Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nnwere Onwe Ụwa

The Earth Liberation Front (ELF), nke a makwaara dị ka "Elves" ma ọ bụ "The Elves", bụ aha mkpokọta maka ndị kwụụrụ onwe ha ma ọ bụ sel ndị zoro ezo bụ ndị, dịka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ELF siri kwuo, na-eji "nbibi akụ na ụba na agha agha iji kwụsị nrigbu ahụ. na mbibi nke gburugburu ebe obibi".

E hiwere ELF na Brighton na United Kingdom na 1992, wee gbasaa na Europe ndị ọzọ site na 1994. ELF acronym sitere na mbụ ELF guerrilla otu, Environmental Life Force, nke tọrọ ntọala na 1977 na Santa Cruz, California site na. Onye na-akwado John Clark Hanna. The Earth Liberation Front bụ ugbu a nzukọ mba ụwa nwere omume a na-akọ na mba 17 ma bụrụkwa nke a na-ewere na ọ na-agbadata site na Animal Liberation Front n'ihi mmekọrịta na imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti mmegharị abụọ ahụ. N'iji otu ụdị nguzogide na-enweghị isi, yana ntuziaka ndị yiri ya na ALF, ndị na-ahụ maka ọmịiko na-ekwu na ọ bụ otu eco-defence otu raara onwe ya nye iji nweta uru sitere na mbibi gburugburu ebe obibi site na imebi akụ na ụba na azụmahịa site na iji mmebi ihe onwunwe.

Aha a bịara n'ihu ọha mgbe e gosipụtara ha na ihe nkiri telivishọn 60 nkeji na 2005. E mekwara ka otu ahụ pụta ìhè na 2011 Academy Award-nominated documentary If a Tree Falls: A Story of the Earth Liberation Front.

Ọdịdị na ebumnuche

A na-eme ELF "monkeywrenching" megide ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-etinye aka na igbu osisi, injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ihe ọkụkụ GMO, igbutu ọhịa, ire ụgbọ ala egwuregwu (SUV), mgbasa nke obodo, ụyọkọ ime obodo na mmepe nwere nnukwu ụlọ, mmepụta ike na nkesa, yana nnukwu ụlọ. ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, ndị ELF boro ebubo na ha na-erigbu ụwa, gburugburu ya na ndị bi na ya.

The Earth Liberation Front enweghị onye isi ọchịchị, ndị isi, ndị otu ma ọ bụ ọnụ na-ekwuchitere gọọmentị ma na-achịkọta ya kpamkpam; kama nke nwere ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ sel ndị na-ahọrọ okwu ahụ dị ka ọkọlọtọ iji. A maara ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu ka ha na-arụ ọrụ n'otu mmekọrịta, nke a maara dị ka mkpụrụ ndụ, ma na-enwetakarị ego nke onwe.

Usoro gụnyere ibibi ihe onwunwe, site na iji ngwá ọrụ iji gbanyụọ ma ọ bụ iji ọkụ mebie ihe ndị na-eme ihe ike kwenyere na a na-eji emerụ anụmanụ, ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi ahụ. A na-akpọ omume ndị a mgbe ụfọdụ ecotage na enwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti omume ha na United States na United Kingdom.

N'ihi ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche mere ndị na-akwado ELF ji eme mmebi akụ na ụba, nkwupụta nke ndị nta akụkọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ ọrụ maka ịgba ọkụ megide mgbasa nke obodo mepere emepe na December 2000, kọwara ihe kpatara cell ji mee ihe. Dị ka Elves na-emekarị, ha na-ekwu na ọkụ na-agba ụlọ ahụ adịghị eme ihe ike n'ihi na a na-achọ ihe ọ bụla dị ndụ; okwu nke a na-arụrịta ụka nke ukwuu n'ime mmegharị gburugburu ebe obibi.

Ụfọdụ n'ime mwakpo ndị a na-ahụkarị na ndị a ma ama bụ megide mmepe nke ụlọ ọtụtụ nde dollar, ihe na-emekarị na mgbasa ozi ELF. Na nkwupụta nke ndị nta akụkọ sitere na otu "onye na-ekwuchitere n'elu ala", Craig Rosebraugh, nke e mechara bipụta na The Environmental Magazine, otu ahụ kwuru na Nọvemba 2000:  Àtụ:Blockquote

Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi

Ndị North America Earth Liberation Front Press Office (NAELFPO ma ọ bụ ELFPO) ka eweghachiri n'October 2008, na-anata ozi na-amaghị aha sitere n'aka ndị na-eme ihe ike, maka ikesa ndị nta akụkọ na ọha na eze, iji kparịta ebumnobi, echiche na akụkọ ihe mere eme n'azụ omume dị otú ahụ.

Craig Rosebraugh jere ozi dị ka onye nkwuchite ọnụ na-akwadoghị maka ELF Press Office na North America site na 1997 ruo mmalite Septemba 2001. E welitere obi abụọ banyere ma Rosebraugh ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ na-ekwuchitere ọnụ nwere njikọ na sel ndị metụtara, ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na-ekwu na ha amaghị. njirimara nke ndị otu ELF.

