Jump to content

Ịdị ọcha n'ụgbọelu

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ
Ịdị ọcha n'ụgbọelu

Ịdị ọcha nke ụgbọelu [1]-enyocha, ma na-ebelata, Ihe ize ndụ na ihe ize ndụ ahụike nye ndị na-arụ ọrụ na gburugburu ebe ndị na-adịchaghị ike. Ịdọ aka ná ntị nke ịdị ọcha nke mbara igwe na-agụnye isiokwu ndị dị ka iji na nlekọta nke usoro nkwado ndụ, ihe ize ndụ nke ọrụ extravehicular, ihe izehlakalo nke ikpughe kemịkal ma ọ bụ radieshon, njirimara nke ihe ize ndụ, nsogbu mmadụ, na mmepe nke usoro Nchịkwa ihe ize ndụ. Ịdị ọcha nke ụgbọelu na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ na ọgwụ mbara igwe iji hụ na Ndị na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe nwere ahụike ma dị nchebe mgbe ha na-arụkọ ọgwụ na mbara igwe.   [citation needed]

Nchịkọta

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  Mgbe ndị na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe, ha na-ahụ ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ, dị ka radiation, microbes na ụgbọ mbara igwe, na uzuzu na-egbu egbu nke mbara igwe, wdg. N'oge njem n'eluigwe, ndị na-ahụ maka ịdị ọcha na mbara igwe na-arụ ọrụ n'ịnakọta data gbasara ọtụtụ isiokwu. Ozugbo anakọtara data ahụ, ha na-enyocha data ahụ iji chọpụta, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ, ihe ize ndụ maka ahụike mmadụ n'ihi ikpughe na kemịkal dị iche iche dị n'ime ụgbọ mbara igwe yana nsí ndị ọzọ n'oge ụgbọ elu ha. Site na nke ahụ, ndị na-ahụ maka ịdị ọcha nwere ike ikpebi ihe kwesịrị ekwesị ha ga-eme iji belata ikpughe nke ndị na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe na kemịkal ndị na-emerụ ahụ.

Ozugbo ọ nọ n'elu ọnwa ma ọ bụ mbara ala, onye na-ahụ maka ịdị ọcha na mbara igwe ga-anakọta data gbasara ọdịdị ájá, na ọkwa nke radiation n'elu. Site na nyocha a, ha ga-ekpebi ihe ize ndụ maka ahụike ndị na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe ma kwubie otu esi egbochi ma ọ bụ chịkwaa ikpughe.

Ọrụ ndị bụ isi nke onye na-ahụ maka ịdị ọcha na mbara igwe bụ ndị a:  

ụgbọ mbara igwe Orion (ma ọ bụ Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle) bụ ụgbọ mbara igwe interplanetary nke America na Europe nke e bu n'obi iburu ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mbara igwe anọ [2] gaa ebe dị na ma ọ bụ karịa ala (LEO). [3] [4] na-emepe emepe site na National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) na European Space Agency (ESA) maka ịmalite na Space Launch System. Orion ga-enwe ihe ndị nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ dịka ammonia, hydrazine, freon, nitrogen tetroxide, na ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze ma ọ ga-adị mkpa iji gbochie ma ọ bụ chịkwaa ikpughe ihe ndị a n'oge ụgbọ elu. Ndị na-ahụ maka ịdị ọcha na mbara igwe na United States tinyere ndị ọrụ ibe ha na European Union, ndị na-ahụ Maka ịdị ọcha na United Kingdom na ndị ọkachamara na-ahụkarị na mbara igwe ka ha na-emepụta usoro ga-ebelata ikpughe ihe ndị a.   [citation needed]

