimesi na Poland (2015)]]

=== Tupu WWII ===
N'oge nke Polish Republic, mkpa ndị ogbenye e ji mara ndị ọrụ ugbo nke mba, bụ ndị na-agụ 70% nke ndị bi, a àjà na-akawanye njọ na ego mba n'obi .  GNP onye ọ àlà na 1929 dị ala ụfọdụ nke steeti Baltic gbara agbata obi, n'agbanyeghị, na 1937, dị elu ọzọ na Portugal ma ọ bụ Gris.  [1] Ọ bụ ebe na ọrụ ugbo dị elu n'ebembar Poland, ọ dị obere na nrịda na n'ebe ọkụ, n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ dị elu na obere ugbo.  Na mpaghara etiti, ndị na ndị ozi nke mba ahụ, nde mmadụ 6.5 ike igbo mkpa nri ha na-eri n'afọ 1934–1935.  N'afọ 1930-1931, ndị ọrụ ọrụ 54 nke obere ime ha afọ abụọ gara aga, otu onye kwuru na nri ya nwera bụ poteto na-esighị ike, na ọnụ ncha na- 54 nke obere obere ha abụọ gara  aga.  kpuchiri ha n'ụra, nakwa na otu ibé nchekwa bụ.  naanị maka oge iche.  Otu onye nlere anya anya ndị dị ka "nrọ nrọ nke mweda n'ala na ego ogbenye".  Ka ọ na-erule isi 1934, okporo ụzọ ime obodo nwewere akara ngosi ihe na 43% nke ọkwa 1928. A na-enyere ndị na-azụ àjà obodo aka site n'ịdaba ọnụ akara nri, mana ọrụ bịara dị ụkọ, na-  iwe  Iche ihe na 1932 na 58% nke ɔkwa mkpa mba n'obi, na akara ọrụ uzo 40% na 1932-1934

<ref name="JM-p47">Joseph Marcus, [https://books.google.com/books?id=82ncGA4GuN4C&dq=%22the+outstanding+role+played+by+Jewish+charity%22&pg=PA47 ''Social and political history of the Jews in Poland, 1919–1939''], (ibidem) page 47</ref>Ịda ogbenye dị ukwuu n'etiti ndị Juu Polish, bụ ndị nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke nhọrọ sitere n'okike na Europe ma na- ike inye ụmụ ha nri.  Mgbe Andre udo nke Riga, ọtụtụ ndị Juu pere mpe nke Polish Republic nke abụọ sonyeere ọtụtụ puku ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na-agbanarị pogroms na East.  Ihe ijuanya iri asaa na ise n'ime ha bi n'ime ime obodo, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị inyom, amụma na ndị agadi nkezi.  [1] Poland nọ na-adogo na ihe ike nke mmegbu akụ na mụrụ na-emebi emebi site na ndị nkebi na mmachi azụmahịa ha na-esote (lee kwa: agha omenala German-Polish ).  Ohere ọrụ adị adị adị adị nke Poland n'etiti 1930s - ọ bụ na ego onye Juu n'otu n'otu n'etiti ndị na-arụ ọrụ ọrụ 40% dị elu na 1929 ụfọdụ nke ndị Poland na- ndị Juu  .  [2] [3] [4] [5] Ezin ihe ndị dara ogbenye na-adabere na ọrụ ndị Juu dị n'ahụ, bụ nke ruru n'ókè nke ụwa na-enwe ike ụdị ya na 1929, na-enye ọrụ  dị ka ndịrechi, ngwaọrụ, ngwaọrụ na ọrụ ndị ọzọ ego 200 nde zlotys kwa afọ.