Netwọk nkwado

Netwọk nkwado ndị mkpọrọ na-akwado ndị mkpọrọ ELF, dị ka Mmụọ nke nnwere onwe (ELPSN), webụsaịtị Bekee na-edepụta ndị mkpọrọ ntọhapụ ụwa niile, yana ọtụtụ ndị mkpọrọ nke akọnuche ndị ọzọ. Enwekwara netwọk nkwado ELF na Belgium, Italy, North America, na Poland, bụ ndị na-ejikọta nkwado nke ndị mkpọrọ, yana ebe nrụọrụ weebụ maka ndị mkpọrọ kpọmkwem, dị ka maka; Rod Coronado, Jeff "Free" Luers, Daniel McGowan, Briana Waters na Tre Arrow. Netwọk ndị ahụ na-ekesa akwụkwọ ndị nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dere, ndị na-akwado ha na ndị otu nkwado ndị ọzọ, na mgbe ụfọdụ na-ebuli ego maka ndị chọrọ enyemaka ego n'okwu ha.

Nkà ihe ọmụma

Ndị na-agbapụta onwe ha n'ụwa, bụ otu dị iche iche nke ndị nwere echiche na echiche dị iche iche. Ndị a gụnyere; ndị ntọhapụ anụmanụ, ndị na-emegide ndị isi obodo, ndị anarchists na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị miri emi, eco-feminists, na ndị na-emegide ụwa.

Elves na-arụ ụka na a chọrọ ime ihe kpọmkwem iji nyere aka n'ịgbapụta nnwere onwe ụwa, nke a na-akpọkwa ya dị ka eco-resistance movement, na akụkụ nke mmegharị gburugburu ebe obibi radical. Ndị ELF na-ekwu na ọ ga-adị ka otu ALF siri kwupụta na-aga n'ihu na-agbapụta nnwere onwe anụmanụ. E nwekwara ebumnobi na n'otu ụzọ ahụ ndị nnwere onwe anụmanụ "na-enyere aka" na mgbasa ozi iwu, ndị nnwere onwe ụwa ga-enyere òtù gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'elu ala aka, karịsịa Earth First!, site n'omume nke ecotage.

Mmalite

United Kingdom

Ihe nnọchianya nke Earth First!: wrench enwe na hammer nkume.

E hiwere Earth Liberation Front na 1992 na Brighton, England site n'aka ndị otu Earth First! (EF!) mmegharị gburugburu ebe obibi na nzukọ mba nke mbụ. N'oge ahụ, EF! abụrụla ndị ewu ewu nke ukwuu, ya mere nchegbu ndị mmadụ dabere n'ịnọgide na-ewu ewu nke a na site n'ime nke a na-adịghị ejikọta ya na imebi iwu pụtara ìhè. Enweghị nkwekọrịta zuru ụwa ọnụ maka nke a, mana a nabatara ya n'etiti òtù ndị Britain EF! kama na-aga n'ihu na-akwado ma na-elekwasị anya na nnupụisi obodo na nnukwu ngosi. Ọ bụrụ na ndị mmadụ chọrọ isonye na omume nke ecotage, a ga-eji aha ọhụrụ ahụ bụ "Earth Liberation Front", ya na aha ya na ụkpụrụ nduzi sitere na Animal Liberation Front (ALF), mmegharị ọzọ nke na-eji ihe omume ozugbo na-atọhapụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ sabotage site na iji. ha. Aghọtara na ịdị mfe nke ụkpụrụ nduzi bụ ihe dị oké mkpa iji tinye aka n'ọtụtụ mmadụ dị ka o kwere mee maka ihe ọhụrụ ahụ, n'ebumnobi na ELF ga-adị ngwa ngwa na-ewu ewu dị ka ALF.

N'abalị Ụwa

Ihe omume ELF nke mbụ amabeghị, ma ọ bụ enweghị akwụkwọ, mana otu n'ime omume izizi na ama ama bụ na Eprel Fool's Earth Night 1992, abalị nke ndị na-eme ihe n'ike haziri iji rụọ ụlọ na otu n'ime ndị mbụ n'ime ha. Elves, dị ka a makwaara ha, lekwasịrị anya Fisons, ụlọ ọrụ peat ebubo na ọ na-ebibi peat bogs na-akpata mmebi uru £ 50,000-70,000. Ebibiri mgbapụta, gwongworo na ígwè ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mgbe ndị na-akwado iwu, Friends of the Earth, nọrọ afọ abụọ na-akwado nkwado nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Green Anarchist kwusara nkwupụta ahụ na ihe ndị ELF chọrọ:  Àtụ:Blockquote

Mmepe nke ELF na mba ofesi

Europe

ELF agbasa ngwa ngwa na Europe site na 1994, na omume mbụ mere na Netherlands, Germany, Russia, Scandinavia, New Zealand, Italy, Ireland, Poland, Spain, France na Finland, na aha malitere iji ya gburugburu ụwa. A na-ahụta Front Liberation Front nke ụwa dị ka nwanne obere anụ ọhịa nke Animal Liberation Front, n'ihi mmekọrịta na nkwado dị n'etiti mmegharị abụọ ahụ. Ekwenyere na mkpụrụ ndụ na-eguzobe onwe ha ngwa ngwa na mba ọhụrụ n'ihi mgbasa ozi zuru ụwa ọnụ nke Ụwa Mbụ! na njikọ dị n'etiti otu abụọ ahụ. Ndị Britain Elves nọkwa na-akpakọrịta ndị na-eme ihe n'otu echiche, na-agwa ha banyere ELF na ụzọ ya, ya na ndị ozi ala ọzọ lekwasịrị anya kpọmkwem France, Spain, Germany, na Netherlands.

