Ọkụ nke Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia nke afọ 2006

2006 Southeast Asian haze bụ ihe omume mmetọ ikuku nke na-aga n'ihu, ọkụ na-enweghị nchịkwa site na "slash and burn" cultivation na Indonesia, nke metụtara ọtụtụ mba na mpaghara ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia na karịa, gụnyere Malaysia, Singapore, ndịda Thailand, na n'ébé dị ányá dị ka Saipan; mmetụta nke haze nwèrè ike ịgbasa na South Korea.^[1]^[2] Ébé ndị na-emetọ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na mpaghara, n'amaghị ama, nyèrè aka n'ịbawanye nsị ikuku (karịsịa n'ebe ndị emetọlarị); ọkachasị ébé ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ gụnyere obodo ndị dị nso na ụlọ ọrụ akwa, ụlọ ọrụ fatịlaịza, ụlọ ọrụ na-etinye anụ, ugbo mmiri ara ehi, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ. Ọnọdụ ikuku dị ala, n'ozuzu, màkà ndị bi n'obodo ndị mmadụ jupụtara. N'ime obodo ukwu na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke Klang Valley nke Malaysia, ọkachasị, ala dị elu gbàrà ya gburu-gburu rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-ejigide ikuku na-emetọ emetọ, na-eme ka ọnọdụ ahụ ka anwụrụ ọkụ na-abanye.

Enwekwara njikọ na El Niño.^[3] El Niño-Southern Oscillation mere ka anwụrụ ọkụ ahụ ka njọ karịa n'ogè gara aga nke mere ka ógè mmiri ozuzo nke afọ ahụ na-egbu ógè. Ọkụ na Kalimantan na-emepụta anwụrụ ọkụ buru ibu, na-ere ọkụ ogologo ógè ma sie ike ịgbanyụ n'ihi na ha dị n'ala peat, ma ozugbo ọkụ gbara, ọkụ nwèrè ike ịgba ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma wepụta gas na-emepụta sulphuric acid.^[4]

Ọnọdụ ikuku gafee mpaghara ahụ yiri ka ọ ga-akawanye mmá na ngwụcha ọnwa Ọktọba ka nnukwu mmiri ozuzo na-eme ka ọkụ na-ere n'Indonesia.

Mba ndị metụtara

Brunei

Brunei, sultanate nwèrè onwé yá nke steeti Sarawak nke East Malaysia gbara gburugburu na Borneo, enweela mmetụta nke anwụrụ ọkụ sitere na Kalimantan. Mmiri ozuzo wetara enyemaka, n'ubochi asatọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, Pollutant Standards Index adaala na irí anọ na isií, nke dị n'ime "ezi". E nwèrè obere ógè nke ihu igwe doro anya n'ime izu mbụ nke Hari Raya, na-esote ógè mmiri ozuzo. Mànà anwụrụ ọkụ laghachiri na irí atọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọktoba, na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Màkà Gburu-gburu Ébé Obibi, Ogige Ntụrụndụ na Ntụrụndaka na-edekọ PSI nke 49.^[5]

Indonesia

Ọkụ ahụ bịdoro na Kalimantan, akụkụ Indonesia nke Borneo, na Sumatra, ébé ndị ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-arụzi ọrụ na agroforestry iji kpochapụ ala iji kọọ osisi ma ọ bụ ihe ọkụkụ ahịa tupu ógè uto. Foto Satellite e weghaara Borneo n'ubochi anọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba kpughere ihe na-erughị 561 "ebe ọkụ" ebe a gbanyere ọkụ.

N'ihu gburu-gburu ébé obibi, ọkụ bibiri 1 km2 nké Ogige Ntụrụndụ Tesso Nilo na Riau Province.^[6] Na Tanjung Puting National Park na Central Kalimantan, anwụrụ ọkụ ahụ metụtara orangutan n'ụzọ dị njọ.^[6]

Malaysia

Mmetụta nke alụlụ bidoro na mbido Julaị ma metụta steeti ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Malaysia nke ukwuu.^[7] Otú ọ dị, anwụrụ ọkụ ahụ ewepụla nke ukwuu na Peninsular Malaysia site n'ubochi irí abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2006 n'ihi mbata nke ógè mmiri ozuzo. Mmiri ozuzo ahụ belatara ọnụ ọgụgụ ébé ndị ọkụ na Sumatra na Malay Peninsula. N'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2006, akwụkwọ akụkọ The Star kọrọ na Kuala Lumpur agaghị enwe anwụrụ ọkụ n'ogè ụbọchị nnwere onwe. N'ime mgbede tupu etiti abalị n'ubochi irí atọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2006, e dekọrọ ọhụụ na Ndagwurugwu Klang dị ezigbo mma.