Ịdị ọcha

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nsogbu nhicha na mkpofu ihe na-ebilite mgbe ị na-emeso gburugburu ebe obibi dị ala. Na International Space Station, enweghị mmiri ozuzo, ndị na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe na-asa ahụ obere sponge, na-eji otu ákwà asa, na nke ọzọ na-asa. [5] [6] bụ na nrụgide dị n'elu na-eme ka mmiri na ncha na-arapara na akpụkpọ ahụ, obere mmiri dị mkpa. [7] na-eji ncha pụrụ iche na-adịghị asụ, yana shampoos pụrụ iche na na-adịghị esụ. Ebe [8] bụ na ụlọ mposi na-adịghị arụ ọrụ na gburugburu ebe dị ala, e mepụtara ụlọ mposi pụrụ iche, nke nwere ikike ịmịkọrọ. Ọ bụ ezie na imewe ahụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu, echiche ahụ na-eji ikuku na-aga, karịa mmiri. [9]'ihe banyere ụgbọ mbara igwe, a na-ebupụ mmiri mkpofu n'ime ụgbọ mmiri n'ime mbara igwe, ma na-agbakọta ihe mkpofu siri ike, ma wepụ ya n'ebe nchekwa ozugbo ụgbọ mmiri ahụ laghachiri n'ụwa. [7] malitere iji ụdị ụlọ mposi dị ugbu a na STS-54 na 1993, ma gosipụta ikike nchekwa na-akparaghị ókè, ma e jiri ya tụnyere naanị ikike ụbọchị 14 nke ụlọ mposi ụgbọ elu mbụ, na ụdị ọhụrụ ahụ nwere gburugburu ebe na-enweghị ísì.

N'ime ISS, ndị na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe na-eyi uwe nkịtị. Ọ bụ ezie na a naghị asa uwe ahụ ma na-eyi ya ruo mgbe a na-ewere ya dị ka ihe ruru unyi, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-eweghachi ha n'ụwa dị ka ihe mkpofu ma ọ bụ na-etinye ha ma na-achụpụ ha na ihe mkpofu ndị ọzọ iji gbaa ọkụ na ikuku. [10] na 2020 detergents maka ịsa uwe na mbara igwe na-enweghị mkpa mmiri ka a na-emepụta maka NASA.

Nchịkwa nke gas na ụgbọ mbara igwe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  [11] na-emepụta gas na-egbu egbu dị ka ihe na-apụ n'anya site na ndị na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe na ihe ndị na-abụghị ígwè dịka ihe mkpuchi elu, adhesives, elastomers, solvents, ndị na-ehicha ihe, mmiri na-agbanwe okpomọkụ wdg. N'elu oke ụfọdụ, ma ọ bụrụ na a na-ekuru ya, gas nwere ike imetụta ikike ndị ọrụ ha ịrụ ọrụ ha n'ụzọ dị irè.

Ọtụtụ n'ime data toxicological na ikpughe gas dabere na oge ọrụ awa 8 nke onye ọrụ ala ma ya mere ọ gaghị adaba maka ọrụ ụgbọ mbara igwe. A ghaghị iguzobe oge ngosi ọhụrụ (ihe ọmụma ịdị ọcha nke ụgbọelu) maka ọrụ mbara igwe ebe enwere ike igosi ya n'enweghị nkwụsị ruo izu 2 ma ọ bụ karịa na-enweghị oge kwa ụbọchị ma ọ bụ ngwụsị izu.

N'ọnọdụ ndị dị mma, e nwere obere gas na-emetọ ikuku dịka ammonia site na ikuku ikuku na okpomọkụ dị elu. Gas ndị ọzọ na-esite na tankị gas na-enye ume na ndị ọrụ n'onwe ha. N'ọnọdụ mberede, gas nwere ike ibilite site na oke okpomọkụ, nsị, mgbawa na loop coolant (ethylene glycol) na site na pyrolysis nke ihe ndị na-abụghị ígwè. Carbon monoxide bụ nnukwu nchegbu maka ndị ọrụ mbara igwe; nke a pụtara ìhè n'oge Ọrụ Apollo.   [citation needed] Enwere ike ịchịkwa gas ndị a na-ewepụta site na iji nzacha lithium hydroxide iji jide carbon dioxide na nzacha carbon iji jide gas ndị ọzọ.

