Adịghị ike mgbanwe ihu igwe

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.Ego mba ụwa n'otu n'otu n'otu: Mba ndị na-akpata obere ego na-enwe mmasị dị elu maka ike ihu igwe.

[1] : 12 Mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe (ma ọ bụ , ike ihu igwe ma ọ bụ ike ike ihu igwe ) bụ echiche na-ahụ otú ike ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike isi isi na-eche ihu igwe.  A kọwapụtara dị ka "mịrị ihu igwe ga - emetụta ya ma ọ bụ ihe na-emetụta ya."  Ọ nwere ike na- ụmụ mmadụ nakwa na usoro (ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi ).  [1] : 12 Echiche ndị na-egosi ya ọkụ ihu igwe na ikike, ma ọ bụ akara ya, iji nagide na imeghari .  [1]: 5 Ihe ihe bụ ihe nke ihe egwu ihu igwe .  Ọdịmma dị iche iche n'ime obodo na n'ofe obodo, mpaghara, na mba, ma nwee ike ibu ma ọ bụ ibelata ka oge na-aga.

[1] Ọdịmma nke ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi mgbochi ike ihu igwe na-ebute ụfọdụ usoro na-adịghị agwụ agwụ dị ka "oké osimiri na- adịghị adịgide na iji ala eme ihe, ikpe na- ike ezi, mwepu, ihe ihe.  mere eme na usoro-aga n'ihu na-enwe ezi dị ka colonialism, na dị".  [1] : 12 Ya mere, adịghị ike dị elu n'ebe ụfọdụ na ndị ọzọ.  ụdị ụfọdụ dị n'ime mpaghara na- ndekọ ike, dịka ọmụmaatụ ụkọ ogbenye, ihe na-egosi ime ihe ike .  A na-ahụta ụfọdụ ụdị ihe eji ebi ndụ dị ka nke nwere ike ihu igwe, na-ebute ɔkwan dị elu nke ike ike ihu igwe.  Ndị a asị dịka ọmụmaatụ ndị ọrụ ugbo, ndị na-azụ anụ na ndị na-akụ azụ.  

. [1] : 5 Akọwapụtara ma ọ bụ njọ dị njọ.  Ɔ nwera ike na- ụmụ ụmụ osisi na usoro ( ihe ndị dị dị ndụ ), na ha abụọ na-adabere na ya.[2]  [1]: 12 Ihe ihe bụ ọrịa nke ihe egwu ihu igwe .  Ihe nri ga-adị elu ma ọ bụrụ na ikike ikike na ime dị ala


.  : 5 Ọdịmma ihu igwe nwé ike ike dị iche iche, ọnọdụ, na ọnọdụ dị iche iche iche iche iche ihu igwe, mana ọ echiche etiti na echiche 2005. [1] A kọwapụtara echiche a na ndị IPCC nke atọ na 2007 dị.  ka "ogo nke usoro ike-ekiri, na ihe ike nchekwa ihe nke ọma ihu igwe, , ebute ihu igwe na oke".  [2] : 89 Akuko achọpụta nke isii nke IPCC na 2022 kwuru na "ụzọ maka ndị ọ bụla na-achọpụta ihe ike etolitela achọpụta IPCC gara aga"

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[3]N'ọkwa ya bụ isi, obodo nke na-adịghị ike n'ụzọ akụ na bụ nke na-akwadoghị nke ọma maka ike nke ihu igwe n'ihi na ọ dịghị ego dị mkpa.  [1] Ịkwado obodo na- agbanwe ihu igwe ga-achọ nnukwu ihe </link> ngosi, oriri obodo, isi anụ ike na-adigide injinia, na sistemu isi.  [Doro anya ] Site n'echiche zuru ụwa ọnụ, ọ ga-abụ na ndị mmadụ bi na ma ọ bụ n'okpuru ego ogbenye ga- mmetụta nke ukwuu site na iche ihu igwe ma si otú a bụrụ ndị na-enweghị ike ike.  , n'ihi na ha ga-enwe obere ego nke ego ego iji tinye ego na ngwọta resiliency.  .  Ha ga-enwekwa opekata mpe nke ihe isi ego maka mbọ mkpọ mgbe ndị na-agụ nche ihu igwe na-emekarị.