=== Oge ndị Kọmunist ===
N'okpuruokpuru Kọmunist steeti enyemaka ọrụ, ego na-eme ka atumatu na nke aka na ike, nri na ụlọ nyere aka ụmụaka ogbenye ma mee ka ọ ghara ịhụ ya anya.  Ego ndị ọrụ n'ime ime obodo na-adabakarị nke ndị ogbo ha n'obodo mepere emepe, na ndị ogbenye na-emetụta buru ibu bi n'ime ime obodo nwewere ikike buru ibu;  mana o metụrụ bi n'obodo ahụ aka: ndị ọrụ na-ndị nkà, ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ ezumike nka, ndị na-alụ ọhụrụ di na ndị nwere ikike, nwera ikike nne ma ọ bụ nna, ikike na mpụ.  , na ndị dị na nri na-eto eto nwere isi na-amalite ndụ onwe ha.  Arụ ọrụ n'ahụ dị ka ọrịa siri ike, owu onye agadi, mmegbu na-emebiga ókè na nri nri ya na ihe omume dị egwu na ndụ ndị mmadụ.  Ndị bi na ndị ogbenye na-enwe ike ụlọ na-ahụ mma, akara ike ịhụ site na ụlọ ọrụ, elele dị ala;  mgbe ụfọdụ ha na-aghọ mpụ na akụkọbiga ókè.

Ịda ogbenye mgbe ụfọdụ na-adị omimi nke ukwuu, na-adịru obere ihe oriri; nke a bụụrụ ndị na-alụbeghị di, ndị agadi na ndị nwere nkwarụ; oge ndị ọzọ, ọ na-ele mmadụ anya n'ihu, ọ dịghị emetụta ndụ ndị mmadụ dum. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enweghị ezigbo ebe obibi nwere ike imetụta ego ezinụlọ. Nzaghachi kachasị na nsogbu ego bụ ịnweta ọrụ ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụ nke iwu ma ọ bụ nke nkịtị, nke iwu kwadoro ma ọ bụ iwu na-akwadoghị. Otu ihe ọhụrụ bụ ichere n'ahịrị n'aha onye ọzọ, maka ego. Omume ndị dị otú ahụ pụtara na ụkọ oge na-abịakarị na ịda ogbenye. Ka ndị mmadụ malitere imekwu ihe n’ụlọ iji chekwaa ma ọ bụ nweta ego (ịmepụta nri na uwe, ịrụzi ụlọ, eserese ụlọ), nrụgide oge mebiri ndụ ezinụlọ, nke mere na enweghị oge ntụrụndụ bụ ihe na-agbasa nke ukwuu n’etiti ezinụlọ dara ogbenye. 

N'otu oge ahụ, steeti ahụ na-eleghara nsogbu ahụ anya: ọrụ 1983 na-ekwu na enyemaka mmadụ mezuru 14% nke mkpa ndị ogbenye. Ụlọ ọrụ enweghị mmasị nke ukwuu n'ime ka ndụ ndị mmadụ ka mma, ebe ndị ogbenye amachaghị ihe ruuru ha. Echiche ndị ọchịchị hụrụ ịda ogbenye dị ka ihe dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ihe omume ndụ na-adịghị ahụkebe na-akpata, kama ịbụ akụkụ ndụ a na-emebu. N'afọ ndị 1980, ka ịda mbà n'obi akụ na ụba na ụkọ akụ na ụba na-ejide, ịda ogbenye gbanwere site n'imekpa ndị a na-ekewaghị ekewa na ndị na-adịghị mma, gụnyere ndị dị njikere ma nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ. 

E nwere ike dị iche iche nke ego ogbenye na Poland na ndị Kọmunist.  N'iji opekempe opekempe dị ka ihe atụ, a na-ehota ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a: 20% na njedebe nke 1960s;  28%, ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ, na 1975 (atụmatụ, ị chọrọ);  ihe dịka 30% na njedebe nke 1980s;  14.2% na 1981, 27.2% na 1983, 25.3% na 1987 na 16.3% na 1989, dị ka World Bank .  Otu onye na-eme mgbaàmà na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ogbenye mụbara site na nde 3.3 na 1978 ruo nde 8.6 na 1987. Site na ejedebe siri ike nke ogbenye, ọnụ ọgụgụ maka njedebe nke 1980s 5-7%, 6% na 5  -10%.