Enwere ike ịnwale gas dị n'ime ụlọ ahụ site na iji gas chromatography, mass spectrometry na infrared spectrophotometry. A na-enyocha nnwale ikuku sitere na ụgbọ mbara igwe tupu na mgbe ọ na-efe efe maka oke gas ha. Enwere ike inyocha nzacha carbon na-arụ ọrụ maka ihe akaebe nke gas trace. Enwere ike iji ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a tụrụ tụnyere oke ikpughe kwesịrị ekwesị. Ọ bụrụ na ikpughe dị elu mgbe ahụ ihe ize ndụ nke ahụike na-abawanye. Nnyocha na-aga n'ihu nke ihe ndị dị ize ndụ dị mkpa ka e wee nwee ike ime ihe kwesịrị ekwesị ma ọ bụrụ na ikpughe ya dị elu.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe achọpụta n'oge ụgbọ elu ahụ na-abụkarị n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ njedebe ha na NASA Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentration Limits. Ọ bụrụ na ikpughe ụgbọ elu na kemịkal ụfọdụ dị n'okpuru TLVs na SMACs ha mgbe ahụ a na-atụ anya na ihe ize ndụ ahụike na-esote ikpughe iku ume ga-ebelata.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ụgbọ mbara igwe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

SMACs na-eduzi ikpughe kemịkal n'oge nkịtị yana ọrụ mberede n'ime ụgbọ mbara igwe. SMACs na-adị mkpirikpi na-ezo aka na njupụta nke ihe ndị dị n'ikuku dị ka gas na uzuoku nke na-agaghị emebi arụmọrụ nke ọrụ ụfọdụ site n'aka ndị na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe n'oge ọnọdụ mberede ma ọ bụ na-akpata mmetụta na-egbu egbu. Ebumnuche SMACs ogologo oge [12] iji zere mmetụta ahụike na-adịghị mma na iji gbochie mgbanwe ọ bụla a na-ahụ anya na arụmọrụ ndị ọrụ n'okpuru ikpughe na-aga n'ihu na kemịkal ruo ụbọchị 180.

Ihe ize ndụ nke uzuzu n'ọnwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Uzuzu ọnwa [13] ọ bụ regolith bụ ihe dị n'elu ọnwa ma bụrụ ihe dịka <100 um. Ọdịdị mkpụrụ osisi na-adịkarị ogologo. Ikpughe na uzuzu a nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu iku ume n'ihi na uzuzu ahụ na-egbu egbu. Ọ pụkwara ikpuchi ihe ngosi nke ndị na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe mgbe ha na-arụ ọrụ n'elu ọnwa. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-arapara na uwe mbara igwe ma n'ụzọ igwe (n'ihi ọdịdị nwere ogwu) na electrostatically.  [14]'oge Apollo, a chọpụtara na ájá ahụ na-emebi ákwà nke uwe mbara igwe.

Ntinye nke ihe ndị a na-eku ume

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ogologo mmeghachi omume inflammatory na akpa ume ga-adabere na ebe a na-etinye uzuzu ọnwa. Na 1G deposition, ụzọ ikuku ndị ọzọ dị n'etiti ga-ebelata njem nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị mma na mpụga akpa ume. N'ọnwa nke nwere ike ndọda, a ga-etinye obere ihe ndị a na-eku ume n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke akpa ume. Ya mere, n'ihi mbelata nke sedimentation na ike ndọda ọnwa, obere ájá ga-abanye na mpaghara alveolar nke akpa ume. [15] [16] ga-eme ka mmerụ ahụ akpa ume ka njọ.