N'ime afọ abụọ, e mebiwo McDonald's na Germany na Poland, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol e mebiri emebi, ma bibie ụgbọ ala ndị na-eku ume. A kwaturu ụlọ elu ịchụ nta na Netherlands na Germany, bụ nke a na-eche na ọ bụ omume yiri nke ahụ sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ megide ịchụ nta nke ALF.

Ebe Ugwu America

ELA nke Canada

Oge mbụ a maara na ihe omume ntọhapụ ụwa mere na North America, bụ na 1995, na Canada, site n'aka otu ìgwè na-akpọ onwe ya Agha Ntọhapụ Ụwa (ELA). Ndị Europe Elves weere ha n'oge ahụ dị ka "ụmụ nwanne transatlantic". Na 19 June 1995, ELA gbara ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie anụ ọhịa ọkụ wee mebie ụlọ ịchụ nta na British Columbia.

United States

N'ụbọchị Columbus 1996, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-ese "afọ 504 nke mgbukpọ" na "ELF" n'elu mgbidi ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze, yana ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ McDonald na Oregon, omume ndị ahụ bụ nke mbụ ELF na United States. Otu ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ahụ wee kechie mkpọchi ya ma fesaa ya ọzọ, mana oge a na-akwado British McLibel Two, ndị na-eme ihe ike abụọ bụ ndị kesara mpempe akwụkwọ mgbochi McDonald. N'echi ya, a kọrọ na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ McDonald abụọ ọzọ, ọzọ na Oregon, ndị na-akwado ELF jikọtara mkpọchi ha. Naanị ihe omume ọzọ a kọrọ n'afọ bụ n'ụbọchị Krismas, mgbe a wakporo ugbo ajị anụ na Michigan na mink 150 tọhapụrụ n'ime ọhịa site na Great Lakes ELF.

Fox, onye na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi Fox River mpaghara Chicago, malitere ọrụ ụdị ELF na mmalite 1970 wee gaa n'ihu na 1980s, ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke omume ELF mere na mmalite 1990s.

Ọrụ ELF jụrụ na United States mgbe 2003 gasịrị, na 2012 ọ dịghị nke na-esote.

Mexico

N'ọgwụgwụ Nọvemba 2008, otu ndị na-akpọ onwe ha Eco-Anarquista Por El Ataque Directo (Eco-anarchist cell na-akwado ọgụ kpọmkwem) kwuru na ọ bụ ọrụ maka ọtụtụ omume ndị na-adịbeghị anya, gụnyere ọkara iri na abụọ Molotov cocktails tụbara na tren férreo (metro rail) na Mexico City. sabotaji na-agba ọkụ megide Telmex, yana mmanya Molotov tụbara na ATM Banamex. Ndị otu ahụ kwuru na mwakpo ndị a bụ ụdị ngagharị iwe megide ịrụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ọhụrụ (ahịrị 12), na Mexico City (DF) na steeti Mexico. Ihe owuwu ahụ akpatala igbukpọsị osisi na ịchụpụ ọtụtụ ezinụlọ.

N’oge na-adịghị anya otu omume mbụ a gasịrị, Frente de Liberación de la Tierra (Earth Liberation Front) kwuru na ọ bụ ya kpatara ọtụtụ omume gụnyere mmebi nke igwe ihe owuwu na Disemba 30, 2008, na National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) .

South America

Argentina

N'ime ọnwa mbụ nke 2012, ọtụtụ okwu ịgba ọkụ ụgbọ ala na Buenos Aires bụ ndị "Frente de Liberacion de la Tierra" kwuru na "... anyị na-atụ aro ibibi ihe onwunwe sitere na bourgeoise klas si Palermo ruo Villa Devoto bụ ndị doro anya. na ihe niile ga-adị otu, ma ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ ike gwụrụ nke a ma na-eme ka hà ga-aga n'ihu na atụmatụ a iji gbasaa ọgba aghara kwa ụbọchị. "

Mwakpo ndị a ma ama: 1998-2009

1996-1999

ELF nwetara nlebara anya steeti na steeti Oregon na 1996 mgbe ha gbara Oakridge Ranger ọdụ ọkụ. ELF nwetara nlebara anya mba maka usoro omume nke mere ka ha bụrụ akara nke ndị na-eyi ọha egwu, yana otu n'ime egwu egwu ụlọ kachasị na United States. Nke a bịara ka ọkụ nke ebe egwuregwu ski dị na Vail, Colorado, na October 19, na-efu $12 nde. N'okwu a gwara ndị nta akụkọ, ELF kwuru:   Ihe omume gụnyekwara imebi eriri ọkụ, ọkụ nke ndị na-ere SUV, na ọkụ nke isi ụlọ ọrụ osisi na-akpata mbibi $1 nde. Elves degara akwụkwọ akụkọ mpaghara "Ka nke a bụrụ ihe mmụta nye ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa niile nwere anyaukwu na-adịghị asọpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ha," na-eme ọtụtụ ihe na Oregon. E boro ndị ebubo ikpe ahụ ebubo na "Operation Backfire" nke FBI, nke gụnyere mmebi ihe onwunwe 17.

