Ịhụnanya maka ọdịmma mmadụ

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Humanitarianism bụ nkwenye siri ike n' uru nke ndụ mmadụ, ebe ụmụ mmadụ na-eme ọgwụgwọ dị mma ma na-enyere ụmụ mmadụ ndị ọzọ aka iji belata nhụjuanya ma melite ọnọdụ ụmụ mmadụ maka omume ọma, achọghị ọdịmma onwe onye, n' ihe mmetụta uche. Otu akụkụ na-agụnye enyemaka mberede afọ ofufo n' nkwado ikike mmadụ, ihe gọọmentị na-eme, enyemaka mmepe, n' ọrụ ebere n'ụlọ. Okwu ndị ọzọ dị oke egwu gụnyere njikọ n' nkwenkwe okpukpe, mkpali nke enyemaka n' etiti achọghị ọdịmma onwe onye n' njikwa mmekọrịta mmadụ n' ibe ya, mmekọrịta ahịa, imperialism n' neo-colonialism, mmekọrịta nwoke n' nwanyị n' klas, n' ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka.[1] A maara onye na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ ebere.

Echiche na-abụghị nke a na-ahụkarị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Humanitarianism bụ echiche na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro; ọ bụ "ozizi na ọrụ ndị mmadụ bụ ịkwalite ọdịmma mmadụ".

Humanitarianism dabeere n' echiche n' mmadụ niile kwesịrị nkwanye ùgwù n' ùgwù ma kwesịkwa imeso ha dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ. Ya mere, ndị ọrụ ebere na-arụ ọrụ iji kwalite ọdịmma nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ n'ozuzu ya. Ọ bụ ihe megidere echiche "anyị n' ha" nke na-egosipụta agbụrụ na ịhụ mba n'anya. Ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịmma mmadụ kpọrọ ịgba ohu asị, imebi ikike ndị bụ isi n' nke mmadụ, n' ịkpa ókè dabere n' ihe ndị dị ka ụcha akpụkpọ ahụ, okpukpe, ndị nna nna, ma ọ bụ ebe a mụrụ. Humanitarianism na-akpali ndị mmadụ ịzọpụta ndụ, belata nhụjuanya, ma kwalite ùgwù mmadụ n' etiti ọdachi ndị mmadụ mere ma ọ bụ nke okike. Humanitarianism na-anabata site n' mmegharị n' ndị mmadụ gafee ụdị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Enwere ike ịkọwa echiche a na-abụghị nke a site n' ihe Albert Schweitzer kwuru: "Humanitarianism bụ ịchụ mmadụ n' àjà maka nzube".

Ozizi zuru ụwa ọnụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mkparị ma ọ bụ mmegbu ọ bụla nke nwoke n' ihi na ọ bụ onye agbụrụ ọzọ, asụsụ ọzọ ma ọ bụ ọkwa ọzọ karịa m, ana m ele ya anya dị ka onye obi ọjọọ. L. L. Zamenhof n' Homaranismo.

Jean Pictet, na nkọwa ya n' The Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross, na-arụ ụka maka njirimara zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ọrụ ebere:

Isi iyi nke ụkpụrụ nke mmadụ dị n' isi nke omume ọha n' eze nke a pụrụ ịchịkọta n'otu ahịrịokwu, Ihe ọ bụla ị ga-eme ka ndị mmadụ mee gị, mee ka ha mee ya. Enwere ike ịchọta ụkpụrụ a dị mkpa, n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ụdị, n'okpukpe niile dị ukwuu, Brahminism, Buddha, Christianity, Confucianism, Islam, Judaism n' Taoism. Ọ bụkwa iwu ọla edo nke ndị na-akwado ihe, ndị na-adịghị etinye onwe ha n'okpukpe ọ bụla kama ọ bụ naanị na data nke ahụmịhe, n' aha naanị ihe kpatara ya. N'ezie, ọ dịghị mkpa iji echiche mmetụta uche ma ọ bụ nke transcendental mee ihe iji ghọta uru ụmụ nwoke na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji melite ọnọdụ ha.[2]

