Ịdị n'elu ala
Solarization nke ala bụ usoro na-abụghị kemịkalụ na gburugburu ebe obibi iji chịkwaa ụmụ ahụhụ site na iji ike anyanwụ na-eme ka okpomọkụ ala dị elu ruo n'ókè nke a ga-egbu ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ na-ebute ala ma ọ bụ mee ka ọ daa mbà. A na-eji solarization nke ala na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ n'obere ntakịrị n'ime ubi na ugbo organic. Igwe solarization nke ala na-ebelata ma na-egbu fungi, nje bacteria, nematodes, na ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ ahụhụ na ahịhịa dị n'ime ala site n'ịkwasa ala ma kpuchie ya na tap, na-ejikarị mkpuchi polyethylene na-egbuke egbuke iji jide ike anyanwụ. Ike a na-ebute mgbanwe anụ ahụ, kemịkalụ na nke ndu na obodo ala.[2] Mwepụta nke ala na-adabere na oge, okpomọkụ, na mmiri ala.[1] A pụkwara ịkọwa ya dị ka ụzọ e si emetọ ala ma ọ bụ ịmepụta ala na-ekpochapụ site n'iji ìhè anyanwụ.. [citation needed]
Mgbasawanye nke ala
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Solarization nke ala bụ usoro hydrothermal nke disinfecting ala nke ụmụ ahụhụ, nke a rụzuru site na ike anyanwụ (nke a na-akpọ okpomọkụ anyanwụ nke ala na mbipụta mbụ) ma bụrụ usoro ọhụrụ nke disinfestation nke ala, nke mbụ Katan kọwara na nkọwa sayensị zuru ezu na 1976. [1] Ụzọ ọrụ maka sollarization nke ala dị mgbagwoju anya ma na-agụnye iji okpomọkụ dị ka ihe na-egbu egbu maka ụmụ ahụhụ ala site na iji tarps polyethylene na-apụta ìhè.[2] Iji mee ka ịdị irè nke okpomọkụ anyanwụ dịkwuo mma, ọ chọrọ okpomọkụ kachasị mma n'oge okpomọkụ dị elu na radiation anyanwụ, na ọnọdụ ala mmiri.[3] Okpomọkụ ala dị ala mgbe ọ na-ebelata n'omimi ala ma ọ dị mkpa ịga n'ihu na usoro mulching iji chịkwaa pathogens. Omume sollarization nke ala chọrọ ka okpomọkụ ala ruo 35-60 degrees Celsius (95 ruo 140 ° F), nke na-egbu pathogens n'elu 30 sentimita nke ala. Solarization anaghị eme ka ala ghara ịdị ọcha kpamkpam. Solarization nke ala na-eme ka ala dịkwuo mma iji kwalite microorganisms bara uru.[4] Solarization nke ala na-emepụta obodo microbe bara uru site na igbu ihe ruru 90% nke pathogens. [5] Karịsịa, otu nnyocha kọrọ mgbe ụbọchị asatọ nke anyanwụ gasịrị 100% nke V. dabliae (a fungus nke na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ na-emebi ma nwụọ) nwụrụ na omimi nke 25 sentimita.[2] Solarization nke ala na-akpata mbelata nke microbes bara uru, agbanyeghị nje bacteria bara uru dị ka ụdị Bacillus nwere ike ịdị ndụ ma na-eto eto n'okpuru okpomọkụ dị elu na ala solarized.[5] Nnyocha ndị ọzọ akọwakwala mmụba nke Trichoderma harzianum (mkpochapụ fungicide) mgbe anyanwụ gachara. [5] Solarization nke ala na-enye ohere maka mmeghachi omume nke ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru na asọmpi site na ịmepụta ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma.[6] Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje ndị bara uru na-abawanye ka oge na-aga ma na-eme ka ala ndị na-acha odo odo na-eguzogide pathogens.[5] Ihe ịga nke ọma nke anyanwụ abụghị naanị n'ihi mbelata nke pathogens ala, kamakwa maka mmụba nke microbes bara uru dị ka Bacillus, Pseudomonas, na Talaromyces flavus.[4] E gosipụtara na anyanwụ na-egbochi nje n'ala ma na-akpata mmụba nke uto osisi. Ala ndị a na-egbochi egbochi na-akwalite Rhizobacteria ma gosipụta na ha na-amụba oke mmiri na sugar beets site na okpukpu 3.5. [7] Nnyocha ahụ gosikwara na uto osisi na-akwalite rhizobacteria na sugar beets a gwọrọ na sollarization mere ka mgbọrọgwụ gbasaa okpukpu 4.7. [7] Solarization nke ala bụ ọrụ ugbo dị mkpa maka mgbochi pathogen nke ala.
