Ịgba mmiri n'etiti
Ịgba mmiri n'etiti etiti pivot (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ Central pivot irrigation), nke a na-akpọkwa mmiri-wheel na ịgba gburugburu gburugburu, bụ usoro ịgba mmiri n'ubi nke ngwá ọrụ na-agbagharị gburugburu pivot na-eji sprinkler na-agbanye ihe ọkụkụ. A na-agba mmiri n'akụkụ okirikiri gbadoro ụkwụ na pivot mmiri, na-emepụtakarị usoro okirikiri n'ihe ọkụkụ mgbe a na-ele ya anya site n'elu (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ okirikiri ihe ọkụkụ, ọ bụghị ka ọ gbagwojuru anya na nke a na-emepụta site na ịgbatị okirikiri nke akụkụ nke ubi n'ubi). Ọtụtụ pivots etiti bụ na mbụ sitere na mmiri, mana taa, ọtụtụ moto eletrik na-ebuli ya.
Usoro ịgba mmiri nke etiti bara uru n'ihi ikike ha nwere iji mmiri mee ihe nke ọma ma melite ihe ubi na-emepụta. Usoro ndị a dị irè nke ukwuu na nnukwu ala.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Onye ọrụ ugbo bụ́ Frank Zybach, bụ́ onye bi na Strasburg, Colorado, chepụtara ogbugba mmiri n'etiti etiti na 1940. A ghọtara ya dị ka ụzọ dị irè iji meziwanye nkesa mmiri n'ubi.[1]
Na 1952, Zybach so A. E. Trowbridge, enyi ya, Ethan James Olson, si Columbus, Nebraska banye azụmahịa. Trowbridge welitere $25,000 (nke $287,000 na 2023) wee nweta 49% nke ikike ikike ikike. Zybach si na Colorado lọghachi na Columbus, mepee ụlọ ahịa, goro ụmụ nwoke ole na ole, bufee ogologo ọkpọkọ ahụ ruo 1.8 m (6 ft), wee banye azụmaahịa. N'ime afọ abụọ mbụ nke ọrụ, ha rere naanị 19 usoro. Nhazi nke mbụ dị mma ma ndị ọrụ ugbo ole na ole ghọtara usoro ahụ. Zybach nọgidere na-emeziwanye atụmatụ ya ma lekwasị anya n'ime ka igwe ya dị mma, kama ịnwa ịre sistemu nwere nsogbu..[2]
Zybach hụrụ ihe ịga nke ọma na atụmatụ gbanwere, nke meziwanyere arụmọrụ sistemụ. N'afọ 1954, o nyere Robert Daugherty na ụlọ ọrụ ya, Valley Manufacturing ikike ikike ikike ya. Ndị injinia Daugherty nọrọ afọ iri sochirinụ na-edozi ihe ọhụrụ Zybach, na-eme ka ọ sie ike, dị ogologo, ma bụrụ nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya, ma na-agbanwe ya site na usoro ike mmiri gaa na ụgbọala eletrik. Ụlọ ọrụ Daugherty gara n'ihu na-etolite n'ime Ụlọ ọrụ Valmont, ebe Valley Irrigation bụ onye enyemaka ya.[3]
Nchịkọta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Central pivot irrigation bụ ụdị mmiri mmiri sprinkler n'elu nke nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ọkpọkọ (na-abụkarị ígwè galvanized ma ọ bụ aluminum) na sprinklers debere n'ogologo ha, jikọtara ọnụ ma kwado ya site na trusses, ma tinye ya na ụlọ elu nwere ụkwụ.[4] Ngwaọrụ ahụ na-agagharị n'usoro okirikiri ma na-enye mmiri site na ebe ntụgharị dị n'etiti okirikiri ahụ.[5]
Maka iji etiti etiti mee ihe, ala ahụ kwesịrị ịdị larịị; mana otu isi uru nke etiti etiti karịa usoro ndị ọzọ na-eji ike ndọda eme ihe bụ ikike ịrụ ọrụ na mba na-agbanwe agbanwe. Uru a emeela ka a mụbaa ala a na-agba mmiri na ojiji mmiri n'ebe ụfọdụ. A na-eji usoro ahụ eme ihe n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke United States, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, [5] na mpaghara ọzara dị ka Sahara na Middle East.