Ọkakà nsogbu na eze Poland na-ekiri ndị ogbenye ihe ezi uche nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị na-eme prejuokarịrị na eze n'ebe ahụ.  Ndị ọrụ egwuregwu nke mbụ, dị ka Institute of Social Economy na Warsaw School of Economics, ,yọcha ụkọ ogbenye, ngwá ọrụ na mbu na-ebu interwar.  E nso data ngụkọ na ihe gbasara fu ego, ihe nke onwe ya na ihe gbasara onwe ya depụtara ogbenye.  Ọbịbịa nke ndị Kọmunist ụkpụrụ omenala nchọcha a;  Agha ogbenye okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ, ihe ezi ụzọ, agha ndị na echiche.  Achụpụrụ ya dị ka ihe ike n'ịgara aga ma ọ bụ ihe sitere na ihe isi ike ịkwụsị;  fur na ndị ogbenye ka e ji euphemisms dị ka "Sphere deficiency" ma ọ bụ "otu ndị na-enye ego".  Akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ndị na-eso tupu 1989 ejighi okwu a bụ "ụbịam", ebe nleghara anya ọiche echiche ike ịhụ na akara atumatu ma ọ bụ iwu ya.  Amụma nwere oke, na nchebe mkpa na-ewere ọnọdụ n'oge mmeghe nke ikwu: oge mgbe Polish October, 1970s, na 1980-81.  E nyere ọtụtụ ọkụ ihe dị mkpa n'agbanyeghị echiche a na-enwe, mana amachibido akwụkwọ ha ma ọ bụ machibido ya iwu.

=== Oge mmalite nke ọchịchị Kọmunist ===
A na-eme ememe na Poland akara gọọ site na ndị Kọmunist gaa na akụ na nyere nke onye isi obodo na ihe dịka 20% nke ndị bi na ya dara ogbenye.  Ịda ogbenye na Poland bilitere obere oge n'ime oge 1990-1992 ma na-belụsọ nke ukwuu;  Otú ọ dị, ọ bilitere ọzọ n'ọgwụgwụ 1990s, na-eso mbelata nke uto akụ na mmetụta.  N'ime afọ 1994-2001, ahịrị ego ogbenye nke onwe ya kwụsiri ike n'ihe dịka 33%;  na ahịrị ogbenye ikwu ( , ego ogbenye ) bilitere site na 13.5% ruo 17%.  Ogbenye zuru oke - dị ka Bank World isiokwu, isiokwu nke ndị bi na-ebi na ihe na- ụmụaka $ 4.30 kwa ụbọchị - na oge 1997-1999 ozi 8.4% nke ndị Poland.  Atụmatụ sitere na isi ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ iche, iche.  Dị ka Brzeziński (2011), na afọ 1998-2003 zuru oke ego ogbenye na Poland ebiliwo site 8%, na-eru (dị ka Central Statistical Office (GUS) akwụkwọ) 18.1% na 2005, na idobe na 10.6% na 2008  ;  Ntụle ọzọ na-egosi na n'ime oge 2005-2008 ndị ogbenye zuru oke dara site na 12.3% ruo 5.6%.  Brzeziński (2011) na-ekwu na ịrị elu ọ ALA na-enye ogbenye n'ime oge 1998-2005 ụmụaka ogbenye na afọ 2005-2008
[[File:Poverty_in_Poland.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|380x380px| Ọnụ ọgụgụ isi nke ịda ogbenye dị ka ọrụ nke ahịrị ịda ogbenye. Eserese ndị ahụ na-egosi na n'agbanyeghị oke ịda ogbenye a họọrọ, ịda ogbenye na Poland mụbara site na 1992 ruo 1998, nọgidere na-adịgide ruo 2006 wee daa site na 2006 ruo 2009.]]
Dị ka akwụkwọ ndị Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS) 2011 si kwuo, kwuru ogbenye na Poland na-belebe n'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga, gbadara ihe dịka 6.5% na 2011. Otú ọ dị, ahụ na-ekwu na  nke a na- ihi n'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ ala nke ndị ogbenye na Poland agbanwe agbanwe 2006, si otú a na- sị onu oriri .  Ọ bụrụ na e depụtara ahịrị ogbenye na onu oriri, mere ahụ mere na 11.4% nke Polish ga-adị n'okpuru ya.  E mere mkpa oke ogbenye na 16.7%.  Pasent nke ndị na-anata ihe na- ndị ọrụ ọrụ ndụ bụ 6.7%.  Ịda ogbenye betala ma e jiri ya see ndị 2005, nke kọpụtara ma ahịrị ogbenye na oke ego ogbenye na 18.1%, yana yana isiokwu nke ndị bi na-enweta ihe na-enye ọrụ ndụ na 12.3%.  Na 2003, ihe dị ka njọ 23 nke isiokwu na ha bi n'okpuru ogbenye (na- ngwá na ike ego ha na-enweta dị ka njọ ezu maka mkpa ndị bụ isi).