Ihichapụ ala
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ 2008 jiri cell anyanwụ mepụta oghere eletrik maka mgbazigharị electrokinetic (EK) nke ala mebiri emebi nke cadmium. Igwe anyanwụ nwere ike ibugharị electromigration nke cadmium n'ime ala emetọtọ, na mwepụta arụmọrụ nke cell enwetara bụ nke a na-enweta site na ikenye ọkụ.[8]
Na Korea, a tụlere ụzọ mgbazigharị dị iche iche nke slurry ala na mmiri dị n'ime ala nke benzene metọọ na saịtị ọdụ mmanụ emerụrụ emerụ, gụnyere sistemụ ọkụ na-ebugharị nke anyanwụ, yana usoro oxidation dị elu dị iche iche (AOP). Usoro ngbanwe kachasị mma jikọtara usoro ìhè anyanwụ na TiO2 slurry na sistemụ H2O2, na-enweta mbibi benzene 98%, mmụba dị ukwuu na mwepụ nke benzene.[9]
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Agbalịrị iji ike anyanwụ maka ịchịkwa ndị na-ebute ọrịa n'ime ala na n'ihe ọkụkụ nke dịlarị na mmepeanya oge ochie nke India[ntụgharị chọrọ]. N'afọ 1939, Groashevoy, onye ji okwu ahụ bụ "ike anyanwụ maka mkpochapụ ájá", na-achịkwa Thielaviopsis basicola mgbe ọ na-ekpocha ájá ahụ site n'ikpughe ìhè anyanwụ kpọmkwem.[Tinye edensibịa].
Mwepu nke ala bụ ụzọ nke atọ maka ikpochapụ ala; ụzọ abụọ ndị ọzọ isi abịarute, ala steaming na fumigation; e mepụtara na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 19. Echiche nke anyanwụ dabeere na ihe ndị ọrụ ndọtị na ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ na ndagwurugwu Jọdan na-ekpo ọkụ, bụ́ ndị chọpụtara na a na-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ nke ala polyethylene mulched. Edere ntinye aka nke usoro nchịkwa ihe ndị dị ndụ na njikwa pathogen na ihe ndị nwere ike ịpụta na mbipụta mbụ, na-achọpụta mmetụta dị ogologo nke ọgwụgwọ ahụ. Na 1977, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị America na Mahadum California dị na Davis kọrọ njikwa Verticilium na ubi owu, dabere na ọmụmụ malitere na 1976, si otú a na-egosi, maka oge mbụ, enwere ike itinye usoro a n'obosara.
Ojiji nke polyethylene maka solarization ala dị iche n'ụkpụrụ site na iji ọrụ ugbo ọdịnala ya. Site na iji anyanwụ, a na-agbakọta ala n'oge ọnwa kacha mma (kama oyi, dịka ọ dị na plastik omenala nke a na-eme iji chebe ihe ọkụkụ) iji mee ka okpomọkụ dịkwuo elu na mgbalị iji nweta ọkwa okpomọkụ na-egbu egbu.
