Òtù Ndị inyom Na-emegide Fascist nke Bosnia na Herzegovina

Ndị inyom Antifascist ihu nke Bosnia na Herzegovina (Serbo-Croatian: Antifašistički n'ihu žena Bosne i Hercegovine/Антифашистички фронт жена Босне и Хернце Антифашистички фронт жена Босне и Хернце Босне и Хернцего Х), bụ ọgbakọ ọha mmadụ na Republic of Bosnia na Herzegovina . Ndị Kọmunist guzobere ya na February 1942, ihe karịrị otu afọ tupu mba ahụ n'onwe ya, n'ebumnobi nke ịchịkọta ụmụ nwanyị na Bosnia na Herzegovina n'ime mgbochi Partisan megide ọrụ Nazi nke Yugoslavia. Ọ bụ otu n'ime òtù ndị mere ka Women's Antifascist Front nke Yugoslavia, nke mbụ nzuko nke e mere na December 1942 na Bosanski Petrovac.^[1]

Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga

Tupu Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, obodo Yugoslavia bụ ime obodo nke ukwuu, karịsịa na Bosnia na Herzegovina, ma n'agbanyeghị nke a, ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị siri ike n'etiti Bosnia na Herzegovina. Ọkà mmụta ihe banyere ọdịdị mmadụ na Yugoslavia bụ́ Vera Stein Ehrlich chọpụtara na ime ihe ike n'ezinụlọ bụ ihe a na-emekarị n'obodo ndị Ọtọdọks, dịkwa ka ịtọrọ nwunye na idina n'ike.[2] Bosnia na Herzegovina pụtakwara na Yugoslavia n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị Alakụba. Uwe ọdịnala nke ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba Bosnia gbochiri ha ịchọ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ahịa na ụlọ ọrụ. Ihe ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ bụ ndị agụghị akwụkwọ na ọtụtụ nsogbu ahụ ike bụ kpọmkwem maka ha.^[2]

Nnupụisi

The Women's Antifascist Front nke Bosnia na Herzegovina tọrọ ntọala na February 1942 n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Bosnia kwesịrị ekwesị, ebe Josip Broz Tito na ndị fọdụrụ nke Yugoslav-nguzogide ndú nọ n'oge ahụ. Ndị nnọchiteanya sitere n'akụkụ nile nke Bosnia na Herzegovina a tọhapụrụ n'ebe ahụ, ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị 500 kpam kpam, ihe ka ukwuu n'ime ha bụ ndị Serbia Orthodox na ndị Alakụba. Ụmụ nwanyị 906 sitere na Foča naanị ka a na-ewebata n'ime nzukọ ahụ obere oge ka Tito bịarutere.^[3]

Ịtụkwasị obi n'etiti agbụrụ na Bosnia na Herzegovina bụ nnukwu ihe mgbochi na mbụ. Ndị agha nọ n'ime ha lekwasịrị anya na ndị Juu, Romani na ndị Serbia, yana nkwado nke ndị agha Croat Ustaša. Ndị AFŽ nwetara ọrụ nke ọma n'etiti ndị Serbia, na ikike nke ndị Serbia Ọtọdọks mere ka o sie ike ịdọta ma ndị Croat Katọlik ma ọ bụ ndị Alakụba, n'ihi na ha ghọtara na nzukọ a dị ka nke dabeere na Serb. N'aka nke ọzọ, ụmụ nwanyị Serbia na-ele ụmụ nwanyị ndị si n'agbụrụ ndị ọzọ anya dị ka pro-Ustaša. O were oge na mgbalị iji dọta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ịrịba ama nke ụmụ nwanyị na-abụghị ndị Serbia na nzukọ ahụ. ^[3]