. [1] : 12 Ihe Flo nke gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị mmadụ naahụ igwe na-ebute ụfọdụ ụzọ na- USB dị ka "oké osimiri na iji ala eme ihe na-adịghị adịgide, ikpe na- usoro ezi, mwepu,-emepu ihe mere.  eme na nke na-aga n'ihu na-enwe ezi dị ka colonialism, na-dị iche".  [1] : 12 Ya mere, adịghị ike dị elu n'ebe ụfọdụ na ndị ọzọ.  ụdị ụfọdụ dị n'ime mpaghara na- ike ike, dị ka ogbenye, ihe ịma aka na-egosi ime ihe ike.  A na-ahụta ụfọdụ ụdị ihe eji ebi ndụ dị ka nke nwere ike ihu igwe, na-ebute ɔkwan dị elu nke ike ike ihu igwe.  Ndị a dịka ọmụmaatụ ndị ọrụ ugbo, ndị na-azụ anụ na ndị na-akụ azụ.

Ọdịmma nke ọha mmadụ maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na-adaberekarị na ọkwa mmepe. [4] : 336 Mba ndị na-emepe emepe enweghị ego ego dị mkpa iji kwaga ndị bi na mpaghara oke osimiri dị ala, na-eme ka ha bụrụ ndị na-adịghị ike maka mgbanwe ihu igwe karịa mba ndị mepere emepe. [5] : 317 

[6]Nkọwa nke abụọ nke adịghị ike mmetụta ike mpaghara.  Ebe egbochi dị mfe na mpaghara mpaghara ihu igwe bụ ndị a ga-enwe ike site na ụgbọ dị iche iche nke ihe egwu okike, dị ka ịrị elu oke osimiri na ihe dị egwu na gburugburu ebe obibi, ọgụ nri.  A na-ahụtakarị mba ndị dị n'agwaetiti dị ka ndị na-adịghị ike ike mana obodo ndị na- dabere kpamkpam na ibi ndụ dabere na nri nọkwa n'ihe egwu ka ukwuu

Gburugburu ụwa, mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta obodo ime obodo bụ ndị na-adabere na ọrụ ugbo ha na ihe ndị sitere n'okike maka ibi ndụ ha. Mmụba ugboro na ịdị njọ nke ihe omume ihu igwe na-emetụtaghị ụmụ nwanyị, ime obodo, ala kpọrọ nkụ, na obodo agwaetiti. [7] Nke a na-ebute mgbanwe ndị siri ike n'ụdị ndụ ha na-amanye ha ime mgbanwe maka mgbanwe a. Ọ na-adịwanye mkpa maka ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara na gọọmentị ịmepụta atụmatụ iji meghachi omume maka mgbanwe na imeghari akụrụngwa iji gboo mkpa nke ndị ọ metụtara. Otu dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ iji mepụta mgbanwe, mbelata, na atụmatụ nkwụghachi azụ nke ga-enyere ndị ime obodo na ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ aka gburugburu ụwa na-adabere na akụ ụwa iji dị ndụ. [8]

Mpaghara ndị na-adighi ike[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

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ego niile nke ụwa ike ike ike ihu igwe mana n'ọkwa dị iche.  N'ịbụ ndị nwe nwe obi ike dị elu, ndị nche kwubiri na 2001 na mba ndị ka na-emepe mịrị ga-adị mfe na elele ihu igwe ozo mba mepere emepe .  [1] : 957–958 Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọrịa ndị bụ isi nke akụ na mụrụ Africa dị mfe maka odi ihu igwe.  [2] : 435 A na-ahụta si ike Latin America ka ọ dị elu.  [3]: 697 N'Australia na New Zealand, a na-egosi ụfọdụ obodo obodo ka ha nwere ọkwa dị elu nke ike ike yana ikike ime mgbanwe dị ala.  [4] : 509 Obere ibo na-emepe ụzọ na-enwe ike nsogbu maka odi ihu igwe.  [5] : 689 N'ụdị ụfọdụ, nke a bụ n'ihi ikike ngbanwe ha dị ala yana akara dị elu nke imeghari n'ụzọ atọ na GDP ha.

 

Ndị mmadụ na-enwekarị mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe karịa ndị ọzọ gụnyere dịka ọmụmaatụ ndị nwere obere ego, ụmụ amaala, ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụaka, ndị agadi. Kpọmkwem, mgbe ị na-eleba anya mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na ahụike mmadụ, otu akụkọ e bipụtara na Lancet chọpụtara na mmetụta kasịnụ na-adakwasị ndị na-adịghị ike dị ka ndị ogbenye, ndị inyom, ụmụaka, ndị agadi, ndị nwere tupu. Nchegbu ahụike dị adị, ndị ọzọ pere mpe na ndị ọrụ n'èzí. [9] : 13 