Ogwe etiti na-erughị mita 500 (1,600 n'ogologo (radius okirikiri) na nha kachasị ewu ewu bụ igwe 400-meter ( mi), -ekpuchi ihe dị ka hekta 50 (125 acres) nke ala.[5] Na mbụ, ọtụtụ n'ime etiti etiti bụ mmiri. A na-eji usoro hydraulic na usoro eletrik na-akwọ ụgbọala dochie anya ndị a, nke a na-ejikarị injin a na-etinye na ụlọ elu ọ bụla.
Ụgbọ ụkwụ ndị dị n'èzí na-esetịpụ ọsọ maka ntụgharị. A na-etinye ụkwụ ndị dị n'ime na hubs n'etiti akụkụ abụọ ma jiri ihe mmetụta angle (microswitches) chọpụta mgbe nkwonkwo na nkwonkwo gafere ọnụ ụzọ ụfọdụ. Mgbe oghere ahụ buru oke ibu, wiil ndị ahụ na-agbagharị iji mee ka akụkụ ndị ahụ dị n'otu. Oge ndị a na-ahụkarị maka ntụgharị zuru ezu gụnyere ụbọchị atọ; [5] ebe isi mmalite ndị ọzọ nwere ọnụ mpụga nke ihe owuwu ahụ na-agagharị na 2 ruo 3 kwa nkeji, -aha ka awa 14 ruo 21 maka otu ntụgharị zuru oke nke usoro radius 400-mita ( mi). [6]
Iji nweta otu ngwa, etiti etiti na-achọ ọnụego na-agbanwe agbanwe gafee radius nke igwe ahụ. Ebe ọ bụ na oghere ndị dị n'èzí (ma ọ bụ ụlọ elu) na-aga n'ebe dị anya n'oge a kara aka karịa oghere ndị nọ n'ime, nha nozzle dị obere na oghere dị n'ime ma na-abawanye na anya site na ebe a na-eme ka ọ dị. Ihe ngosi elu na-egosi ubi nke okirikiri nke tracings nke nkeji iri na ise ma ọ bụ ọkara kilomita (400 ma ọ bụ 800 m) radial irrigation pipes, nke na-eri ọtụtụ puku galọn kwa nkeji. "[7]
Ọtụtụ usoro ntụgharị etiti ugbu a nwere ihe na-agbadata na-akwụnye site na ọkpọkọ U a na-akpọ gooseneck agbakwunyere n'elu ọkpọkọ ahụ [nkọwa dị mkpa] na isi sprinkler nke dị na ụkwụ ole na ole (karịsịa) n'elu ihe ọkụkụ ahụ, si otú a na-egbochi mfu ikuku na ikuku. E nwere ọtụtụ nhazi nozzle dị iche iche dị gụnyere plate kwụ otu ebe, plate na-agagharị agagharị na akụkụ gburugburu. A na-etinyekarị ndị na-achịkwa nrụgide n'elu mmiri nke ọ bụla iji hụ na nke ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ na nrụgide nhazi ziri ezi.
A pụkwara iji drops mee ihe na drag hoses ma ọ bụ bubblers nke na-etinye mmiri kpọmkwem n'ala n'etiti ihe ọkụkụ. A maara ụdị usoro a dị ka LEPA (Low Energy Precision Application) ma na-ejikọkarị ya na iwu obere ihe mgbochi mmiri n'akụkụ ogologo (nke a na-akpọ furrow diking / dyking). Enwere ike ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ ma ọ bụ n'ahịrị kwụ ọtọ ma ọ bụ na gburugburu iji kwekọọ na njem nke usoro ịgba mmiri.