Ndepụta mmetọ ikuku

Mpaghara azụmahịa nke Kuala Lumpur na mgbede nke 29 Septemba 2006. A naghị ahụ Menara Kuala Lumpur anya. Nkezi API maka ụbọchị ahụ dị n'etiti 70 na 80.

Faịlụ:HazeKualaLumpurParliamentHafiz.jpg

Na-eleba anya n'ogige ọdọ mmiri Perdana na Kuala Lumpur n'etiti ehihie nke 16 Ọktoba 2006. API na-agụ 76 na 11 AM. N'ụbọchị ihu igwe gbachapụrụ agbachapụ, a ga-ahụ ụlọ omebe iwu na ihe ncheta mba ahụ na mbara igwe.

Faịlụ:PartlyhazyKualaLumpurParliamentHafiz.jpg

Ihe yiri nke ahụ e sere n'ụtụtụ nke November 2, 2006. Rịba ama na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu, Tugu Negara na ugwu.

Daily average API readings in October 2006^[8]
Date	George Town	Kuala Lumpur	Malacca Town	Johor Bahru	Kuantan	Kuching
1	38	27	26	50	53	93
2	28	38	46	48	46	112
3	50	38	57	82	52	125
4	60	82	91	66	78	179
5	68	93	103	69	86	163
6	61	101	96	108	80	136
7	81	101	94	157	100	Unavailable
8	63	68	124	134	139	78
9	63	157	98	66	88	78
10	28	90	84	77	84	72
11	26	70	134	94	78	71
12	27	64	170	99	71	80
13	49	79	69	71	72	80
14	63	93	85	89	80	81
15	69	85	90	132	98	78
16	62	78	110	114	108	61
17	60	97	112	129	110	68
18	60	106	90	124	87	68
19	57	100	84	105	75	70
20	57	87	91	128	69	63
21	41	75	82	109	66	75
22	37	79	76	95	60	70
23	34	80	73	95	65	66
24	41	76	74	87	61	53
25	47	43	26	55	42	32
26	31	36	37	49	41	33
27	24	28	34	43	52	35
28	28	49	52	57	46	53
29	26	39	60	60	48	49
30	28	42	42	60	51	51
31	24	50	52	72	53	78

Singapore

Ọ bụ ezie na anwụrụ ọkụ ahụ hapụrụ Singapore n'ụzọ dị ukwuu site na ịgụ akwụkwọ irí abụọ na anọ nke Pollutant Standards Index n'ime ụbọchị "Good" maka ụbọchị iri na ise na Septemba na ndị ọzọ na "Moderate" na-adịghị elu karịa ọgụgụ nke iri isii na isii, mmetụta ya na-emerụ ahụ bịara dịkwuo n'ọnwa Ọktoba.^[9]

PSI n'ubochi irí na asaa n'ọnwa Ọktoba ji nwayọọ nwayọọ mụbaa site na nke dị nro n'ụtụtụ iji banye n'ime nke na-adịghị mma n'elekere anọ nke ehihie, ruo 106, tupu ọ laghachi azụ na otu narị na nke dị mma n'etiti elekere iri nke ehihie.^[10]^[11] A na-atụ ányà na ọnọdụ gbara ọchịchịrị ga-anọgide.^[10]

N'isi ụtụtụ niile n'ụbọchị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, PSI nọgidere na 90s, tupu ha eruo 103 n'elekere asatọ nke ụtụtụ.^[12] Nke a dabara na iri asaá na anọ site na elekere asaa nke ehihie, ọ bụ ezie na PSI nọgidere na 90s n'ehihie.^[13] Ọ bụ ezie na mmiri ozuzo dara n'ébé ụfọdụ, nke a ezughị "ime ka ọnọdụ alụlụ dị mfe". NEA kwuru na égbè eluigwe ga-eme na ngwụsị izu, mana ifufe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ ga-anọgide na-achịkwa.^[14] PSI nke awa iri abụọ na anọ n'ubochi irí abụọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba ruru ébé na-adịghị mma na 102.^[9]

Ọtụtụ ndị Singaporean "fitness buffs" mekwara njem n'ime ụlọ. Klọb ahụike kọrọ mmụba na ntụgharị nà ntinye, na-eji ụlọ mmega ahụ karịa ihe omume n'èzí. Ndị na-arị ugwu nwekwara mmetụta, wee bido ịkwaga ihe omume n'ime ụlọ kama.^[15]

Dị ka ndị na-ahụ màkà akụ na ụba si kwuo, Singapore tara ahụhụ US $ 50 nde akụ na ụba n'ihi mmalite nke alụlụ n'afọ 2006.^[16]