Ihe atụ akụkọ ihe mere eme n' oge[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A hụrụ Humanitarianism n'ihu ọha n' mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ n' ibe ya n' ngwụcha afọ 1800 n' mmalite afọ 1900, na-esote ọgba aghara akụ n' ụba nke Industrial Revolution n' England. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị nọ n' Great Britain bụ ndị na-etinye aka na ụmụ nwanyị n' oge afọ 1900 mekwara ka ndị mmadụ na-enyere ha aka. Oge obi ọjọọ n' ọnọdụ ọrụ nke ụmụaka n' ndị ọrụ na-enweghị nkà ka iwu na-akwadoghị site n' nrụgide ndị ọrụ ebere na-enye ndị omeiwu. Iwu Factory nke 1833 n' Iwu Factory of 1844 bụ ụfọdụ n'ime iwu enyemaka kachasị mkpa nke e mere n' Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu na-esote Mgbanwe Ụlọ Ọrụ.

N'etiti narị afọ nke iri n' itoolu, ọrụ ebere bụ isi ọrụ Florence Nightingale n' Henry Dunant na nzaghachi mberede ma n' nke ikpeazụ dugara n' ntọala nke Red Cross.

Njikọ Humanitarian (1891-1919) bụ otu nkwado ndị England, nke Henry S. Salt guzobere, nke chọrọ ịkwalite ebumnuche enyemaka.[3]

Atụmatụ dị iche iche nke oge dị iche iche maka ọrụ ebere dị, na-adabere ma ọ bụ n' ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta mmadụ n' ibe ya nke na-ekpebi ọrụ ebere. Ụzọ mbụ a na-egosipụta site n' atụmatụ Michael Barnett iji mee ka afọ nke "humanitarianism nke alaeze ukwu" (ruo 1945), "neo-humanitarianalism" (1945-1989), n' "humanitalism nke nnwere onwe".[4] Norbert Götz, Georgina Brewis, n' Steffen Werther bụ ndị na-akwado usoro mmekọrịta ọha n' eze n' ọdịbendị, na-arụ ụka n' e nweela oge nke "ad hoc humanitarianism" (ruo c. 1900), "a haziri ahazi humanitarianism " (c. 1900-), n' "expressive humanitarianism (site na 1970). Ha na-atụ aro n' anyị nwere ike ịbanye ugbu a "ụdị ọhụrụ nke ọrụ enyemaka na-echebe onwe ya nke nwere mgbọrọgwụ n'oge nkwupụta, yana interface na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya, yana nnukwu 'firewalls' n'etiti ndị na-enye onyinye n' ndị na-anata".[5] Otú ọ dị, nkewa dị nro n'etiti onye nyere onyinye n' onye natara ya siri ike ịdọrọ. Ọrụ nke 'ndị ọrụ mpaghara', arịrịọ siri ike maka enyemaka site n'aka ndị nọ n' mkpa na mmụba nke òtù enyemaka mpaghara niile na-egosi mmekọrịta chiri anya n'etiti onye na-enye onyinye n' onye na-anata ya.[6]

Nzaghachi mberede[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Taa, a na-eji ọrụ ebere akọwa echiche n' ozizi dị n'azụ nzaghachi mberede maka nsogbu ọrụ ebere. N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, ọ na-arụ ụka maka mmeghachi omume ebere dabere n' ụkpụrụ ọrụ ebere, ọkachasị ụkpụrụ nke mmadụ. Nicholas de Torrente, onye bụbu onye isi nchịkwa nke Médecins Sans Frontières USA dere, sị:

"Ụkpụrụ kachasị mkpa nke ọrụ ebere bụ mmadụ, nnọpụiche, nnwere onwe n' eleghị anya n' ihu, nke na-eme ka nkwenye n' ndị mmadụ niile nwere nkwanye ùgwù hà nhata site n' ịbụ mmadụ dabere naanị n' mkpa, na-enweghị ịkpa ókè n' etiti ndị na-anata ya. Òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịmma mmadụ ga-ezere ikere òkè n' esemokwu ma ọ bụ ime ihe ndị na-eme ka otu akụkụ nke esemokwu ahụ nwee uru karịa nke ọzọ, omume ahụ na-egbo ọdịmma nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, okpukpe, ma ọ bụ atụmatụ ndị ọzọ.Ụkpụrụ ndị a bụ isi na-arụ ọrụ abụọ dị mkpa. Ha na-egosipụta ebumnuche nke otu uche nke ọrụ ebere iji belata nhụjuanya, n' enweghị ihe mgbochi n' n' enweghị ebumnuche ọ bụla. Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka akwụkwọ ndabere iji mepụta ngwá ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ nke na-enyere aka inweta nkwenye nke obodo maka ọnụnọ n' ọrụ nke òtù ndị ọrụ ebere, ọkachasị n'ọnọdụ ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe.[7]

Ọrụ enyemaka dijitalụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Patrick Meier jiri okwu ahụ bụ 'digital humanitarianism' kọwaa crowdmapping maka ala ọma jijiji Haiti nke afọ 2010.[8][9][10] N'afọ 2011, Paul Conneally kwuru okwu TED banyere enyemaka dijitalụ nke o kwuru na "mmalite nke enyemaka gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ ike n'oge analog" na "nnukwu mgbanwe na-abịa".[11] N'afọ 2015 o dere akwụkwọ Digital Humanitarians: How Big Data Is Changing the Face of Humanitarian Response .

Vincent Fevrier na-ekwu na "mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nwere ike ịba uru na ngalaba ọrụ ebere ... site n'inye ozi iji mee ka ndị otu mara maka atụmatụ atụmatụ na nhazi dị ukwuu" nakwa na "map nke nsogbu pụtara n'ezie na 2010 n'oge ala ọma jijiji Haiti" na "software na usoro ọrụ enyemaka dijitalụ dịka Standby Task Force, OpenStreetMap, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ" na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'oge ọtụtụ ọdachi kemgbe ahụ.[12]

N'ezie, ọrụ mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta na mbọ enyemaka dijitalụ dị ukwuu. Ụbọchị iri mgbe ala ọma jijiji nke afọ 2010 gasịrị, a malitere ihe omume "Olileanya maka Haiti Ugbu a" na United States, na-achịkwa mgbasa ozi n'ụzọ dị irè ma na-eru ọtụtụ narị nde ezinụlọ na ndị na-ekiri. O lekwasịrị anya n'ịkpọrọ ndị mmadụ ọmịiko maka ndị lanarịrị ọdachi ahụ, na-enye ụmụ amaala nkịtị ohere inyere aka na mgbalị enyemaka site n'inye onyinye ego nye ndị NGO na-enye ndị lanarụrụ ala ọma jijiji enyemaka.[13][14] Telethon ahụ dọtara nkwado site na ụdị egwu dị iche iche a ma ama ma mee ka ọ kpọọ oku maka ọmịiko, na-eji netwọk mmekọrịta dijitalụ gbasaa arịrịọ ya maka ibu ọrụ omume nke ndị na-ekiri-azụ ahịa ndị nwere ike ime ka njirimara mba nke 'onye nzọpụta' America sie ike site na itinye aka na ọrụ Humanitarian a.

N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2010, mgbe ọkụ gbara na Russia, na-eme ka ọtụtụ mmadụ nwụọ site na iku ume anwụrụ ọkụ, iji mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta nyere ndị ọrụ enyemaka dijitalụ ohere ime map nke ebe ndị chọrọ nkwado.[15] Nke a bụ n'ihi na ndị Russia na-atụ anya ka a chụpụ ha na-etinye akwụkwọ n'ịntanetị banyere ọnọdụ ha nọ na ya nke mere ka ọtụtụ puku ndị na-ede blọgụ na Russia jikọta ọrụ enyemaka n'ịntanị.[15] Mgbalị enyemaka dijitalụ na Russia dị oke mkpa iji meghachi omume na ọkụ ahụ na 2010 na-atụle na gọọmentị Russia adịghị njikere ịnagide nnukwu ọdachi dị otú ahụ.[15]