ELF wee gbaa Mahadum Michigan State ọkụ n'abalị nke afọ ọhụrụ, na-eji bọmbụ mmanụ ụgbọala na-emebi $ 1.1 nde, n'ihi mmemme iji nye ndị ọrụ ugbo Africa GMO osisi. Ndị ọnụ na-ekwuchitere ELF kwuru na Monsanto bụbu onye nyere aka n'ịkwado mmemme ahụ; Otú ọ dị, nanị ego sitere n'aka Monsanto Corp. bụ nchikota otu oge nke $2,000 iji ziga ụmụ akwụkwọ Africa ise na ogbako na nkà na ụzụ biotechnology. N’echi ya, a gbanyere ngwá ọrụ igbu osisi n’ọkụ, nke e ji “ELF” na “Go Log in Hell” fesa n’ụgbọala. Na Maachị 2008, a boro ndị na-eme ihe ike anọ ebubo maka ịgba ọkụ abụọ ahụ.

2000

Na November 27, na Colorado, ELF gbara ụlọ Legend Ridge ọkụ wee ziga ozi na Boulder Weekly na-ekwu "Viva la revolution!" E mere atụmatụ mmebi na $2.5 nde.

2001

N'ọnwa Maachị, a gbara ngụkọta SUV iri atọ ọkụ, bụ nke ndị na-ere ahịa Joe Romania, na Oregon, na-emebi emebi na $1 nde. Ekwuru ihe omume ahụ na nkwado Jeff "Free" Luers, bụ onye lekwasịrị anya otu onye na-ere ahịa ma nọrọ n'ụlọ ikpe maka ebubo ahụ n'oge ahụ. A mara ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ iri abụọ na abụọ, emesịa degharịa ya na iri.

Na Mee 21, ọkụ bibiri ụlọ nyocha, ụlọ ọrụ, na ebe a na-edebe ihe ochie na Center for Urban Horticulture, Mahadum Washington, butere ngụkọta nke nde $7. Mkpọ ọkụ ahụ bibiri afọ 20 nke nyocha na mkpokọta ihe ọkụkụ na akwụkwọ. ELF kwuru ọrụ dabere na nkwenye na-ezighi ezi na mahadum ahụ na-etinye aka na injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke osisi poplar. A naghị eme injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. N'ime mwakpo ahụ, onye na-ekwuchitere FBI na Portland, Oregon kwuru "Echeghị m na enwere obi abụọ ọ bụla na ELF na-ebuli elu".

Na Nọvemba 7, onye otu ELF bụ Ian Wallace kụrụ ngwaọrụ na-ere ọkụ n'èzí ụlọ abụọ na campus nke Michigan Technological University na Houghton, Michigan n'oge ụtụtụ ụtụtụ. Ngwa ndị ahụ dara, na March 21, 2009, a mara Wallace ikpe maka afọ atọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ maka ihe ahụ merenụ site n'aka Onyeikpe Robert Holmes Bell, bụ onye kwuru na Wallace "e bughị n'obi imerụ onye ọ bụla, (ma) nke a bụ ajọ njọ." Wallace kwuru mgbe a mara ya ikpe, "Ihere erigbuola m maka ihe m mere," Wallace kwuru. "Ngọzi kasịnụ m bụ na ọ dịghị onye merụrụ ahụ."

2003

Na Jenụwarị 1, na Girard, Pennsylvania, e debere ite mmanụ ụgbọala n'okpuru ụgbọ ala atọ na Bob Ferrando Ford Lincoln Mercury wee gbaa ọkụ. Ebibiri gwongworo abụọ, otu Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) na otu ụgbọ ala butere $90,000 mebie. Steve Dartnell nke Fairview kwuru na ọ bụ ya kpatara mwakpo a.

N'August 1, e bibiri condominium 206 dị na San Diego, nke nwere ọkọlọtọ hapụrụ ebe ahụ na-ekwu "Ọ bụrụ na ị wuo ya, anyị ga-agba ya ọkụ", bịanyere aka na "E.L.F.s na-agba ara". Mmebi ndị ahụ ruru nde $20 ka ọkụ ruru ihe dị ka ụkwụ 200 (61 m) n'ikuku, dịka ihe karịrị otu narị ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ nwara imenyụ ọkụ ahụ. Nbibi ahụ bụ ihe kacha mebie ego nke mmegharị ahụ megide onye e lekwasịrị anya, na otu ndị na-echekwa mpaghara na-akpọ ihe ahụ enweghị isi, na-ekwupụta na "Ị nwere ike ịga gbaa ihe ọkụ, mana ọ ga-ewu ọzọ." Kpọmkwem izu atọ ka nke ahụ gasịrị, a gbara 125 SUVs na Hummers ọkụ na Los Angeles na-efu nde $3.5, na-efesa "M hụrụ mmetọ n'anya" n'ebe ahụ, na otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị, e lekwasịrị anya ọzọ n'ụlọ ndị e wuru na San Diego, nke a oge na-efu ihe ruru $450,000 na mmebi.