Ịchịkwa ikpughe ájá

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

[17] ga-emepụta usoro nkewa nke magnet dị elu iji wepụ uzuzu site na uwe mbara igwe na-esote nyocha dịka akụkụ dị mma nke uzuzu ọnwa bụ magnetik. Ọzọkwa, enwere ike iji vacuums wepụ uzuzu na uwe mbara igwe.

[18] na-eji Mass spectrometry nyochaa ogo ikuku nke ụgbọ mbara igwe. Enwere ike iji nsonaazụ ndị a nwetara nyochaa ihe ize ndụ n'oge ụgbọ elu dịka ọmụmaatụ, site n'iji ọnụ ọgụgụ nke VOCs tụnyere SMACs ha. Ọ bụrụ na ọkwa ahụ dị oke elu mgbe ahụ, a ga-achọ usoro ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji belata oke na ihe ize ndụ ahụike.

Ihe ize ndụ nke nje

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'oge ụgbọ elu, a ga-enwe nnyefe nke microbes n'etiti ndị ọrụ. Ndị ọrụ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ọrịa ndị metụtara nje bacteria na Skylab 1. A chọpụtara na mmetọ nke ụmụ ahụhụ na Skylab dị elu nke ukwuu. Staphylococcus aureus na Aspergillus spp na-anọkarị na ikuku na elu n'oge ọtụtụ njem mbara igwe. Nje ndị ahụ anaghị etinye ala na microgravity nke na-eme ka aerosols na-aga n'ihu na ikuku dị elu na ikuku dị n'ime ụlọ karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na anaghị elekọta usoro nzacha ikuku nke ụlọ ahụ nke ọma. N'otu njem, a chọtara mmụba na ọnụ ọgụgụ na mgbasa nke fungi na pathogenic streptococci.   [citation needed]

Ngwaọrụ nchịkọta mamịrị na-ewu nje bacteria Proteus mirabilis, nke jikọtara ya na ọrịa urinary tract. N'ihi nke a, ndị na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe nwere ike ibute ọrịa urinary tract. Otu ihe atụ [19] ọrụ Apollo 13, n'oge onye na-anya ụgbọelu lunar module nwere ọrịa siri ike nke chọrọ izu abụọ nke ọgwụ nje iji dozie.

Biofilm nke nwere ike ịnwe ngwakọta nke nje bacteria na fungus nwere ike imebi ngwá electronic site na oxidizing ihe dị iche iche dịka eriri ọla kọpa. Ihe ndị dị otú ahụ na-eto eto n'ihi na ha na-adị ndụ na ihe ndị sitere na akpụkpọ ahụ nke onye na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe. Organic acid nke nje na-emepụta, ọkachasị fungus, nwere ike imebi ígwè, ugegbe na plastik. Ọzọkwa, n'ihi mmụba nke ikpughe radiation na ụgbọ mbara igwe, o yikarịrị ka enwere Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ nke nje.

N'ihi ikike nke microbes na-akpata ọrịa n'ime ndị na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe ma nwee ike imebi ihe dị iche iche nwere ike ịdị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ nke ụgbọ mbara igwe, a ghaghị inyocha ihe ize ndụ ma, ebe o kwesịrị ekwesị, jikwaa ọkwa nke uto microbes nke ejiri ezi ịdị ọcha nke mbara igwe na-achịkwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, site n'ịtụle ikuku na elu ya ugboro ugboro iji chọpụta ihe ịrịba ama mbụ nke mmụba nke mmetọ nje, idebe elu dị ọcha site na iji uwe disinfected, site n"ịhụ na a na-elekọta ngwá ọrụ niile nke ọma karịsịa usoro nkwado ndụ na site na ịsacha ụgbọ mbara igwe mgbe niile iji wepụ uzuzu mbụ na enwere ike ileghara ihe ize ndụ sitere na mmetọ nke nje na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụrụ na etinye ụkpụrụ nke ezigbo omume astronautical. N'ihi ya, a chọrọ nyocha ọzọ na mpaghara a ka e wee nwee ike nyochaa ihe ize ndụ nke ikpughe ma mepụta usoro dị mkpa iji belata uto nke nje.