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Enwere ike ibelata adịghị ike site na usoro mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe .  : 5 N'ihi nke a, a na-ahazikarị adịghị ike na mkparịta ụka na mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ọzọkwa, usoro ndị na-ebelata ịda ogbenye, ahaghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị, ọchịchị ọjọọ na esemokwu ime ihe ike ga-ebelatakwa adịghị ike. Na n'ikpeazụ, adịghị ike ga-ebelata maka onye ọ bụla ma ọ bụrụ na e mere mkpebi siri ike maka mgbanwe ihu igwe ( mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe ) ka mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe ghara ịdị njọ. </link>[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

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Àtụ:World topicỊha nhatanha bụ akụkụ ọzọ dị mkpa nke adịghị ike ma jikọta ya na okwu ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi na ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe . Ebe ọ bụ na obodo ndị kacha emetụta nwere ike bụrụ ndị kacha emetụta, otu ikpe ziri ezi ihu igwe na-agbakọta na nzaghachi. Enwere ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe nke metụtara adịghị ike na nkwụghachi. The frameworks yiri ndị ọzọ ụdị nke ikpe ziri ezi mmegharị na-agụnye contractarianism nke na-agbalị ikenye ndị kasị uru maka ndị ogbenye, utilitarianism nke na-achọ ịchọta kasị uru maka ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ, egalitarianism nke na-agbalị ibelata ahaghị nhata, na libertarianism nke na-emesi a ngosi ziri ezi. òkè nke ibu kamakwa nnwere onwe onye ọ bụla. [10]

Ntụle adịghị ike dị mkpa n'ihi na ọ na-enye ozi nwere ike iji zụlite omume nlekọta na nzaghachi na mgbanwe ihu igwe. [11] Enwere ike nyochaa ma ọ bụ nyochaa adịghị ike ihu igwe site na iji usoro ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ dị iche iche, dabere na nleba anya (lee n'okpuru).

Ntụle adịghị ike mgbanwe ihu igwe dị n'ọkwa niile. Ntụle adịghị ike zuru ụwa ọnụ gbadoro ụkwụ na eserese oghere site na iji data ekpokọtara ọnụ maka ọkwa mpaghara ma ọ bụ mba.  : 1195–1199 A na-emekwa nlebanya n'ọkwa okpuru ọchịchị na ngalaba, yana kwa na-abawanye maka obodo ukwu n'obodo mepere emepe ma ọ bụ agbataobi. A na-emekwa nyocha nke adịghị ike maka ndị obodo iji nyochaa ebe na otu obodo na ebe obibi si emetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ọmụmụ nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n'ogo na nha - dịka ọmụmaatụ World Bank na Ministry of Economy nke Fiji nyere akụkọ maka mba ahụ dum na 2017-18 [12] ebe Rochester, New York nyere ọrụ mkpesa mpaghara maka obodo ahụ. na 2018. [13] Ma ọ bụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, NOAA Fisheries nyere ọrụ nyocha nke adịghị ike ihu igwe maka ndị ọkụ azụ mmiri na United States. [14] N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a na-eme ntule adịghị ike tupu ịkwado atụmatụ mgbanwe ihu igwe mpaghara ma ọ bụ atụmatụ njikwa ihe egwu. [15]

Ọ bụ ezie na ntule adịghị ike nke nnukwu nnukwu na-ejikarị indices eme ihe, a na-ejikwa ihe nlere anya na nsonye nsonye nke enwere ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ (lee n'okpuru).

Ihe ngosi zuru ụwa ọnụ maka mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe na-agụnye ND-GAIN Country Index, nke na-atụle adịghị ike ihu igwe mba ụwa, INFORM Risk Index na WorldRiskIndex, nke gụnyere ihe nhụsianya mmekọrịta ọha na eze. A na-ejikwa usoro ihe ngosi na ọkwa mba na nke mba. Ha na-eji ihe nrịbama mejupụtara ọtụtụ ihe nrịbama nwere ike ime n'otu n'otu. Iji wepụta uru index ma ọ bụ 'akara', a na-agbakọ nkezi dị mfe n'ofe ụkpụrụ ahaziri ahazi. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-eme ịdị arọ dịka ihe e chere na ọ bụ ihe kacha mkpa na-achọpụta adịghị ike.

