Ịda ogbenye na France

Ịda ogbenye na France adaala 60% karịa afọ iri atọ. atụmatụ na ọ gbakwunye 15% nke ndị bi na 1970, na 2001 naanị 6.1% (ma ọ bụ 3.7). nde mmadụ) nọ n'okpuru oke ego ogbenye (nke, dị ka usoro INSEE siri dị, bụ ọkara nke ego a na-enweta na etiti ).

OECD sitere na ọhụrụ 1970 mere emu na 16% nke ndị France bi na ndị ogbenye, ma e jiri ya 13% na United States, 11% na Canada, 7.5% na United Kingdom, na 3% na Germany. Atụmatụ mba ndị ọzọ n'oge ahụ bụ 13% (United States), 11% (Canada), 8% (Australia), 5% (Norway), na 3.5% (Sweden).^[1]

N'afọ 1975, ego nkwụnye ego na- ike ụtụ isi na-amalite na £ 665 maka mmepụta na-eru mmepụta afọ iri nyere Nkwado dị ukwuu maka ndị na-agụ bi na obere ego, yana nchikota ya na ụtụ isi kpọmkwem mpaghara dara ogbenye nke ọ warara ọzọ. obodo na EEC . Ezin nwere nwe nne na nna nwere ikike anọ dabere na 66% nke nkezi ego enwetara ego mgbe ụtụ isi na-enye ọrụ ruru 49.4% nke ego ha na-enweta ma e jiri ya mama 8.2% na United Kingdom. Ka o sina dị, n'otu apụ ahụ, INSEE mmetụta na n'ọkwa na-akwụ ụgwọ ọrụ, ego a na-enweta n'otu onye isi ka dị obere n'ụzọ ụfọdụ n'ibu ụzọ na-amanye ma ọ bụ Shooka, ebe ọnụ njikwa , na-adabara, obere ndị dị ala na-achị. - onye ọrụ paying. Dị ka otu si malite na ọhụrụ 1970s, iji 1500 francs net kwa ọnwa maka ndị na-arụ ọrụ nile oge, 44% nke ụmụ ekiri na 24.5% nke ụmụ nwoke na-akwụ ụgwọ dị ala. Pasent nke ndị ọrụ na- nnyonye anya obere ụfọdụ na ọrụ nkeonwe, dị ka isi isi (74%), ụlọ oriri na nri na nri (60%) na textiles (51%). ^[1]

N'ihi nsogbu na-akwaga mba Europe, akpa na 2015, mgbochi ndị na-akwa na-anya akwa na ndị na-akwa na-akpa mkpagharị ịpụta mgbe niile na isi obodo na ndị ọrụ France na-ekpochapụ ma na-ekpochapụ ha dị ka nke October 2016 Ogige ndị dị otú ahụ na-aghọ ihe a na-emekarị na Northern France, n'aṅa egwu osimiri La Manche, bụ́ nke ndị si mba ọzọ na-atụ anya ịgafe na iji ruo Britain . Ogige Calais nwere ike ịbụ ihe atụ kacha mara amara nke a.

Ọnọdụ na 2005

^[2]Edobere oke ogbenye na 645 euro kwa onye kwa ọnwa. N'ịtụnyere, na revenu kacha nta d'insertion (RMI, nke echiche na-eche na-ekwe nkwa kacha nta ego, ọ bụ ebe na ọ na-adịghị ekesa ka onye ọ gbakwunye) bụ n'oge ahụ 440,86 euro. kwa ụnwanwa maka onye bi naanị ya. [1] ọnụọgụ ndị ogbenye French dị mma elu nke United States, [2] na-atụ aro na ụfọdụ ndị a ga- ndị ibi na ndị ogbenye na France port ma ọ bụrụ na ha nwere otu ego na United States. Otú ọ dị, ọ na-esiri ike iji ha ike n'ihi na a naghị agụkọta ha n'otu ụzọ ahụ, n'agbanyeghị nke na ọnụ ahịa ma ọ bụ ike ndụ. Ọ bụ ebe na a na-agbakọ ọnụ ọnụ ndị ogbenye French dị ka ọkara nke ego a na-enweta na etiti, ọnụ ụzọ ego ogbenye US na-adabere na ọnụ ahịa dollar nke nri nri na-enye, ya bụ, na cash ahaghị nhata ego

Ka o sina dị, ndị ọrụ na-elekọta mmadụ na-ekwe ka France nweere otu n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ ekiri ala n'agbanyeghị ike ogbenye a</link>^{[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]}

N'agbanyeghị ọganihu dị mma, ọ dị ka </link> na ime obodo na-adọta ọtụtụ ndị a hapụrụ; akụkụ na-adịghị eleghara anya nke ndị obodo nọ n'ihe ize ndụ na-akwaga mba ahụ ma na-esonye n'òtù ndị ọrụ ugbo obere oge n'etiti ndị na-enweta ọdịmma "ime obodo". A na-akọwa ihe omume a site na ọnụ ala nke ndụ ime obodo ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke obodo. ^[3]

Ihe ọzọ na-egosi ogbenye bụ RMI. Na 1994, na France mepere emepe, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị RMI natara bụ 783,436; afọ iri ka e ịhụnanya (na June 2004), ọ ruru 1,041,026. Na ngalaba esenidụt, ọ bụ 105,033 na njedebe nke 1994 na 152,892 na June 2004. [1] Ka ọ na-erule December 31, 2005, ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ guzoro na 1,112,400. </link>Site na Disemba 2004 ruo Disemba 2005, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nnata RMI mụbara site na 4.7% dị ka Secours catholique NGO ] [ .