2006

Akuko FBI kacha nso nso a kwuru na enweela ihe karịrị 1,200 "mmempụ mpụ", n'ime Jenụwarị 2006. Akpọrọ ụlọ nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ rụchaa 9,600-square-foot (890 m2), nke ruru $3 nde, gbara n'ala na Washington. A kọrọ na a na-ekpuchi akwa akwa akwa n'ofe ọnụ ụzọ ámá, na ozi na-agụ "Built Green? Nope black. McMansions na RCDs r not green," na-ezo aka na mmepe ụyọkọ ime obodo.

2008

N'ụtụtụ nke Maachị 3, ihe mgbawa gbawara ụlọ nde mmadụ anọ sitere na 2007 Seattle Street of Dreams na Echo Lake, Washington, na-akpata mmebi $ 7 nde. Ndị ọchịchị kọwara omume ahụ dị ka "iyi ọha egwu n'ụlọ" mgbe ịchọtachara "ELF" na-ese na-ese na akwụkwọ ozi uhie, na-akwa emo na-ekwu na ụlọ ndị ahụ bụ ndị enyi na gburugburu ebe obibi: "Ewuru Green? Mba ojii! McMansions na RCDs na-abụghị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. ELF."

2009

Na Machị 23, ndị ELF kwuru na ọkụ nke onye na-egwupụta ihe na Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. N'ime otu n'ime ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka na-amaghị aha na nso nso a, ELF kọrọ Bite Back; "Ma eleghị anya, anyị adịghị ada usoro nchịkwa na omume ndị a, ma ọ na-amalite na omume ndị dị otú a."

Na Septemba 4, ELF kwuru na ọ dịịrị ya iji ihe mkpofu zuru ezu kwatuo ụlọ elu redio AM abụọ dị na ọdụ KM nke dị nso na Seattle, Washington; ha kwuru na ebili mmiri redio dị ize ndụ.

E jidere otu nwoke Texas ka ndị ọrụ na-arụ ụlọ chọtara otu ụgbọala nwere nkwarụ nke e debere na mkpụrụ okwu "TRACTOR DECOMMISSIONED BY THE E.L.F."

Nzọụkwụ ndị ọzọ

ELA na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi

Akụkọ mbụ bụ isi nke aha na-abụghị ELF bụ nke e ji na-ekwu na ecotage bụ n'October 1998, mgbe ndị agha nnwere onwe nke Earthwa (ELA) kwuru na ọ bụ ya kpatara mmebi $ 12 nde na Vail Ski Resort site na ịgbanye ọtụtụ ụlọ na anọ ọkụ. oche oche.

Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, na Oregon, e bibiri SUV atọ site n'itinye mmanụ ụgbọala n'okpuru ụgbọ ala, na ELA na-akpọ ndị ọzọ ka ha "[c] nọgide na-alụ ọgụ iji wepụ uru na-akpata site na igbu ọchụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi (biophysical). E mesịrị mara Jeff Luers ikpe maka ịgba ọkụ, dịka akụkụ nke Operation Backfire, yana ndị ọzọ na-agbachitere ALF na ELF. Enweela ndị otu ndị ọzọ kpatara mmebi yiri nke ahụ dị ka ELF, n'ime 2001 na-akọ na mwakpo "eco-terrorist", nke a maara dị ka "ecotage", abawanyela. Ndị a gụnyere ELF, ELA, na aha ọzọ a na-eji - "Environmental Rangers" ndị na-eji usoro ahụ eme ihe. Ndị na-eme ihe ike ejiriwokwa aha "The Moles", "The Gray Wolves", "Westcountry Wildlife Cell", "Eco-Animal Defense Unit", na "Radical Brigades for Ecological Defence", yana ndị ọzọ.

Ike Ndụ Gburugburu Ebe Obibi

Environmental Life Force, nke a makwaara dị ka Original ELF, bụ ndị mbụ na-agbawa agbawa na-eji ngwa mgbawa na-agbawa agbawa iji kwalite ihe ndị na-akpata gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ John Hanna tọrọ ntọala ya, onye bụ naanị onye otu a ka ejidere ma kpee ya ikpe maka iji ihe mgbawa na ihe onwunwe gọọmenti etiti. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ eco-guerilla nwere nkà ihe ọmụma yiri nke ELF dị ugbu a (Earth Liberation Front), nke malitere afọ iri na ise ka e mesịrị, ọ dịghị njikọ dị n'etiti otu abụọ ahụ, na ndị malitere Ụwa Liberation Front nwere ike. amabeghị ọbụna ịdị adị nke Environmental Life Force. N'agbanyeghị nke a, ọ nakweere na ozi ederede na Dave Foreman, onye tọrọ ntọala Earth First! afọ atọ mgbe mbụ ELF, nọ na nkwurịta okwu na Hanna na etiti 1980, tupu Earth nnwere onwe Front e tọrọ ntọala, nke bụ mgbe Foreman ebipụ agbatị na Ụwa mbụ! ije.