Microbes na microgravity na mbara igwe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

E nwere ihe karịrị otu narị ụdị nje bacteria na fungus nke a chọpụtara site na njem mbara igwe. Microorg[20] ndị a na-adị ndụ ma na-agbasa na mbara igwe. A na-eme mgbalị dị ukwuu iji hụ na ihe ize ndụ sitere na ikpughe na nje na-ebelata nke ukwuu. A na-eme ka ụgbọ mbara igwe ghara ịdị mma dị ka ezigbo njikwa site na iji ihe ndị na-egbochi nje dịka ethylene oxide na methyl chloride, a na-ejikwa ndị na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe kewapụ onwe ha ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị tupu ọrụ. Otú ọ dị, usoro ndị a na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nje kama iwepụ ha. Microgravity nwere ike ịbawanye virulence nke ụfọdụ microbes. Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa na a na-amụ usoro ndị na-akpata nsogbu a ma na-etinye njikwa kwesịrị ekwesị iji hụ na ndị na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe, ọkachasị, ndị na-enweghị mgbochi, anaghị emetụta ha.

Ihe ize ndụ nke anụ ahụ n'ihi gburugburu ebe obibi

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọrụ Cain (2007) na ndị ọzọ [21] ahụla mkpa ọ dị ịghọta ihe ize ndụ na ihe ize ndụ nke ịrụ ọrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ala. Mmetụta n'ozuzu ya na mbara igwe nke ụgbọ elu ma ọ bụ mbelata ike ndọda dịka ọmụmaatụ, dịka ọ nwere ike ime na ọnwa ma ọ bụ n'oge nyocha nke Mars gụnyere ihe ndị gbanwere agbanwe dịka mbelata ịdị arọ, nrụgide mmiri, convection na sedimentation. Mgbanwe ndị a ga-emetụta Mmiri dị n'ahụ, ndị na-anabata ike ndọda na ihe ndị na-ebu ibu. Ahụ ga-eme mgbanwe ndị a n'ime oge ọ nọrọ na mbara igwe. A ga-enwekwa mgbanwe psychosocial site na njem n'ime oghere dị n'ime ụgbọ mbara igwe. Ọ dị mkpa ka ịdị ọcha nke ụgbọelu (na ọgwụ na mbara igwe) dozie nsogbu ndị a, ọkachasị, mgbanwe omume nwere ike ime na ndị ọrụ ma ọ bụghị ya, usoro ndị e mepụtara iji chịkwaa ihe ize ndụ na ihe ize ndụ ahụike agaghị adịgide. Mbelata ọ bụla na nkwurịta okwu, arụmọrụ na idozi nsogbu, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-ebibi ihe.

N'oge nyocha mbara igwe, a ga-enwe ike maka dermatitis kọntaktị iji mepụta karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ikpughe ihe na-Mmetụta akpụkpọ ahụ dịka acrylates. Ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ [22] otú ahụ nwere ike itinye ọrụ n'ihe ize ndụ ọ gwụla ma e mere ihe kwesịrị ekwesị iji chọpụta isi iyi nke ikpughe ahụ, iji nyochaa ihe ize ndụ ahụike, ma si otú ahụ chọpụta ụzọ isi belata ikpughe.

Fans, compressors, motors, transformer, pọmpụ wdg na International Space Station (ISS) niile na-emepụta mkpọtụ. Ka a chọrọ ọtụtụ ngwá ọrụ na ọdụ ụgbọ elu, enwere ike ịbawanye mkpọtụ. Onye na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe Tom Jones gosipụtara na mkpọtụ ahụ bụ nsogbu n'ụbọchị ndị mbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ mbara igwe mgbe ndị na-eme egwuregwu n'ime ime mbara igwe na-eyi ihe nchebe ntị. [23], anaghị achọ nchebe ntị ma na-egbochi ụlọ ihi ụra.