Igwe ịgba mmiri na-aga n'ahịrị ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A pụkwara ịhazi ngwá ọrụ ịgba mmiri iji gaa n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ, ebe a na-akpọ ya ịkwaga n'akụkụ, ịkwaga ahịrị, ịkwagharị ụkwụ ma ọ bụ usoro ịgba mmiri n'akụkụ.[8][9] N'ime usoro ndị a, a na-enye mmiri site na ọwa ịgba mmiri na-agba ogologo ubi ahụ. A na-etinye ọwa ahụ ma ọ bụ n'otu akụkụ ma ọ bụ na ahịrị site n'etiti. A na-etinye ihe onwunwe na nke mgbapụta n'elu ụgbọ ala site na ọwa nnyefe. Ụgbọala ahụ na-eji ígwè ọrụ ahụ eme njem.
Ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịhọrọ ịgba mmiri n'akụkụ iji mee ka ubi rectangular dị ugbu a. Nke a nwere ike inyere ha aka ịgbanwe site na ịgba mmiri. Ịgba mmiri n'akụkụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, na-adabere na usoro nduzi dị mgbagwoju anya, ma chọọ njikwa ọzọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ịgba mmiri n'etiti. Ịgba mmiri n'akụkụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Australia. N'ebe ahụ, usoro na-adịkarị n'agbata mita 500 na 1,000 n'ogologo.
Uru
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ịgba mmiri n'etiti na-eji obere ọrụ karịa ọtụtụ usoro ịgba mmiri ndị ọzọ, dị ka ịgba mmiri.[5] O nwekwara ọnụahịa ọrụ dị ala karịa usoro ịgba mmiri n'ala nke chọrọ igwu ọwa. Ọzọkwa, ịgba mmiri n'etiti etiti nwere ike belata oke ala. Ya mere, ọ na-enyere aka belata mmiri na mbuze ala nke nwere ike ime na ịgba ala mmiri.[5] Obere ọrụ ugbo na-agba ume ka ihe ndị ọzọ na ihe ọkụkụ fọdụrụnụ na-ere n'ime ala. Ọ na-ebelata mkpakọ ala.[5]
Na United States, ndị bi na mbụ nke High Plains nwere nsogbu site na ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ n'ihi usoro ụkọ mmiri Uzuzu, nke mere ka ọdachi Dust Bowl nke afọ 1930. Ọ bụ naanị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị mgbe ịgba mmiri n'etiti etiti malitere ka ala nke usoro mmiri dị na High Plains gbanwere n'otu n'ime mpaghara ndị na-arụ ọrụ ugbo n'ụwa. [citation needed]
Mmetụta ọjọọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na-ebelata mgbe ọnụego nke mmịpụta site na ịgba mmiri karịrị ọnụego nke recharge. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2013, e gosipụtara na n'ụzọ na-emegide nghọta, ka arụmọrụ mmiri nke ịgba mmiri n'etiti etiti na-akawanye mma n'ime afọ, ndị ọrụ ugbo kụrụ ihe siri ike karị, na-agba ala mmiri ọzọ, ma na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ.[7] Nke a bụ ihe atụ nke Jevons paradox.
In parts of the United States, sixty years of the profitable business of intensive farming using huge center-pivot irrigators has emptied parts of the Ogallala Aquifer (also known as the High Plains Aquifer).[7] One of the world's largest aquifers, it covers an area of approximately Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Convert/data' not found. in portions of the eight states of South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas, beneath the Great Plains in the United States.[10] The total water extraction from center-pivot irrigation in the area is estimated to be about 5.42 million acre-feet of water per year. [11]
N'afọ 1950, ala a na-agba mmiri kpuchiri 100,000 hekta (250,000 acres) . Site n'iji ịgba mmiri n'etiti, a na-agba ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 1.2 (nde atọ) nke ala mmiri na Kansas naanị. N'ebe ụfọdụ, n'oge a na-ewepụta mmiri kachasị elu, tebụl mmiri ahụ dara ihe karịrị 1.5 kwa afọ. N'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike, a ghaghị ime ka olulu mmiri dị omimi nke ukwuu iji ruo na tebụl mmiri na-ada.[7] N'ebe ụfọdụ na Texas Panhandle, a na-ewepụ mmiri na tebụl (dewatered). "Ọtụtụ ala ugbo dị na Texas nke dị n'elu mmiri anaghịzi akwado ịgba mmiri. N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke etiti Kansas, ihe ruru otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke ala ugbo a na-agba mmiri n'akụkụ 100 kilomita nke mmiri ahụ akpọnwụọla. "Ọ ga-ewe ọtụtụ narị ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ nke mmiri ozuzo iji dochie mmiri dị n'okpuru ala n'ime mmiri a kpọrọ nkụ. [7]