Nzaghachi ndị uwe ojii na nkwenye

Njide ELF mbụ

Na 1994, ndị ọchịchị Dutch na ndị uwe ojii kwuru na ndị na-akwado ELF Britain na-eme njem na mba ọzọ iji kpata mmebi, bụ nke ELF rụrụ ụka. Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, e jidere onye mkpọrọ ntọhapụ ụwa mbụ (ELP) ma mesịa gbaa ya ebubo. A maara dị ka Paul S., e jidere ya ma bo ya ebubo na ọ na-eme mkpọsa nke imebi ihe nke ọnwa 18 na Netherlands megide ebe a na-ewu okporo ụzọ. Gọọmenti Dutch nwara ikwupụta na ọ bụ onye isi, n'ihi enweghị ike ịnye ihe kpatara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka omume ya, na-abụghị nlekọta ya maka gburugburu ebe obibi. Nke a emeghị nke ọma ma mara onye mkpọrọ ahụ ikpe afọ atọ maka imebi ihe onwunwe.

Mwakpo ndị uwe ojii Britain

N'ihi mmụba nke mmegharị gburugburu ebe obibi na-ewu ewu, yana mmegharị nnwere onwe anụmanụ na atụmatụ na omume ALF ise mere kwa ụbọchị, ndị uwe ojii mere ọtụtụ mwakpo megide ikike anụmanụ na ndị na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi. Na mkpokọta, enwere ụlọ 55 wakporo megide ndị a na-enyo enyo na ndị na-akwado ALF na ELF, gụnyere otu onye na Italy. Ndị uwe ojii enwebeghị ike ibo onye ọ bụla ebubo ihe omume iwu na-akwadoghị, ruo na Jenụwarị 16, 1996, mgbe e boro ndị nwoke isii ebubo maka mkpọsa ALF/ELF afọ ise. A mara ha ikpe otu afọ nke ọ bụla n'ime afọ atọ maka ịgba izu iji kpalite ime ihe ike n'aha nnwere onwe nke anụmanụ na ụwa.

Ọrụ A Na-eme n'Oge

E boro Daniel G. McGowan ebubo abụọ nke ịgba ọkụ na nkata aghụghọ na FBI's "Operation Backfire". O kwupụtara na ikpe mara ya iji zere ikpe ndụ ya niile, n'ebughị ụzọ gbaa akaebe megide ndị ya na ha na-ebo ebubo, ụfọdụ n'ime ha mere ya megide ya.

Okwu Green Scare, nke na-ezo aka na Red Scares, oge egwu maka mbanye ndị Kọmunist nke obodo US, bụ okwu ndị na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi na-ewu ewu iji na-ezo aka n'omume iwu nke gọọmenti US megide òtù ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi.

Amara nke mbụ na ọ pụtara na 2002 n'azụ nke ikpe ọgbakọ ọgbakọ nke February 12 akpọrọ "The Threat of Eco-Terrorism" nke tụlere otu dị iche iche gụnyere Earth Liberation Front (ELF) na Animal Liberation Front (ALF). N'ọgwụgwụ 2005 na mmalite 2006, dịka akụkụ nke Operation Backfire, nnukwu ndị juri nke United States gosipụtara ngụkọta nke ndị na-akwado 18 maka ọtụtụ ebubo metụtara "omume ime ihe ike n'aha ikike anụmanụ na ihe kpatara gburugburu ebe obibi". Dị ka ndị FBI si kwuo, ọtụtụ n'ime omume ndị a bụ ndị e mere n'aha ELF ma weere ya dị ka otu n'ime nnukwu njide nke ndị na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi na akụkọ ntolite America.

Ọrụ ahụ mere ka ejidere Chelsea Dawn Gerlach, William C. Rodgers, na Daniel McGowan.

N'afọ 2008, ndị FBI mụbara ụgwọ ọrụ maka inyefe mmadụ anọ a na-enyo enyo na $50,000. Ekwenyere na mmadụ anọ ahụ, ndị America abụọ na ndị Canada abụọ, gbapụrụ na US site na Mexico ma nwee ike zoo na Syria, Russia, China ma ọ bụ India. Nkwuwapụta nke ịchụ nta mmadụ bịara na ncheta nke iri nke bọmbụ ahụ na Vail.

Nkwupụta NPR nke 2011 kwuru na a tụrụ ụfọdụ ndị ha na otu a mkpọrọ na ngalaba njikwa nkwukọrịta ozi nke ukwuu.

Imekọ ihe ọnụ na ALF

Nkà ihe ọmụma

A na-ejikarị aha "Animal & Earth Liberation Front" ma ọ bụ "Earth & Animal Liberation Front" (ALF na ELF, otu n'otu) eme ihe mgbe a na-eme ihe ntọhapụ anụmanụ, nke ahụ gụnyere ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi. Ma ọ bụ ọzọ omume ELF nke gụnyere n'ụzọ ụfọdụ ịtọhapụ ma ọ bụ napụta anụmanụ; dịka ọmụmaatụ omume iji chebe oke ọhịa. Ndị na-eme ihe ike na-ejikwa aha abụọ ahụ eme ihe mgbe ha na-eme ihe kpọmkwem iji tọhapụ anụmanụ na chebe ụwa site na iji mbibi ihe onwunwe. A na-eme nke a n'ime ụkpụrụ nduzi nke Animal/Earth Liberation Front; ikwu ihe omume nke otu abụọ ahụ.

• Ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-ewere ELF dị ka ngalaba gburugburu ebe obibi nke Animal Liberation Front, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka Eco-ALF. Ihe akaebe nke a gụnyere aha ndị a na-eji dịka "Westcountry Wildlife Cell" na mgbe e mesịrị "ALF: Eco-Animal Defense Unit".
• A na-ewerekwa ELF dị ka nwanne nwanyị nke ALF, nke e guzobere afọ 16 ka e mesịrị na n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na ntuziaka, yana aha ahụ n'onwe ya, sitere na mmegharị ahụ.
• N'agbanyeghị na òtù ndị ahụ na-eme njikọ aka na 1996/1997, a maara ndị na-eme ihe dịka Rod Coronado dị ka ndị na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ALF na ELF tupu e jiri aha ndị ahụ mee ihe ọnụ.

Noel Molland, onye bụbu onye na-akwado ELF, dere na Steven Best's Igniting a Revolution na:

 

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

  N'ime etiti 1990s, Western Wildlife Unit, ngalaba ELF na Britain, na-ahụ maka omume dị iche iche nke ikike anụmanụ nke isiokwu ya bụ ime ihe ike. Ihe mebiri emebi gụnyere osisi ndị na-agba ahịhịa yana ịchụ ndị na-akụ azụ ọgụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na oge ụfọdụ ka e mesịrị, na United States, ka a kwadoro nzọrọ nke ibu ọrụ.

Molland na-edekwa na arụrụ ọrụ ALF na ELF nke izizi hiwere na Maachị 14, 1997, mgbe "Anụmanụ Liberation Front - Eco-Animal Defense Unit" kwuru na osisi 47 dị n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ, Oregon. Nke a bụ nanị ọnwa ole na ole ka Great Lakes ELF wakporo ugbo ajị anụ, nke mekwara ka ọ pụta ìhè n'ihe gbasara ikike anụmanụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Otu a bu n'obi ikwupụta na ugbo ahụ ha wakporo bụ nkwado dị n'etiti ndị otu a bụ Animal and Earth Liberation Front.

Ụbọchị ise ka e mesịrị, "Bay Area Cell of the Earth and Animal Liberation Front" kwuru na mgbawa ọkụ nke Mahadum California, ụlọ nyocha nyocha anụmanụ nke a ka na-arụ n'oge ahụ. Ọzọkwa n'afọ ahụ, na Nọvemba 29, e nwere nkwonkwo ALF & ELF ọzọ, na oge a na-ahapụ ịnyịnya ọhịa 500 ma na-agba Ụlọọrụ nke Land Management na Burns ọkụ, na-emegide ebumnuche BLM ịchịkọta ịnyịnya ọhịa ma hazie ha maka ọrụ ahụ. ire anụ inyinya.

Otú ọ dị, nkwupụta a megidere Ụlọ Ọrụ Iwu Ịda Ogbenye Southern, nke na-ekwu na ihe mbụ nke imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti mmegharị abụọ ahụ bụ ọnwa 6 tupu ihe omume ndị a n'October 27, 1996, mgbe ALF & ELF bụ ha abụọ na-ahụ maka ịgbanye ụgbọ ala ọhịa. Detroit, Oregon. Mgbe ụbọchị atọ gachara, otu abụọ ahụ kwuru na a gbara ọkụ na US Forest Service Oakridge Ranger ọdụ, na-eri $5.3 nde.

A kọkwara na otu izu tupu mwakpo ajị anụ ụlọ Bay Area, na Maachị 11, 1997, agbawara gwongworo anọ ọkụ na Agricultural Fur Breeders Co-Op. Nbibi ahụ ruru $1 nde ma ndị ALF & ELF kwughachiri ihe omume ahụ.

Ka ELF na-esiwanye ike site n'omume ya, na 21 June 1998, United States Forest Service Research Center dị nso Olympia, Washington gbanyere ọkụ na "Eco-Defense" na "Earth Liberation" na-ese na igwe ihe owuwu. nke nwetara nnukwu mmebi na New Jersey na 2nd Feb. Arụkọtara omume abụọ a sitere na ALF & ELF ma ekwuru na ha kpatara otu n'ime mmebi kachasị njọ, nke e mere atụmatụ na $ 1.9 nde. Ekwukwara otu ihe ahụ mgbe ewepụtara anụmanụ 310 n'ugbo ajị anụ na-etinye aka na nyocha nnwale dabere na Madison, Wisconsin, nke e zuru na 3rd nke Julaị.

Omume

Ọkụ sitere na sel ALF; Oxford Arson Squad, na-akpata £ 500,000 na mmebi na Londbridges boathouse, Oxfordshire na 4 July 2005.