Bidonville

Bidonvilles ("nwere ike obodo") bụ obodo nta nke dị na obodo obodo France ma na-enwekarị nsogbu okporo ụzọ ma ọ bụ ọrụ ọkụ (dị ka ọkụ eletrik ma ọ bụ gburugburu mmiri). Ọ bụ ebe na e chere na ọ bụ ihe iche iche na 1960s na 1970s, bidonvilles ikike nlebara anya ọzọ na mgbasa ozi French na 2000s. Ndị kwabatara na-ebikarị, bidonvilles na-ahụ ogo nke ebe obibi n'etiti ụmụ amaala France na ndị otu mbata na nso nso a n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ dị elu ụfọdụ obodo mmegharị, bidonvilles na-ahụ ogo nke ebe obibi n'etiti ụmụ amaala France na ndị otu mbata na nso nso a n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ dị elu ụfọdụ obodo-emee Europe ọlụ n'afọ ndị agha agha. [1] Otú ọ dị, a na-azụ ọtụtụ nlebara anya na-egosi ogbenye bi na France ugbu a na ime obodo Paris, ma ọ bụ banlieues .

. ^[4] N'afọ 1964, Loi Debré mgbochi ikpochapụ bidonvilles, na n'ụzọ hiere ụzọ na nhazi obodo ga-n'anya na 1970 site na nche nke Nanterre 's bidonville ka ọ bụrụ obodo ọgbara ọhụrụ. nọmba, ọnụ ọgụgụ 1973 mere na ọ kpọ ala 8,600 ka bi na bidonvilles na gburugburu Paris.

N'agbanyeghị mbọ a na-agbasi mbọ ike iweghachi ndị mmadụ bi na bidonvilles (yana "micro-bidonvilles") nke kewara ekewa, ha ka bụ eziokwu n'ebe ndị dị ka Villeurbanne ( Lion), ebe bidonville nwere mmadụ 500 sitere na Romani, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ n'ime ha bụ ihe. [1] Na February 2007, ndị na-agba ehi bidonville na Bobigny, nke dị n'ebe ugwu egwuregwu nke Paris, ebe edebanyere ụmụ amaala Romania na Bulgarian 266. Nnukwu bidonville ọzọ dị nso na Calais, ndị njem si Middle-East , North Africa na sub-Saharan Africa bi na-enwe ike ike United Kingdom. E bibiwo ya ugboro ugboro, ma ebe ọ bụ na ndị mmadụ nọ na France n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, ha akara ebe ọzọ ha ga-aga, ma ike mgba n'otu ebe.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na France e mere atụmatụ na ha bi n'okpuru ịda ogbenye (1970-2002)

1990 6.6%

2002 6%

Ihe odide ala ala peeji

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Victor George (1980). Poverty and inequality in Common Market countries. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 9780710005175. Victor George; Roger Lawson (1980). Poverty and inequality in Common Market countries. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 9780710005175.
↑ The Development and History of the U.S. Poverty Thresholds – A Brief Overview, by Gordon M. Fisher, US Department of Health and Human Services, GSS/SSS Newsletter (Newsletter of the Government Statistics Section and the Social Statistics Section of the American Statistical Association), Winter 1997, pp. 6–7
↑ Alexandre Pagès (2005), La pauvreté en milieu rural, Toulouse, Presses Universitaires du Mirail
↑ White, 197.

Ntụaka

Nkwupụta sitere na Conseil de l'emploi, des revenus et de la cohésion sociale (CERC), 17 February 2005 [1]
Akuko nke April 2005 banyere ịda ogbenye na France site n'aka Emmaüs nyere onye isi oche ya Martin Hirsch nye ministri des Solidarités, de la Santé et de la Famille Philippe Douste-Blazy

Njikọ mpụga

(in French) Seuils de pauvreté en France, sur le site de l'INSEE
(in French) Taux de pauvreté en France, sur le site de l'INSEE
(in French) Observatoire national de la pauvreté et de l’exclusion sociale
(in French) Observatoire des Inégalités, Données sur la pauvreté

Templeeti:France topics

[poverty-and-inequality-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Victor George (1980). Poverty and inequality in Common Market countries. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 9780710005175. Victor George; Roger Lawson (1980). Poverty and inequality in Common Market countries. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 9780710005175.

[2] The Development and History of the U.S. Poverty Thresholds – A Brief Overview, by Gordon M. Fisher, US Department of Health and Human Services, GSS/SSS Newsletter (Newsletter of the Government Statistics Section and the Social Statistics Section of the American Statistical Association), Winter 1997, pp. 6–7

[3] Alexandre Pagès (2005), La pauvreté en milieu rural, Toulouse, Presses Universitaires du Mirail

[auto1-4] White, 197.

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