<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rynekzdrowia.pl/Polityka-zdrowotna/PiS-wygrywa-koniec-NFZ-system-budzetowy-i-siec-szpitali,156173,14.html|title=PiS wygrywa: koniec NFZ, system budżetowy i sieć szpitali? - Polityka zdrowotna|publisher=www.rynekzdrowia.pl}}</ref>Ihe omume 500+ na-enweta nkwado zuru oke na ọha mmadụ yana na 2019 PiS njikọla ntozu ma tinyekwuo iji mmemme nkwado ogbenye.  Nke a na-agụ nka dị mfe ama site site n'aka ndị isi mmegide na-emesapụ aka Platforma Obywatelska, na ụfọdụ mgbasa ozi mba ụwa, dị ka ụzọ ụzọ votu na dị ka populist, liberal agenda.  [1] [2] [3] [4] PiS na-akwado steeti nyere ụkpụrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ.

== Ndakpọ ihe owuwu ==
A kọwawo ogbenye na Poland dị ka "nke na-emighị emi", na-ezo aka n'eziokwu na ndị ogbenye ole na ole na-ebi ndụ dị ukwuu n'okpuru ego ogbenye (dị ka Bank World ego);  A na-eme ihe na ihe ize ndụ nke ogbenye na Poland bụ 21%.

N'ihe gbasara ala, ndị ogbenye obere elu nke a kọrọ na Warmia-Mazury.  Voivodeship, Podlaskie Voivodeship, Lubelskie Voivodeship na Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (lee anya).  Ọzọkwa: Poland A na B ).

Ụbịam kacha ewute maka ezinụlọ ndị nwere enweghị ọrụ, nkwarụ na ndị nwere ọtụtụ ụmụaka.  O yikarịrị ka ịda ogbenye ga-emetụta ndị na-eto eto karịa ndị agadi, bụ ndị na-adịchaghị mma n'ihi usoro ezumike nka na-emesapụ aka.    N'ihi ya, ịda ogbenye na Poland yiri nke ahụ, n'ihe gbasara nhazi, na nke a na-ahụ n'ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ dị na Europe.  Beblo et al. (2002) rịba ama na ọ bụ enweghị ọrụ na-akpata ịda ogbenye na Poland, enyemaka ezughị ezu nye ezinụlọ nwere ọtụtụ ụmụaka ma ọ bụ ndị si n'otu ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ, na enweghị ego na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo.  Brzeziński (2011) na-ekwu na ịrị elu nke ịda ogbenye na mbubreyo 1990s na mmalite 2000s nwere ike ịsị na stagnant ụgwọ ọrụ na ụgwọ ezumike nká, na-eto eto enweghị ọrụ, na ụdi ọdịda, ka akụ na ụba na ọdịmma atumatu. 
{| style="font-size:95%;"
| style="text-align:center;" |'''Ndị bi n'okpuru 1.90 na<br /><br /><br /><br />'''<nowiki></br></nowiki> '''3.20 dollar ( PPP ) kwa ụbọchị (%)<br /><br /><br /><br />'''<nowiki></br></nowiki> '''(Ụdị ịda ogbenye mba ụwa)'''
| width="10" |
| style="text-align:center;" | '''Ndị bi n'okpuru ịda ogbenye mba (%)''' 
|- valign="top"
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align: right"
! Obodo
! < $1.90 
! < $3.20 
! Afọ
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |</img> Poland
| 0.02
| 0.03
| 2017 
|}
|
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align: right"
! Obodo
! data-sort-type="number" | [[World Bank|Ụwa<br /><br /><br /><br />]]<nowiki></br></nowiki> [[World Bank|Ụlọ akụ]] 
! Afọ
! data-sort-type="number" style="background: #ddd" | CIA 
! style="background: #ddd" | Afọ
! Ndị ọzọ
! Afọ
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |</img> Poland
| 10.6
| 2008
| 17
| 2003&nbsp;<small>est.</small> || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}}
|}
|}
ụdị nkọwa Kọmunist na Poland na 1990, ahaghị nhata ego ihila nke ukwuu.  Ihe eserese nke a bụ nọmba na-arrị elu na n'ókè nke nta, ego ogbenye.  Rutkowski (1998) na-ekwu na "ndị na-enweta site na iwu ego dị iche iche ndị na-efunahụ.  Ndị nwetara nke ọma bụ ndị akwụkwọ akwụkwọ nke ọma, ndị na-arụ ọrụ ọcha na ndị ọchụnta ego.  N'ozuzu, ezi na-adabere na steeti tupu ekiri ahụ, na-egosi na uru ọrụ bụ ihe kacha mkpa n'ibelata ahaghị nhata.