Omume ndị ALF na ELF jikọrọ aka na-ekwu na apụtala n'ụwa nile, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ELF, na-eme ka ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe site na ALF na mmegharị ndị ọzọ na-etinye aka; ikwere na "Enweghị nkwekọrịta na nchekwa nke nne ụwa", ụwa mbụ ama ama! slogan e ji mee ihe ma biri na 1980s.

N'agbanyeghị nke a, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ALF, enwere nkwupụta ole na ole n'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya nke ewepụtara na mgbasa ozi ma ọ bụ ELF Press Offices. Nke a bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ụdị ELF, bụ ndị na-adịchaghị ekwupụta omume ha, ma ọ bụ ọbụna hapụ ozi iji mee ka ndị ha lekwasịrị anya mara ihe mere e ji wakpoo ha.

Ọ bụ ezie na omume ALF na ELF na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu, otu n'ime ihe kachasị ọhụrụ nke agbakọtara ọnụ bụ nke a kpọsara na November 2002, mgbe ndị na-eme ihe nkiri zigara ozi na Bite Back na ELF Press Office, na-azọrọ na ọ bụ ya kpatara ọkụ ahụ na Mindek Brothers Fur Farm. . N'akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi ha wepụtara, otu ndị ahụ kwuru ihe kpatara ihe ha mere:  

N'omenala a ma ama

• Onye na-agụ egwú ọdịnala bụ David Rovics na-agụ abụ a raara nye ELF nke a na-akpọ "Song for the Earth Liberation Front".
• N'akwụkwọ akụkọ Nicholas Evans, The Divide, otu onye na-etinye aka na ọrụ ELF.
• Akwụkwọ akụkọ Edward Abbey dere n'afọ 1975, The Monkey Wrench Gang, na-ekwu maka ndị na-eyi ọha egwu na-alụ ọgụ na-alụso ike nke uto na mmepe ọgụ na ọzara ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ US.
• N'afọ 2011, ihe ngosi banyere ELF site n'aka onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke Academy Award-nominated Marshall Curry nke akpọrọ If a Tree Falls: A Story of the Earth Liberation Front nwere mmalite ya na Sundance Film Festival. Kemgbe ahụ, Oscilloscope Laboratories ewepụtala ya na DVD. A na-agbasa ya na BBC Four na Febụwarị 2012 dị ka akụkụ nke usoro ihe omume Storyville.
• N'afọ 2005, ELF bụ isiokwu nke akụkọ CBS 60 Minutes akpọrọ "Burning Rage" na nke ọzọ sitere na CNN.
• N'afọ 2009, ELF bụ isiokwu nke ihe ngosi a na-akpọ Green with a Vengeance .

Nkatọ

Ndị FBI họpụtara ELF dị ka "ndị na-eyi ọha egwu". Onye nnochite anya Scott McInnis, onye bụbu onye isi oche nke kọmitii na-ahụ maka ụlọ nke US House on Forests and Forest Health, kpọbatara Craig Rosebraugh na mbọ iji nyochaa mmemme ELF. N'ịnụ akaebe Rosebraugh, McInnis tụrụ aro na ọ bụ "chioma" ọ nweghị onye ELF (ma ọ bụ ALF) gburu.

N'agbanyeghị ọdịdị na-enweghị isi nke mmegharị ahụ, ndị FBI na-ekwu na onye na-akwado Rod Coronado bụ "onye ndu mba" nke ELF na US, ebe Coronado na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka "onye na-ekwuchitere ELF na-akwadoghị".

Hụkwa

• Anarchist-primitivism
• Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nnwere Onwe Anụmanụ
• Ecopedagogy
• Anarchism na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ
• Òtù ndị ọrụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ
• Ndepụta nke òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụ anụmanụ
• Ọ bụrụ na osisi adaa: Akụkọ nke Earth Liberation Front
• Nnupụisi: Journal of the Earth Liberation Movement
• Ịrụgharị
• Ihe mere na Mahadum Washington
• Òtù Anarchist Na-abụghị nke a na-ahụ anya

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

• Pickering (2006). Earth Liberation Front: 1997–2002. Arissa Media Group. ISBN 0-9742884-0-3. 
• Rosebraugh (2004). Burning Rage of a Dying Planet: Speaking for the Earth Liberation Front. Lantern Books. ISBN 1-59056-064-7. 
• The Black Bloc Papers: Anthology of Primary Texts From The North American Anarchist Black Bloc 1988-2005, nke Xavier Massot & David Van Deusen nke Green Mountain Anarchist Collective (NEFAC-VT), Breaking Glass Press, 2010.

Njikọ mpụga

• Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nnwere Onwe Ụwa
• ELF mbụ
• North American Earth Liberation Prisoners Support Network
• If a Tree Falls: Documentary on ELF (2011) - akụkọ vidiyo nke Democracy Now!
• Ịkpali Mgbanwe: Nkwupụta na Ntọala Nnwere Onwe (2001) - ihe nkiri na IMDb
• Ihe ndekọ FBI na Earth Liberation Front
• Ebubo Egwu Na-eme n'Ebe Ọdịdị: 'Operation Backfire' Nets 11, FBI