N'ime ọrụ enyemaka dijitalụ, nnukwu data egosila n'ụzọ siri ike na mbọ iji melite ọrụ enyemaka dijitalị ma mepụta nghọta dị nta banyere otu nsogbu si apụta. A na-ekwu na Big Data bụ mmekọrịta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke ndị ọrụ enyemaka dijitalụ na-ekwu ma ngalaba ọrụ enyemaka na ndị nsogbu chọrọ ọrụ na ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ ebere dijitalụ nwere ike inye.[16]

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Njikọ nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Enyemaka nke Britain
  • Ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ
  • Humanitarian Accountability Partnership International
  • Enyemaka
  • Mmụta enyemaka
  • Ụkpụrụ ndị na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka
  • Ọrụ ebere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
  • Ịdị mma nke mmadụ
  • International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
  • Iwu enyemaka mba ụwa
  • International Red Cross na Red Crescent Movement
  • Kọmitii Nnapụta Mba Nile
  • Red Swastika Society, na China
  • Ụbọchị Enyemaka Ụwa
  • Ọrụ ReliefWeb Humanitarian News
  • Ndepụta nke National Red Cross na Red Crescent Societies
  • UniRef
  • Humanitarianism (Raëlianism)
  1. ↑ Götz (2020). Humanitarianism in the Modern World: The Moral Economy of Famine Relief. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI:10.1017/9781108655903. ISBN 9781108655903.  p. 3
  2. ↑ International Committee of the Red Cross (3 October 2013). Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved on 8 June 2017.
  3. ↑ Weinbren (1994). "Against All Cruelty: The Humanitarian League, 1891-1919". History Workshop (38): 86–105. ISSN 0309-2984. 
  4. ↑ Barnett (2011). Empire of Humanity. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 
  5. ↑ Götz (2020). Humanitarianism in the Modern World: The Moral Economy of Famine Relief. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI:10.1017/9781108655903. ISBN 9781108655903.  p. 307
  6. ↑ Feldman (2018). Life lived in relief : humanitarian predicaments and Palestinian refugee politics, 196. ISBN 978-0-520-97128-8. OCLC 1043049820. 
  7. ↑ Harvard Law School Human Rights Journal -. law.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 15 June 2007. Retrieved on 28 June 2007.
  8. ↑ Shringarpure. "The rise of the digital saviour: can Facebook likes change the world?", The Guardian, 18 June 2015. Retrieved on 6 January 2017.
  9. ↑ Crisis Mapping Pioneer Focuses on Humanitarian Uses For Drones. NPR.org. NPR. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved on 6 January 2017.
  10. ↑ Meier (2 July 2012). How Crisis Mapping Saved Lives in Haiti. National Geographic Society (blogs). Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved on 6 January 2017.
  11. ↑ Digital Humanitarianism. World Bank Group. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved on 6 January 2017.
  12. ↑ Illingworth. "Is Digital Humanitarianism All Good?", Huffington Post, 5 April 2016. Retrieved on 6 January 2017.
  13. ↑ McAlister (2012). "Soundscapes of Disaster and Humanitarianism: Survival Singing, Relief Telethons, and the Haiti Earthquake". Small Axe 16 (3): 22–38. DOI:10.1215/07990537-1894078. Retrieved on 28 June 2019. 
  14. ↑ McAlister. Soundscapes of Disaster and Humanitarianism: Survival Singing, Relief Telethons, and the Haiti Earthquake. bepress.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved on 28 June 2019.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Meier (2015). Digital Humanitarians. New York: Routledge, 49. 
  16. ↑ Burns (9 October 2014). "Rethinking big data in digital humanitarianism: practices, epistemologies, and social relations". GeoJournal 80 (4): 477–490. DOI:10.1007/s10708-014-9599-x. Retrieved on 6 January 2017. 
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