Ka ọ na-erule oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1942, AFŽ haziri netwọk pụrụ iche nke nwere ụmụ nwanyị 2,000 bụ ndị guzobere ngagharị iwe megide iwu nke Ustašas. Dị ka ọ bụ naanị ndị Juu na ndị Ọtọdọks ka ndị Ustašas lekwasịrị anya, ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba nwere ike ịkwaga n'enweghị ihe mgbochi, nke mere ka ha bụrụ ndị bara uru nye òtù nnupụisi. burqa mere ka ha nwee ike iburu ihe iwu na-akwadoghị dị iche iche, gụnyere égbè, na-enweghị ihe ize ndụ nke ịchọ ya. A na-eji ya maka ebumnuche a ọbụna site n'aka ndị AFŽ na-adịghị eyi ya, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị Katọlik na ndị Ọtọdọks. Mgbe e meriri ndị Partisans na Mwakpo nke Anọ nke Ndị iro na Machị 1942, AFŽ weere ọrụ zuru oke maka nguzogide ahụ n'obodo Herzegovinian nke Mostar.^[4]

Ikike ụmụ nwanyị na nkwado ụmụ nwanyị

Ndị isi nke Communist Party, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere ezi obi n'ọchịchọ imeziwanye ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị, lere AFŽ anya dị ka naanị nzukọ a ga-esi na ya banye n'òtù nnupụisi. Echiche nwoke na nwanyị na nke nna ochie n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ime Party na Partisans bụ nsogbu na-adịgide adịgide n'oge mgbalị mmegide. Ihe mejupụtara akụkụ nke steeti Bosnia na Herzegovina gosipụtara njikere ma ọ bụ ikike nke pati ahụ iji hụ na ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị: naanị anọ n'ime ndị nnọchiteanya 170 na nnọkọ mbụ nke State Antifascist Council for the National Liberation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ZAVNOBiH) na Mrkonjić Grad bụ ụmụ nwanyị, ebe nnọkọ nke abụọ nwere ndị nnọchite anya nwanyị asaa na c. 100 ndị nnọchiteanyere aha, ọ dịghịkwa nwanyị a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ Onye isi ala.^[4]

Otú ọ dị, n'oge na-adịghị anya, AFŽ mepụtara "ndụ nke ya". Akụkụ ụfọdụ bịara mara dị ka ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị n'ụzọ doro anya karịa ndị na-emegide Fascist. N'ógbè Bosanska Krajina, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-emekarị njem n'onwe ha n'aka ndị Kọmunist, guzobe akụ nke ha, ụlọ ọdịbendị na ngwaọrụ, ọbụnakwa guzobe "obodo ụmụ nwanyị" n'ime obodo dị nso na S Mostanski. N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1943, Kọmitii Central mere mkpesa na ha na-arụ ọrụ dị ka steeti n'ime steeti ma kwupụta nchegbu banyere "mmejọ ndị na-eduga n'ịhụ ụmụ nwanyị". Ọ chetara ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe AFŽ na "ụmụ nwanyị abụghị ụdị akụkụ dị iche iche nke ndị mmadụ" kama ọ "bụ ndị mmadụ". ^[4]

Mgbasa ozi mgbe agha gasịrị

Women's Antifascist Front of Bosnia and Herzegovina chere nsogbu ndị inyom Alakụba ihu na ngwụcha afọ 1940, na-ahazi klas ịgụ na ide na nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe ahụike. Nzukọ ahụ malitere nnukwu mkpọsa iji gbaa ụmụ nwanyị Bosnia ume ịtụ vootu, nke nwetara nsonaazụ pụrụ iche, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 100% nke ụmụ nwanyị na-abịa ịtụ vootu.^[2] Mgbalị ndị Kọmunist na-eme iji kwalite Ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị na-ejikọkarị aka na echiche nke nwanne na ịdị n'otu nke agbụrụ dị na Bosnia na Herzegovina, nke mmekọrịta ha gosipụtara site na enweghị ntụkwasị obi n'oge "agha fratricidal". Nke a pụtara ìhè karịsịa mgbe a na-emeso ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba, ndị na-esonyechaghị na ndụ ọha na eze nke Bosnia na Herzegovina. A kọrọ na ọrụ n'etiti ha "na-esiri ha ike nke ukwuu" n'ógbè ugwu Grmeč n'ihi na ha na-ezere mmekọrịta ha na ụmụ nwanyị Serb [Orthodox] nakwa n'ihi ya na di ha machibidoro ha isonye na nzukọ ahụ.^[1]