Ihe odide

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ Cain, John R. (2011). "Astronautical hygiene-A new discipline to protect the health of astronauts working in space". Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 64: 179–185. 
  2. ↑ Orion Quick facts. NASA (August 4, 2014). Archived from the original on June 3, 2016. Retrieved on October 29, 2015.
  3. ↑ Bergin (30 October 2014). EFT-1 Orion completes assembly and conducts FRR. NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved on November 10, 2014.
  4. ↑ Preliminary Report Regarding NASA's Space Launch System and Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle. NASA (January 2011). Retrieved on May 25, 2011.
  5. ↑ Personal Hygiene Provisions. NASA (2002). Archived from the original on June 20, 2000. Retrieved on September 5, 2007.
  6. ↑ Jenks, Ken (1998). Space Hygiene. Space Biomedical Research Institute. Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved on September 5, 2007.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ask an Astrophysicist. NASA. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved on September 5, 2007.
  8. ↑ Waste Collection System. NASA (2002). Archived from the original on 18 September 2007. Retrieved on September 5, 2007.
  9. ↑ Living in Space. NASA (2002). Archived from the original on 10 September 2007. Retrieved on September 5, 2007.
  10. ↑ Mark Harris (26 November 2020). NASA can't decide whether astronauts should wash their underwear. Retrieved on 30 November 2020.
  11. ↑ James, J (1998). "Toxicological Basis for Establishing Spacecraft Air Monitoring Requirements". SAE Trans. J. Aerospace 107-1: 854–89. DOI:10.4271/981738. 
  12. ↑ Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Airborne Contaminants. JSC 20584: NASA Johnson Space Centre, Houston, Texas, 1999
  13. ↑ Lunar Exploration Strategic Roadmap Meeting, 2005
  14. ↑ Bean, A.L. et al. (1970) Crew Observations. NASA SP-235, p. 29
  15. ↑ Darquenne (2000). "Effect of gravity on aerosol dispersion and deposition in the human lung after periods of breath holding". Journal of Applied Physiology 89 (5): 1787–92. DOI:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.5.1787. PMID 11053327. 
  16. ↑ Darquenne (2004). "Effect of small flow reversals on aerosol mixing in the alveolar region of the human lung". Journal of Applied Physiology 97 (6): 2083–9. DOI:10.1152/japplphysiol.00588.2004. PMID 15298988. 
  17. ↑ Taylor, L.A. (2000) Deleterious effects of dust for lunar base activities: A possible remedy. New Views of the Moon Workshop, Lunar Planetary Inst., ext. Abstr.
  18. ↑ Palmer (2001). "Mass spectrometry in the U.S. Space program: Past, present, and future". Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 12 (6): 656–75. DOI:10.1016/S1044-0305(01)00249-5. PMID 11401157. 
  19. ↑ Anderson, Rupert W (12 June 2015). The Cosmic Compendium: Space Medicine. Lulu.com, 29. ISBN 978-1-329-05200-0. 
  20. ↑ Lynch, S.V. and Martin, A. (2005). "Travails of microgravity: man and microbes in space". Biologist 52 (2): 80–87. 
  21. ↑ White (2001). "Humans in space". Nature 409 (6823): 1115–1118. DOI:10.1038/35059243. PMID 11234026. 
  22. ↑ Toback (1989). "Manifesto of space medicine: The next dermatologic frontier". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 20 (3): 489–95. DOI:10.1016/s0190-9622(89)70062-1. PMID 2645326. 
  23. ↑ Jones. "Ask the Astronaut: Is it quiet onboard the space station?", Air & Space Magazine, April 27, 2016. Retrieved on 2018-01-03.
Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ịdị_ọcha_n%27ụgbọelu&oldid=167089