Òtù Na-agụ Ihe nke Mba

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     National Reading Panel (NRP) bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị United States. E guzobere ya na 1997 na arịrịọ nke Congress, ọ bụ panel mba nwere ebumnuche ekwupụtara nke nyochaa ịdị irè nke ụzọ dị iche iche eji akụziri ụmụaka ịgụ.

Onye isi nke National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) na National Institutes of Health, na mkparịta ụka ya na odeakwụkwọ nke United States, ma gụnye ndị ọkachamara a ma ama na ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ, akparamagwa, na agụmakwụkwọ dị elu. Onye isi oche nke panel ahụ bụ Donald Langenberg (Mahadum Maryland), ma gụnyere ndị otu ndị a: Gloria Correro (Mississippi State U.), Linnea Ehri (City University of New York), Gwenette Ferguson (onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ etiti, Houston, TX), Norma Garza (onye nne na nna, Brownsville, TX, Michael L. Kamil (Stanford U.), Cora Bagley Marrett (U. Massachusetts-Amherst), S. J. Samuels (U. of Minnesota), Timothy Shanahan (educator) (U.

N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2000, kọmitii ahụ wepụtara akụkọ ya, "Kụziere Ụmụaka Ịgụ," wee mezue ọrụ ya. [1][2]Akụkọ ahụ chịkọtara nyocha na mpaghara asatọ metụtara ntụziaka ịgụ na ide: ntụziaka maka ịmara ụdaume, ntụziaka phonics, ntụziakọta nke ọma, ntụziụ maka nghọta okwu, ntụziaki maka ịgụ onwe ya, ntụzia enyemaka kọmputa, na mmepe ọkachamara nke onye nkuzi. Akụkọ ikpeazụ ahụ kwadoro site na ndị otu niile ma e wezụga otu. Joanne Yatvin dere akụkọ ole na ole na-akatọ ọrụ NRP n'ihi na ọ (a) etinyeghị ndị nkuzi nke ọgụgụ n'oge na panel ma ọ bụ dị ka ndị na-enyocha akụkọ ahụ ma (b) lekwasịrị anya na obere nkà ọgụgụ dị mkpa. Timothy Shanahan, onye ọzọ so na kọmitii, mechara zaghachi na Dr. Yatvin natara ikike ịchọpụta ebe ntụziaka ọgụgụ nke kọmitii ahụ na-enweghị ike ịza ajụjụ n'ime oge a kapịrị ọnụ nyere maka ọrụ ha. Shanahan kwuru na ọ chọghị ebe ndị ọzọ na-adọrọ mmasị n'agbanyeghị njikere nke panel ahụ ikwe ka o mee ya.

N'afọ 2001, Onye isi ala George W. Bush kwupụtara na akụkọ ahụ ga-abụ ihe ndabere nke iwu agụmakwụkwọ gọọmentị etiti ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ pụtara ìhè iji mepụta Reading First, atụmatụ agụmakwụkwọ nke gọọmentị gọọmentị 5 ijeri nke bụ akụkụ nke iwu No Child Left Behind.

Ịmata ụdaolu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  NRP kwuru na nsonaazụ sitere na ntụziaka phonemic awareness (PA) bụ "ihe dị mma" ma nyere ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara na akara nke mbụ aka imeziwanye ọgụgụ ha, mkpụrụ okwu na nghọta, n'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ ha (SES). Otú ọ dị, ndị nwere nkwarụ enwetaghị uru na mkpụrụ okwu.[3]

The report clearly specified that the most effective manner of teaching PA was to include it with letters and the manipulation of phonemes (i.e. segmenting and blending with phonics), rather than limiting it to speech.[4][5]

Ntụziaka ụdaolu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  NRP nyochara ọmụmụ 38 banyere nkuzi nke phonics ma chọpụta na ịkụziri ụmụaka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mkpụrụedemede na usoro mkpụrụedemede yana otu esi akọwa okwu ka mma ọgụgụ. Ụmụaka ndị natara ntụziaka dị otú ahụ mere nke ọma na decoding okwu, okwu ndị na-enweghị isi, spelling, fluency, na ọgụgụ nghọta. Ndị okenye nwere nkwarụ ritekwara uru site na ntụziaka dị otú ahụ n'ihe gbasara mmelite na decoding, mana enweghị uru zuru oke na mkpụrụ okwu ma ọ bụ nghọta ịgụ. A chọpụtara na ntụziaka phonics sistemụ - nke ahụ bụ ntụziaka dabere na usoro agụmakwụkwọ a haziri ahazi - dị elu karịa nsụgharị ndị ọzọ na-enweghị ohere nke ndị nkuzi gbalịrị ịkụziri ihe ha chere na ụmụ akwụkwọ dị mkpa. Enweghị ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmemme phonics nke a na-akụzi ụda mkpụrụedemede ọ bụla na ụda nyocha nke na-enyocha ụda n'ime okwu zuru ezu.[6]

N'ikpeazụ, kọmitii ahụ kwusiri ike na "phonics ekwesịghị ịghọ ihe kachasị mkpa" ma "kwesịrị ijikọta ya na ntụziaka ọgụgụ ndị ọzọ iji mepụta usoro ọgụgụ dị mma".[7]