Nsochi adịghị ike ihu igwe na-amalite ịchọpụta ozi dị mkpa, ọkachamma ohere mepere emepe, nke steeti ma ọ bụ mba ụwa mepụtara na oke mmasị. Mgbe ahụ, a ga-achọ mgbalị ọzọ iji mee ka ozi adịghị ike nweta ohere maka ndị niile na-emepe emepe. [16] Nchọpụta adịghị ike nwere ọtụtụ ngwa. Ọ bụ ihe ngosi maka nleba anya na nyocha nke mmemme na ọrụ maka nkwụsi ike na mgbanwe maka mgbanwe ihu igwe. Nleba anya adịghị ike bụkwa ngwá ọrụ na-eme mkpebi na atumatu mmegharị mpaghara na nke mba. [16]

N'otu aka ahụ maka ntule ihe ize ndụ ihu igwe, ngwaọrụ maka nyocha adịghị ike dị iche iche dabere na mpaghara ahụ, ogo a na-eme ọmụmụ ihe, yana ihe ma ọ bụ usoro a na-eche na ọ dị mfe. Nlereanya na ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ na-ekere òkè gụnyere WEAP maka ịghọta adịghị ike nke akụrụngwa mmiri na ịtụle nhọrọ mgbanwe. Akwụkwọ vulnerability Sourcebook bụ ntụzịaka maka ihe ọmụma bara uru na sayensị gbasara ntule adịghị ike. [17] A na-ejikwa maapụ adịghị ike ihu igwe iji ghọta mpaghara ndị kacha emetụta mpaghara ala. Ntụle nhazi usoro nke ebipụtara na 2019 hụrụ ọmụmụ 84 lekwasịrị anya na iji eserese eserese na-ekwurịta okwu na nyocha nke adịghị ike ihu igwe. [18]

Ọmụmaatụ site na obodo[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ntụaka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 IPCC, 2022: Summary for Policymakers Àtụ:Webarchive [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Àtụ:Webarchive [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–33, Àtụ:Doi
  2. ↑ Climatic Factor - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved on 2023-11-04.
  3. ↑ M.J. Collier et al. "Transitioning to resilience and sustainability in urban communities" Cities 2013. 32:21–S28
  4. ↑ Nicholls, R. J. (2007). 6.4.3 Key vulnerabilities and hotspots. In (book chapter): Coastal systems and low-lying areas. In: Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (M.L. Parry et al. (eds.)). Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, N.Y. This version: IPCC website. ISBN 978-0-521-88010-7. Retrieved on 2010-05-23. 
  5. ↑ Nicholls, R. J. (2007). Executive summary. In (book chapter): Coastal systems and low-lying areas. In: Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (M.L. Parry et al. (eds.)). Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, N.Y. This version: IPCC website. ISBN 978-0-521-88010-7. Retrieved on 2010-05-23. 
  6. ↑ K. Hewitt (Ed.), Interpretations of Calamity for the Viewpoint of Human Ecology, Allen and Unwin, Boston (1983), pp. 231–262
  7. ↑ Climate Change. Natural Resources Institute. Archived from the original on 2021-05-11. Retrieved on 2020-08-09.
  8. ↑ Achieving Dryland Women's Empowerment: Environmental Resilience and Social Transformation Imperatives. Natural Resources Institute. Archived from the original on 2021-05-11. Retrieved on 2020-08-09.
  9. ↑ Romanello (October 2021). "The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future". The Lancet 398 (10311): 1619–1662. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6. PMID 34687662. Retrieved on 2023-05-17. 
  10. ↑ Liu, F. (2000). Environmental justice analysis: Theories, methods and practice. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
  11. ↑ Climate Change Vulnerability Assessments | Climate Change Resource Center. www.fs.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-10-04. Retrieved on 2022-10-04.
  12. ↑ Fiji: Climate Vulnerability Assessment | GFDRR. www.gfdrr.org. Archived from the original on 2021-01-21. Retrieved on 2020-12-26.
  13. ↑ CLIMATE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT. City of Rochester NY. Archived from the original on 2020-10-31. Retrieved on 2020-12-26.
  14. ↑ Fisheries (2019-09-19). Climate Vulnerability Assessments | NOAA Fisheries (en). NOAA. Archived from the original on 2021-03-23. Retrieved on 2020-12-26.
  15. ↑ Tiepolo (2017). "Relevance and Quality of Climate Planning for Large and Medium-Sized Cities of the Tropics". In M. Tiepolo et al. (Eds.) Reviewing Local Planning to Face Climate Change in the Tropics. Cham, Springer: 199–226. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-59096-7_10. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Tiepolo (2017). "Tracking Climate Change Vulnerability at Municipal Level in Haiti using Open Source Information". In M. Tiepolo et al. (Eds.), Renewing Local Planning to Face Climate Change in the Tropics. Cham, Springer: 103–131. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-59096-7_6. 
  17. ↑ Fritzsche, K., Schneiderbauer, S., Buseck, P., Kienberger, S., Buth, M., Zebisch, M. and Kahlenborn, W. (2017). The Vulnerability Sourcebook Àtụ:Webarchive. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH.
  18. ↑ Sherbinin (2019). "Climate vulnerability mapping: A systematic review and future prospects" (in en). WIREs Climate Change 10 (5): e600. DOI:10.1002/wcc.600. ISSN 1757-7799. 
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