Òtù Òtù Enyemaka

otu
Oge/afọ mmalite	1869
mba/obodo	Obodoézè Nà Ofú

E hiwere otu Charity Organisation Societies na England na 1869 na-eso ' Goschen Minute ' ^[1] nke chọrọ igbochi enyemaka dị n'èzí nke ndị nlekọta Iwu Ogbenye kesara. Na mbido 1870s, e hiwere obodo ole na ole n'ime ebumnuche nke igbochi ikesa enyemaka n'èzí nye ndị agadi.

A na-akpọkwa Associated Charities bụ ọrụ ebere onwe nke dị na ngwụcha 19th na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 dị ka ụlọ mkpochapụ maka ozi gbasara ndị ogbenye. ^[2] Ọha mmadụ kacha lekwasị anya n'iche dị n'etiti ndị ogbenye kwesịrị ekwesị na ndị ogbenye na-erughịrị mmadụ. ^[3] Ndị otu ahụ kwenyere na inye onyinye ebere na-enyochaghị nsogbu ndị na-akpata ịda ogbenye mere ka otu ụmụ amaala na-adabere mgbe niile na inye onyinye. ^[4]

Obodo malitere na Elberfeld, Germany wee gbasaa na Buffalo, New York gburugburu 1877. ^[5] Nkwenye na enyemaka kwalitere ịdabere bụ ihe ndabere maka iguzobe otu. Kama inye enyemaka ozugbo, ọha mmadụ kwuru banyere usoro ịda ogbenye . Ndị ọbịa na-ahụ maka ọrụ ebere agbataobi kuziri ụkpụrụ nke ịrụsi ọrụ ike na mkpali nye ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na ezinụlọ. Ndị COS hibere ndekọ na ọrụ nhazi ma mesie nyocha ebumnuche na ọzụzụ ọkachamara ike. Enwere nkwanye ugwu siri ike nke sayensị ka ndị ọbịa ọrụ ebere na-ahazi mmemme ha wee mụta ụkpụrụ omume na usoro ntinye aka n'aka ibe ha. Nsonaazụ mere ka mmalite nke ọrụ ikpe mmadụ . Nke nta nke nta, n'ime afọ ndị sochirinụ, ndị ọrụ a na-akwụ ụgwọ malitere ịnọchite anya ndị ọbịa afọ ofufo.

Ọrụ

Charity Organisation Societies bụ nke ndị ọrụ ebere na-eji nkà mmụta sayensị nyere ndị ogbenye, ndị nọ n'ahụhụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-akpagharị aka. Ndị otu na-ewere onwe ha karịa naanị ndị na-enye onyinye . Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ha kacha bụ iweghachi afọ ojuju na ọrụ dị ka mmadụ nwere ike ijikwa. Site na mmemme ha, ndị Societies na-amata ụdị ọrụ mmekọrịta dị n'obodo ha. Ha wee bụrụ isi mmalite nke ozi na ntugharị maka ọrụ niile. Site na ntinye aka ndị a, otu Society na-abụkarị ụlọ ọrụ etiti na ọrụ mmekọrịta nke obodo ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Charity Organisation Society of Denver, Colorado, onye butere ụzọ United Way of America ọgbara ọhụrụ, chịkọtara ọrụ ebere nke otu ndị Juu, ọgbakọ na ndị Katọlik. Ọrụ ya n'okpuru nduzi nke Frances Wisebart Jacobs sitere na ọrụ ya na ndị ọrịa ụkwara nta ^[6] ruo na nlekọta na agụmakwụkwọ nke ụmụaka ^[7] ma kwadoro ya n'akụkụ ụfọdụ site na enyemaka obodo n'onwe ya. ^[8]

Mmegharị Ụlọ Settlement

Enwere ike iji Charity Organisation Society tụnyere mmegharị ụlọ nke kwusiri ike na mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya karịa nsogbu onwe onye dị ka ebe ọrụ ebere kwesịrị ekwesị.

Ịrụ ọrụ na nkatọ

N'agbanyeghị na ọ na-ekwu na ọrụ ebere nke onwe ga-akawanye ọdịmma ọha na eze n'ihi na ọ na-eme ka omume ọma nke ndị nnata ahụ dịkwuo mma, ihe ndekọ sitere na alaka ụlọ ọrụ COS' Indianapolis na-egosi na ọ bụ nanị ntakịrị ntakịrị n'ime ndị natara enyemaka ya jisiri ike na-adabere na onwe ya, na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọpụpụ na-ebelata. nke ukwuu ogologo oge ndị mmadụ nọ na ahụ efe. Ọnụ ego ọpụpụ ahụ yiri nke dị na mmemme ọdịmma ọha na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 20, n'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na COS nyere naanị enyemaka naanị ndị nnata o chere na ha kwesịrị ekwesị na enweghị ike imeziwanye ya. Ọzọkwa, akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọrụ COS na “ndị ọbịa enyi na enyi” debere na-egosi na ha na ndị nnata enyemaka ahụ anọghị na enyi mana kọwaara ha n'okwu mkparị ma soro ha na-akpakọrịta n'ụzọ aghụghọ na nganga. ^[9]