Nnyocha PSI

24-hour PSI readings in October 2006^[17]
Date	North	South	East	West	Central	Overall
1	40	41	38	34	37	41
2	70	73	71	68	70	73
3	55	62	54	61	58	62
4	39	51	39	52	41	52
5	49	53	41	54	45	54
6	56	65	55	80	57	80
7	117	128	101	122	112	128
8	73	86	71	109	80	109
9	49	52	50	52	52	52
10	59	56	57	59	55	59
11	67	64	60	71	70	71
12	65	63	60	71	66	71
13	50	46	43	54	47	54
14	63	57	58	72	57	72
15	92	89	93	93	88	93
16	89	94	91	98	92	98
17	85	80	86	92	84	92
18	84	78	75	92	79	92
19	76	71	73	81	72	81
20	97	98	96	102	96	102
21	75	79	75	81	81	81
22	73	71	67	74	73	74
23	74	81	79	77	80	81
24	52	46	45	58	51	58
25	38	33	33	44	38	44
26	31	29	32	38	36	38
27	29	22	24	31	28	31
28	39	38	38	46	42	46
29	52	45	37	52	50	52
30	52	50	50	53	51	53
31	55	51	48	56	53	56
Avg	62.7	62.9	59.3	68.6	62.6	69.4

Thailand

N'ọnwa Julaị, mpaghara ndịda Thailand nke Pattani na Satun nwèrè anwụrụ ọkụ na-aga n'ihu na-aga, na ọkwa nkè mmetọ na Satun dị elu iji bụrụ ihe ize ndụ ahụike.^[18] N'ozuzu, anwụrụ ọkụ ahụ metụtara mpaghara asaa n'ọnwa Julaị na Ọgọst.

Nzukọ Ndị Minista ASEAN na Mmetọ Haze Transboundary

Malaysia na Singapore katọrọ ụzọ Indonesia si emeso okwu ahụ. Ha abụọ gbàrà ndị nke ikpeazụ ume ka ha kwado nkwekọrịta ASEAN na Transboundary Haze Pollution. Minista na-ahụ màkà gburu-gburu ébé obibi na Malaysia bụ Azmi Khalid kwùrù na "Nkwụsị bụ obere okwu", nke e zigara Indonesia. E nwekwara ngagharị iwe n'ihu ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya Indonesia na Kuala Lumpur, nke ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mpaghara haziri. Praịm Minista Singapore Lee Hsien Loong gosipụtara mmechuihu n'ébé Indonesia nọ n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbè be Azmi Khalid kwupụtara echiche ya n'ihu ọha.^[19] N'ịzaghachi akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, Ónyé isi ala Indonesia rịọrọ mgbaghara màkà anwụrụ ọkụ mpaghara.^[20] Indonesia ekwuola na mbụ na ọ nweghị ihe onwunwe iji lụso ọkụ ahụ ọgụ nke ọma.

Singapore tụrụ aro mkparịta ụka mpaghara na alụlụ, nke a ga-eme na Singapore. Otú ọ dị, Indonesia rịọrọ ka e nwee mkparịta ụka dị otú ahụ na Pekan Baru, Kalimantan kama. E kwetara arịrịọ ahụ ma nwee mkparịta ụka n'ubochi irí na atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2006. Na nzukọ ahụ, Malaysia tụrụ aro ka e guzobe ego mpaghara iji nyéré ákà lụso ọdachi gburugburu ébé obibi ọgụ.

Site na mbata nke ógè oyi nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ n'ọnwa Disemba, nsogbu alụlụ kwụsịrị n'ụzọ dị irè n'afọ 2006.

Hụkwa

1997 Anwụrụ ọkụ nke Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia
2005 Malaysian anwụrụ ọkụ
2013 Ọkụ Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia
2015 Ọkụ nke Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia
Nkọwa nke ịdị mma nke ikuku
Haze
Ndepụta ụkpụrụ mmetọ
Ọkụ na ọkụ
Igwe ojii na-acha nchara nchara nke Eshia