Ọrụ na omenala
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Na narị afọ nke 21st, nnabata nke mkpa nke High Plains Aquifer ebutewo mmụba sitere na ndị nta akụkọ mpaghara na mba ụwa. Otu akụkọ nke New York Times nke May 2013 "Well akọrọ, mbara ala na-eme nri na-atụgharị ghọọ uzuzu" na-akọ banyere ọdịda na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị nke akụkụ nke High Plains Aquifer System.[7]
Onye edemede bụ Emily Woodson kọwara mmụba nke sistemu ogbugba mmiri n'etiti etiti dị ka akụkụ nke mgbanwe omume miri emi n'ebe ọgbara ọhụrụ (traktọ dị oke ọnụ, ogbugba mmiri n'etiti etiti, ọgwụ nje ọhụrụ dị ize ndụ) na pụọ n'ọrụ ugbo ọdịnala nke mere na etiti 1970s na 1980. na United States. Ọgbọ ọhụrụ họọrọ ihe ọkụkụ dị oke egwu, ụgwọ ọrụ dị elu dịka ọka ma ọ bụ ahụekere, nke chọrọ nnukwu mmiri ala, fatịlaịza na kemịkal. Ụlọ ọrụ ugbo ọhụrụ ezinaụlọ ahụ tụgharịrị ọtụtụ ala ịta ahịhịa ka ọ bụrụ ala ubi ọhụrụ ma nwee mmasị na ịrị elu ọnụ ahịa ala karịa ichekwa mmiri.[12][13]
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Nchịkwa ịgba mmiri
- Ịgba mmiri na Saudi Arabia
- Nchịkwa mmiri
- Mmiri a chọtara n'ala
- Mmiri na ala
Ebem si dee
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Gray, Ellen (May 3, 2012). Texas crop circles from space. NASA. Retrieved on June 6, 2012.
- ↑ Center Pivot Irrigation Systems Take over During the 1950s. Archived from the original on 2022-01-21. Retrieved on 2024-07-12.
- ↑ Valley Irrigation's History.
- ↑ Mader, Shelli (May 25, 2010). Center pivot irrigation revolutionizes agriculture. The Fence Post Magazine. Archived from the original on September 8, 2016. Retrieved on June 6, 2012.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Growing Rice Where it has Never Grown Before: A Missouri research program may help better feed an increasingly hungry world. College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri (July 3, 2008). Archived from the original on 17 September 2013. Retrieved on June 6, 2012.
- ↑ Pressurized Irrigation Techniques: The center pivot irrigation systems. UN Food and Agriculture Organization (2007). Retrieved on 26 April 2020.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Wines. "Wells Dry, Fertile Plains Turn to Dust", The New York Times, 19 May 2013.
- ↑ Evans, R.O. (March 1997). Center Pivot and Linear Move Irrigation System. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina State University. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved on June 6, 2012.
- ↑ Wheelmove Sprinkler Irrigation Operation and Management.
- ↑ Dennehy, K.F. (2000). High Plains regional ground-water study: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-091-00. USGS. Archived from the original on 2008-07-23. Retrieved on 2008-05-07.
- ↑ Cooley, D.J., Maxwell, R.M., Smith, S.M. (2021). "Center Pivot Irrigation Systems and Where to Find Them: A Deep Learning Approach to Provide Inputs to Hydrologic and Economic Models". Frontiers in Water 3. DOI:10.3389/frwa.2021.786016.
- ↑ Morris (2003). in Sherry L. Smith: The Future of the Southern Plains. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 275. ISBN 0806137355.
- ↑ Rainwater. "Book Review: The Future of the Southern Plains", Great Plains Quarterly Great Plains Studies, Center for Great Plains Quarterly Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska, 1 January 2004.