Ịgụ Ihe n'Okwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

NRP nyochara ọmụmụ iri na isii na-egosi na ịkụzi ịgụ ọnụ nke ọma dugara n'imeziwanye ịgụ okwu, ịgụ ihe nke ọma, na nghọta ịgụ ihe maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ na klaasị 1-4, na maka ụmụ akwụkwọ meworo okenye nwere nsogbu ịgụ ihe. Ntuziaka nke nwere ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agụ ederede n'olu dara ụda, na-ekwughachi na nzaghachi dugara na uru mmụta doro anya.[8]

Ịgba Ụmụ akwụkwọ ume ịgụ ihe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Kọmitii ahụ nyochara nyocha e bipụtara na mmetụta nke ịgba ụmụ akwụkwọ ume ịgụ akwụkwọ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọmụmụ nke a lekwasịrị anya n'omume nke ịgụ ihe n'enweghị ụda, ebe ndị nkuzi na-eme ka akwụkwọ na oge dị maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ịgụ ihe n"onwe ha n'enweghị mgbochi, nkwụsịtụ, ma ọ bụ itinye aka na ndị nkuzi. E nwere nkwenye zuru oke na ọ bụrụ na ndị nkuzi agba ụmụ akwụkwọ ume itinye aka n'ịgụ akwụkwọ afọ ofufo ọ ga-eduga n'ịgụta ihe ka mma. N'ụzọ dị mwute, kọmitii ahụ chọpụtara na nyocha "egosighi mmekọrịta a n'ụzọ doro anya". N'ezie, ọmụmụ ole na ole a nwalere echiche a "na-ewelite ajụjụ siri ike" banyere ịdị irè ya.[9]

Ntụziaka Ntụziakọta na Ntụziụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ntuziaka nghọta gụ nyere ọtụtụ ihe gụnyere ntụziaka okwu nke bụ isi ihe iji mụta njikọ dị n'etiti ikwu okwu, ịgụ na ide, na nghọta. NRP kwubiri na usoro ntụziaka dịgasị iche iche nwere ike ịdị irè, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nweghị ike ịtụ aro otu usoro ọ bụla. Otú ọ dị, ọ tụrụ aro na ntụziaka okwu kwesịrị ịbụ ma kpọmkwem ma na-apụtaghị ìhè, ma gụnye ikwughachi, ikpughe na mgbasa ozi dị iche iche, na ọnọdụ bara ọgaranya.[10]

O gosikwara na ịkụziri ụmụ akwụkwọ otu esi eche echiche banyere echiche dị n'ihe odide nwere ike imeziwanye nghọta ịgụ ihe. Ihe kachasị ike n'akụkụ a bụ ịkụziri ụmụ akwụkwọ ka ha chịkọta ozi ha gụrụ, ma ọ bụ mee ka ha jụọ (ma zaa) ajụjụ gbasara echiche ahụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ bara uru iduzi ụmụ akwụkwọ ime ihe ndị a, a) nyochaa nghọta ha, na-elebara anya ma ha na-aghọta mgbe ha na-agụ ma na-eme ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ha abụghị, b) jiri ihe ọmụma ha gara aga, c) hụ ihe ọmụma akọwapụtara na ederede, ma ọ bụ d) chee echiche banyere nhazi nke ederede site na eserese akụkọ.[11]

NRP tụrụ aro na ọ dị mkpa ka a kwụsie ike na agụmakwụkwọ ndị nkuzi na nkuzi nke nghọta ịgụ ihe.[12]

Nkà na ụzụ kọmputa na ntụziaka ịgụ ihe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ime ọtụtụ narị ọmụmụ gụnyere teknụzụ kọmputa, naanị 5% mezuru ụkpụrụ nke NRP yabụ ha kwubiri na achọrọ nyocha ọzọ tupu ha enwee ike inye ndụmọdụ ọ bụla.[13]

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ Complete report - National Reading Panel.
  2. ↑ Findings and Determinations of the National Reading Panel by Topic Areas. Archived from the original on 2008-07-05.
  3. ↑ National Reading Panel, USA, page 2-3, 2-30 and 2-40.
  4. ↑ National Reading Panel, USA, page 2-22, 2-25.
  5. ↑ THE NATIONAL READING PANEL REPORT: Practical Advice for Teachers, page 9, Timothy Shanahan, University of Illinois at Chicago, Learning Point Associates 2005..
  6. ↑ National Reading Panel, USA, Chapter 2 Part 2.
  7. ↑ National Reading Panel, USA, page 2-97.
  8. ↑ National Reading Panel, USA, Chapter 3.
  9. ↑ National Reading Panel, USA, page 3-27.
  10. ↑ National Reading Panel, USA, 4-3 & 4-27.
  11. ↑ National Reading Panel, USA, Chapter 4.
  12. ↑ National Reading Panel, USA, 4-126.
  13. ↑ National Reading Panel, USA, 6-6 & 6-7.
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