Ihe osise

Edensibia

↑ "Indon haze spreads to NMI", saipantribune.com. Retrieved on 8 October 2006.
↑ NASA (13 October 2006). Haze over Korea. Archived from the original on 3 August 2007. Retrieved on 30 October 2006.
↑ "NASA Data Links Indonesian Wildfire Flare-Up to Recent El Nino". Retrieved on 3 January 2007.
↑ Ghosh, Arijit. 31 October 2006. Fires leave Indonesia's neighbours fuming – Business – Business – theage.com.au, Bloomberg via The Age. Retrieved 1 November 2006.
↑ Department of Environment, Parks and Recreation PSI reading . Retrieved 1 November 2006.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Tan, Tania. "Unhealthy air may last for a few weeks", Straits Times, Singapore Press Holdings, 17 October 2006, p. 1.
↑ The __earthinc. Of possible return of haze 4 July 2006.
↑ Department of Environment Malaysia (2016-04-27). Retrieved on 2016-05-11.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 PSI Reading for Singapore. Singapore National Environment Agency. Archived from the original on 23 October 2006. Retrieved on 14 October 2006.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Hazy conditions expected to persist on Wednesday. Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 2 November 2006. Retrieved on 17 October 2006.
↑ Tan, Tania. "7 prime-time hours of bad air in Singapore", Straits Times, Singapore Press Holdings, 18 October 2006, p. 5.
↑ Tan, Tania. "Late rains mean haze may stay till end-Nov", Straits Times, Singapore Press Holdings, 21 October 2006, p. 1.
↑ "Morning rain brings no reprieve", Straits Times, Singapore Press Holdings, 21 October 2006, p. 9.
↑ Haze Update 20 Oct 2006. National Environment Agency. Archived from the original on 11 June 2007. Retrieved on 20 October 2006.
↑ Fitness buffs heading indoors to exercise to beat the haze. Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved on 21 October 2006.
↑ Economic loss estimated at US$50 m since the start of the haze. Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 22 October 2006. Retrieved on 14 October 2006.
↑ PSI Reading for Singapore. app.nea.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 6 October 2006.
↑ Indonesia smog covers two provinces. bangkokpost.com. Retrieved on 8 October 2006.
↑ Channel News Asia. Singapore expresses disappointment over haze to Indonesia. 11 October 2006.
↑ Bloomberg. Indonesia Apologizes to Its Neighbors for Smoke Haze. 11 October 2006

Njikọ mpụga

K[1] Ihe osise kachasị ọhụrụ nke ebe anwụrụ ọkụ metụtara n'ógbè ahụ
[2] Map hotspot kachasị ọhụrụ
National Environment Agency - online forms Nnyocha PSI ugbu a na Singapore
Haze alert Akụkọ na Channel NewsAsia

[1] "Indon haze spreads to NMI", saipantribune.com. Retrieved on 8 October 2006.

[2] NASA (13 October 2006). Haze over Korea. Archived from the original on 3 August 2007. Retrieved on 30 October 2006.

[3] "NASA Data Links Indonesian Wildfire Flare-Up to Recent El Nino". Retrieved on 3 January 2007.

[4] Ghosh, Arijit. 31 October 2006. Fires leave Indonesia's neighbours fuming – Business – Business – theage.com.au, Bloomberg via The Age. Retrieved 1 November 2006.

[5] Department of Environment, Parks and Recreation PSI reading . Retrieved 1 November 2006.

[delay-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Tan, Tania. "Unhealthy air may last for a few weeks", Straits Times, Singapore Press Holdings, 17 October 2006, p. 1.

[7] The __earthinc. Of possible return of haze 4 July 2006.

[autogenerated1-8] Department of Environment Malaysia (2016-04-27). Retrieved on 2016-05-11.

[PSI-9] 9.0 ^9.1 PSI Reading for Singapore. Singapore National Environment Agency. Archived from the original on 23 October 2006. Retrieved on 14 October 2006.

[persist-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Hazy conditions expected to persist on Wednesday. Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 2 November 2006. Retrieved on 17 October 2006.

[11] Tan, Tania. "7 prime-time hours of bad air in Singapore", Straits Times, Singapore Press Holdings, 18 October 2006, p. 5.

[more_delay-12] Tan, Tania. "Late rains mean haze may stay till end-Nov", Straits Times, Singapore Press Holdings, 21 October 2006, p. 1.

[13] "Morning rain brings no reprieve", Straits Times, Singapore Press Holdings, 21 October 2006, p. 9.

[14] Haze Update 20 Oct 2006. National Environment Agency. Archived from the original on 11 June 2007. Retrieved on 20 October 2006.

[15] Fitness buffs heading indoors to exercise to beat the haze. Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved on 21 October 2006.

[16] Economic loss estimated at US$50 m since the start of the haze. Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 22 October 2006. Retrieved on 14 October 2006.

[17] PSI Reading for Singapore. app.nea.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 6 October 2006.

[18] Indonesia smog covers two provinces. bangkokpost.com. Retrieved on 8 October 2006.

[19] Channel News Asia. Singapore expresses disappointment over haze to Indonesia. 11 October 2006.

[20] Bloomberg. Indonesia Apologizes to Its Neighbors for Smoke Haze. 11 October 2006

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