N'ime afọ 10 mbụ na-esochi mbipụta 1976 nwere mmetụta, a na-enyocha solarization ala na opekata mpe mba 24 [11] ma etinyere ya ugbu a karịa 50, ọkachasị na mpaghara ọkụ, n'agbanyeghị na enwere ụfọdụ ihe dị mkpa. Nnyocha egosila ịdị irè nke solarization na ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche, gụnyere akwụkwọ nri, ihe ọkụkụ ubi, ihe ịchọ mma na osisi mkpụrụ osisi, megide ọtụtụ nje, ahịhịa na arthropod ala. Achọpụtakwara nje ndị ahụ na-akpata ọrịa na ahihia nke anwụghị anwụ na-achịkwa. Mgbanwe nke ndu, kemịkalụ na anụ ahụ nke na-eme n'ime ala solarized n'oge na mgbe a nyochachara anyanwụ, yana mmekọrịta nke anyanwụ na ụzọ ndị ọzọ nke njikwa. Achọpụtara mmetụta dị ogologo oge gụnyere njikwa ndu na nzaghachi uto na-abawanye na mpaghara ihu igwe dị iche iche na ala, na-egosipụta n'ozuzu ojiji nke solarization. Emepụtala ụdị ịme anwansị kọmpụta iji duzie ndị na-eme nchọpụta na ndị na-akụ osisi ma ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ha dabara adaba maka anyanwụ.
A na-eme nchọpụta banyere mmelite nke solarization site na ijikọta ya na ụzọ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ site na ịcha ọkụ n'ime ụlọ enyo mechiri emechi, ma ọ bụ ọmụmụ gbasara ngwa azụmahịa site na ịmepụta igwe mulching.
Ojiji nke sollarization na ubi mkpụrụ osisi dị ugbu a (dịka ịchịkwa Verticillium na ubi pistachio) bụ ihe dị mkpa site na usoro nhazi nke ọkọlọtọ ma kọọrọ ya na mbido afọ 1979.
Ebem si dee
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Katan (1976). "Solar Heating by Polyethylene Mulching for the Control of Diseases Caused by Soil-Borne Pathogens". Phytopathology 66 (5): 683. DOI:10.1094/phyto-66-683. ISSN 0031-949X.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mihajlovic (2017). "Methods for management of soilborne plant pathogens". Pesticidi I Fitomedicina 32 (1): 9–24. DOI:10.2298/pif1701009m. ISSN 1820-3949.
- ↑ Katan (September 1981). "Solar Heating (Solarization) of Soil for Control of Soilborne Pests". Annual Review of Phytopathology 19 (1): 211–236. DOI:10.1146/annurev.py.19.090181.001235. ISSN 0066-4286.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Raaijmakers (2008-02-23). "The rhizosphere: a playground and battlefield for soilborne pathogens and beneficial microorganisms". Plant and Soil 321 (1–2): 341–361. DOI:10.1007/s11104-008-9568-6. ISSN 0032-079X.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:2 - ↑ Stapleton (June 1986). "Soil solarization: a non-chemical approach for management of plant pathogens and pests". Crop Protection 5 (3): 190–198. DOI:10.1016/0261-2194(86)90101-8. ISSN 0261-2194.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Stapleton (January 1985). "Soil solarization: Effects on soil properties, crop fertilization and plant growth". Soil Biology and Biochemistry 17 (3): 369–373. DOI:10.1016/0038-0717(85)90075-6. ISSN 0038-0717.
- ↑ Yuan S (June 2008). "Use of solar cell in electrokinetic remediation of cadmium-contaminated soil". J. Hazard. Mater. 162 (2–3): 1583–7. DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.038. PMID 18656308.
- ↑ Cho IH (January 2008). "The potential and realistic hazards after a solar-driven chemical treatment of benzene using a health risk assessment at a gas station site in Korea". J Environ Sci Health a Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 43 (1): 86–97. DOI:10.1080/10934520701750090. PMID 18161562.