Ndị ogbenye kpasuru COS iwe maka obi ọjọọ ya, ndị nkatọ sụgharịkwara mkpụkpọ okwu ya dị ka "Cringe ma ọ bụ agụụ". ^[9]

Ndị otu Charity Organization Society nke Britain

Na Britain, Charity Organisation Society nke Helen Bosanquet na Octavia Hill du hiwere na London na 1869 ^[10] wee kwado echiche nke enyemaka onwe onye na obere ntinye aka gọọmentị iji nagide mmetụta nke ịda ogbenye. Alsager Hay Hill bụ onye ama ama site na ntọala ya, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ nsọpụrụ nke kansụl ruo Julaị 1870, yana dịka onye otu kansụl na-arụsi ọrụ ike ruo 1880: Òtù ahụ kwuru na ha na-eji "ụkpụrụ sayensị iji kpochapụ ndị na-akpachapụ anya na enyemaka enyemaka ebe ọ kacha mkpa". ^[11] Annie Barnes sonyeere nzukọ a wee jiri nzụlite ya nke ndị mmadụ jụrụ ịnakwere "Charity". ^[12] Charity Organisation Society ka ahagharịrị aha Association Welfare Association na 1946 ma ka na-arụ ọrụ taa dị ka Family Action, ọrụ ebere ezinụlọ na-akwado aha.

Hụkwa

Ọrụ ebere Sayensị

Edensibia

↑ Poor Law Board; 22nd Annual Report (1869–70), Appendix A No.4. Relief to the Poor in the Metropolis. PP XXXI, 1871
↑ (1895). "Charity's Clearing House." The Washington Post. December 15.
↑ (1900) "Commissioners of the District of Columbia." Washington Government Printing Office.
↑ (1887). "Lots of Chronic Paupers." The Washington Post. October 21.
↑ Welfare (2005-01-01). Official proceedings of the annual meeting: 1880.
↑ (1903) Albert Shaw, The American Review of Reviews. Radcliffe Library, 1903: 701.
↑ (1903) Benjamin Lindsey Collection, Box 85, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress; letters from Izetta George dated February 11 and February 14, 1903.
↑ (1900) Isabel C. Barrows, ed. The Social Welfare Forum. The Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction at the Twenty-Sixth Annual Session Held in the City of Cincinnati, Ohio, May 17–23, 1899. Boston: George H. Ellis, 1900, page 376.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Ziliak, Stephen (2004), Self-Reliance before the Welfare State: Evidence from the Charity Organization Movement in the United States. Journal of Economic History, Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 433–461
↑ 1800s. Family Action: About Us. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved on 17 November 2010.
↑ Rees, Rosemary (2001). Poverty and Public Health 1815–1949. London: Heinemann.
↑ Elizabeth Crawford, ‘Barnes, Annie (c.1887–1982)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 28 July 2017

[1] Poor Law Board; 22nd Annual Report (1869–70), Appendix A No.4. Relief to the Poor in the Metropolis. PP XXXI, 1871

[2] (1895). "Charity's Clearing House." The Washington Post. December 15.

[3] (1900) "Commissioners of the District of Columbia." Washington Government Printing Office.

[4] (1887). "Lots of Chronic Paupers." The Washington Post. October 21.

[5] Welfare (2005-01-01). Official proceedings of the annual meeting: 1880.

[6] (1903) Albert Shaw, The American Review of Reviews. Radcliffe Library, 1903: 701.

[7] (1903) Benjamin Lindsey Collection, Box 85, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress; letters from Izetta George dated February 11 and February 14, 1903.

[8] (1900) Isabel C. Barrows, ed. The Social Welfare Forum. The Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction at the Twenty-Sixth Annual Session Held in the City of Cincinnati, Ohio, May 17–23, 1899. Boston: George H. Ellis, 1900, page 376.

[Ziliak-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Ziliak, Stephen (2004), Self-Reliance before the Welfare State: Evidence from the Charity Organization Movement in the United States. Journal of Economic History, Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 433–461

[10] 1800s. Family Action: About Us. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved on 17 November 2010.

[11] Rees, Rosemary (2001). Poverty and Public Health 1815–1949. London: Heinemann.

[12] Elizabeth Crawford, ‘Barnes, Annie (c.1887–1982)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 28 July 2017

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