At its second congress in the capital city of Sarajevo in 1947, the Women's Antifascist Front of Bosnia and Herzegovina started advocating the abandonment of the hijab (Templeeti:Lang-sh) and niqāb (zar), stating in its resolution that this would lead to a "life without inequality and without enslavement of one person by another, a life in which there will be no darkness and backwardness".^[2] The resolution having been adopted, a delegate from Travnik, Šemsa Kadić, demonstratively took off her veil. She was applauded by her fellow delegates and followed by other Muslim women. For the next three years they organized rallies and meetings to encourage Bosnian Muslim women to abandon the veil. The enthusiastic members of the organization enlisted the support of male politicians as well as the approval of the grand mufti Ibrahim Fejić.^[2]

Women's Antifascist Front of Bosnia and Herzegovina, tinyere Women's Anti-Fascist Front nke Yugoslavia na alaka ya ndị ọzọ, gbasara onwe ha na Septemba 1953. ^[3]

Ndị a ma ama

Marija Bursać (1920-1943), onye agha Partisan si Drvar, nwụrụ na-alụ ọgụ megide ndị Germany, Onye dike ndị YugoslaviaOnye dike ndị mmadụ nke Yugoslavia
Vahida Maglajlić (1907-1943), onye ọrụ na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị, onye ndú nnupụisi na Banja Luka, nwụrụ na-alụso ndị Germany ọgụ, naanị nwanyị Alakụba a kpọsara dị ka dike ndị mmadụ nke Yugoslavia
Dragica Pravica (1919-1942), nwa akwụkwọ mahadum, onye ndú nnupụisi na Trebinje, nke ndị agha Četnik gbara egbe
Rada Vranješević (1918-1944), onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si Banja Luka, onye isi oche nke kansụl AFŽ mpaghara Bosanska Krajina, onye otu ZAVNOBiH, nwụrụ mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị na Drvar, Onye dike ndị mmadụ nke Yugoslavia

Hụkwa

Òtù Ndị inyom Na-emegide Fascist nke Croatia
Òtù Ndị inyom Na-emegide Fascist nke Masedonia

Ebem si dee

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Hoare (2006). Genocide and resistance in Hitler's Bosnia: the Partisans and the Chetniks, 1941–1943. Oxford University Press, 189, 288, 323. ISBN 047211557X. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "marko" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Donia (2006). Sarajevo: A Biography. University of Michigan Press, 217, 218. ISBN 0197263801. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "sarajevo" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Batinić (2015). Women and Yugoslav Partisans: A History of World War II Resistance. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107091078. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "batinić" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Hoare (2014). Bosnian Muslims in the Second World War: A History. Oxford University Press, 80, 222, 223, 373. ISBN 978-0199327850. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "hoare" defined multiple times with different content

[marko-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Hoare (2006). Genocide and resistance in Hitler's Bosnia: the Partisans and the Chetniks, 1941–1943. Oxford University Press, 189, 288, 323. ISBN 047211557X. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "marko" defined multiple times with different content

[sarajevo-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Donia (2006). Sarajevo: A Biography. University of Michigan Press, 217, 218. ISBN 0197263801. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "sarajevo" defined multiple times with different content

[batinić-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Batinić (2015). Women and Yugoslav Partisans: A History of World War II Resistance. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107091078. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "batinić" defined multiple times with different content

[hoare-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Hoare (2014). Bosnian Muslims in the Second World War: A History. Oxford University Press, 80, 222, 223, 373. ISBN 978-0199327850. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "hoare" defined multiple times with different content

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