=== Ahaghị nhata ego na Poland - ọkwa mba ụwa ===
'''UN''' : Data sitere na mmemme mmepe United Nations .<nowiki></br></nowiki> '''CIA''' : Data sitere na Central Intelligence Agency 's World Factbook .<nowiki></br></nowiki> '''GPI''' : Data sitere na Global Peace Index .

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==

* (in Polish and English) [http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/5840_4171_PLK_HTML.htm Dochody i warunki życia ludności Polski (raport z badania EU-SILC 2011)] (Incomes and Living Conditions of Population in Poland 2011)
* {{Cite book|editor=Arno Heimgartner|author=Lucjana Mis|chapter=Evaluation Research on the Conditions of Poverty and Unemployment in Poland - Critical Analysis|title=Face of Research on European Social Development: Community Work, Civil Society and Professionalisation of Social Work ; [proceedings of the Inter-University Consortium for International Social Development (IUCISD) European Branch Conference 2004 in Graz]|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ub0ZRTEHfoYC&pg=PA213|accessdate=7 March 2013|date=15 August 2006|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-8984-5|pages=213–228}}
* {{Cite book|author=Monika Popow|title=Oblicza biedy we współczesnej Polsce|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nui8DR63AmgC&pg=PA347|accessdate=3 March 2013|year=2011|publisher=DKN Na Styku|isbn=978-83-933742-0-5}}
* [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPA/0,,contentMDK:20205276~menuPK:435735~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:430367,00.html Poverty in Poland], World Bank 1993 analysis
* [http://www.wbj.pl/article-62036-poland-successful-in-fighting-poverty.html Poland successful in fighting poverty], Warsaw Business Journal, 28 February 2013
* Adam Szulc, [http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/conferences/documents/34th_ceies_seminar_documents/34th%20CEIES%20Seminar/4.5%20A.%20SZULC%20FINAL%205%20OCT%20EN.PDF THE MANY DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY IN POLAND: ARE THE RESULTS ROBUST?]
* [https://archive.today/20130407215257/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-05-06/pockets-of-poverty-in-polandbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice Pockets of Poverty in Poland], businessweek, 2008
* Elżbieta Tarkowska, 2005, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030342/http://www.english.pan.pl/images/stories/pliki/publikacje/academia/2005/08/tarkowska.pdf Polish Poverty]''
* ''4.5 Wiejskie ubóstwo'' [Rural poverty], in: ''Chapter 4: Warunki bytu ludności wiejskiej, Raport o rozwoju społecznym  - Polska 2000. Rozwój obszarów wiejskich'' [National Human Development Report. Poland 2000. Rural Development], Warszawa: UNDP {{Cite web|url=http://www.unic.un.org.pl/nhdr/2000/RAPORT10.PDF|work=www.unic.un.org.pl|accessdate=2023-09-11|title=Warunki bytu ludnoœci wiejskiej|language=pl}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">''www.unic.un.org.pl'' (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></cite><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)]] , p.&nbsp;52-57, including Elżbieta Tarkowska, 2000, ''Bieda "popegeerowska"'' [Post-PGR poverty] on p.&nbsp;53 and Elżbieta Tarkowska, 2000, ''Bieda wiejskich dzieci'' [Poverty of rural children], on p.&nbsp;56
* Małgorzata Dziubińska – Michalewicz, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20050131085207/http://biurose.sejm.gov.pl/teksty_pdf_04/r-220.pdf Unemployment and poverty in former State Agricultural Farms]''
[[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]]