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Ịkpa anụ

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Sericulture, ma ọ bụ ọrụ ugbo silk, bụ ihe ọkụkụ nke silkworm iji mepụta silk. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ụdị silkworm dị iche iche nke azụmahịa, caterpillar nke silkmoth nke ụlọ bụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na nke a na-amụsi ike na silkworm. A naghị ahụ ụdị silkmoth a n'ọhịa ebe ọ bụ na e mezigharịrị ha site na ozuzu oke, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị efe efe na enweghị nchebe megide ndị na-eri anụ. Ekwenyere na a na-emepụta silk na mbụ na China dị ka oge Neolithic. Sericulture abụrụla ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ dị mkpa na mba ndị dị ka Brazil, China, France, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, Russia na Thailand. Taa, China na India bụ ndị na-emepụta ihe abụọ, na-enwe ihe karịrị 60% nke mmepụta kwa afọ n'ụwa.Àtụ:Panorama

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Dị ka ederede Confucian si kwuo, nchọpụta nke mmepụta silk malitere n'ihe dị ka 2700 BCE, ọ bụ ezie na ihe ndekọ ihe ochie na-egosi na a na-akọ silk n'oge Yangshao (5000-3000 BCE). [1] N'afọ 1977, a chọtara otu iberibe ite e kere afọ 5400-5500 gara aga ma mee ya ka ọ dị ka ogwu silkworm na Nancun, Hebei, na-enye ihe akaebe mbụ a maara nke sericulture.[2] Ọzọkwa, site na nyocha nke ọma nke eriri silk nke ihe mgbe ochie a chọtara na ebe Indus Civilization nke malitere na 2450-2000 BCE, a kwenyere na a na-eji silk eme ihe n'ọtụtụ mpaghara nke South Asia.[3][4] Ka ọ na-erule ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke mbụ OA, ọ ruru Khotan oge ochie, site na usoro mmekọrịta dị n'okporo ụzọ Silk.[5] Ka ọ na-erule 140 OA, e guzobere omume ahụ na India.[6] Na narị afọ nke isii OA, Mbubata nke àkwá silkworm n'ime Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium dugara na nguzobe ya na Mediterenian, na-anọgide na-achịkwa Alaeze Ukwu byzantium ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ (Byzantine silk). N'afọ 1147, n'oge Agha Ntụte nke Abụọ, Roger nke Abụọ nke Sicily (1095-1154) wakporo Kọrịnt na Thebes, ebe abụọ dị mkpa nke mmepụta silk nke Byzantium, weghara ndị na-akpa ákwà na ngwá ọrụ ha ma guzobe silkworks nke ya na Palermo na Calabria, n'ikpeazụ gbasaa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Western Europe.[7]

  • Usoro ọdịnala ndị China
  • The silkworms and mulberry leaves are placed on trays.
    A na-etinye orms silkworms na akwụkwọ mulberry n'elu trays.
  • Twig frames for the silkworms are prepared.
    A na-akwadebe okpokoro osisi maka silkworms.
  • The cocoons are weighed.
    A na-atụ cocoons n'arọ.
  • The cocoons are boiled and the silk is wound on spools.
    A na-esi cocoons esi ma na-afụkwa silk n'elu spools.
  • The silk is woven using a loom.
    A na-akpa ákwà silk site na iji akwa akwa.

Mmepụta

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A na-eji akwụkwọ mulberry na-eri nri silkworms, ma mgbe nke anọ gachara, ha na-arịgoro alaka nke edobere n'akụkụ ha ma na-atụgharị akị silk ha. Silk bụ filament na-aga n'ihu nke nwere protein fibroin, nke e si na gland salivary gland abụọ dị n'isi nke ọ bụla, na chịngọm a na-akpọ sericin, nke na-eme ka eriri ahụ sie ike. A na-ewepụ sericin ahụ site n'itinye aki oyibo na mmiri ọkụ, nke na-eme ka filament silk na-atọhapụ ma na-edozi ha maka ịkwagharị. A maara nke a dị ka usoro degumming.[8] Imikpu na mmiri ọkụ na-egbukwa pupa silkmoth.

A na-ejikọta otu filament ka ọ bụrụ eri, na usoro a na-akpọ "ịtụba", nke a na-adọta n'okpuru esemokwu site n'ọtụtụ nduzi na ọnya n'elu reels. Usoro nke ịtụba ihe na-emepụta yarn dị iche iche dabere na ọnụọgụ na ntụzịaka nke ntụgharị.[9]. Enwere ike pịnye eriri ndị ahụ ka ọ bụrụ yarn (a na-atụgharị ogologo ogologo oge dị mkpirikpi; lee noil silk). Mgbe ihichachara, a na-akwakọba silk raw dị ka mma si dị.

Silk na-adịgide adịgide

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Silk nke udo

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Ihe kachasị ewu ewu na-anọchi anya silk ọdịnala bụ silk udo, nke a makwaara dị ka silk ahimsa. Isi ihe na-eme ka ụdị silk a bụrụ ihe ziri ezi bụ na a na-ekwe ka ụkpara si na cocoons ha pụta ma na-efe efe tupu ọ sie. Ọ na-egosi na ọ dịghị pupa a na-esi na ndụ n'oge nrụpụta. Otú ọ dị, ụmụ ahụhụ silkworms a na-eji eme silk agafeela ọtụtụ puku afọ nke ịzụlite ahọpụtara ma a naghị "mepụta" ha iji pụta na cocoons ha. Ha enweghị ike ichebe onwe ha megide ndị na-eri ibe ha ebe ọ bụ na ha enweghị ike ife efe ma ọ bụ hụ nke ọma. Ha na-anwụkarị n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ha si na cocoons ha pụta n'ihi ya.[8]

Silk ọhịa

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The cocoons of Tussar silkworms, which are found in open woodlands, are used to produce wild silk, also known as Tussar silk. Compared to conventional silk, their cocoons are typically picked after the moths have emerged, making it a more ethical option. Because wild silkworms consume a variety of plants, their fabric is less uniform but more robust. The fabric is made with fewer chemicalsÀtụ:Vague as well. The pupae are still inside the cocoons when they are harvested by certain enterprises that employ "wild silk", though.[9]

Nzọụkwụ nke mmepụta

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Nzọụkwụ nke mmepụta dị ka ndị a:

  1. Nwanyị silkmoth na-eyi àkwá 300 ruo 500.
  2. Àkwá silkmoth na-apụta iji mepụta igurube ma ọ bụ igurube, nke a maara dị ka silkworms.
  3. Igurube na-eri akwụkwọ mulberry.
  4. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ toro ma na-agbanye ọtụtụ ugboro, ogwu silkw na-ewepụta eriri silk ma mepụta ụgbụ iji jide onwe ya.
  5. Ọ na-agbanwe onwe ya site n'akụkụ gaa n'akụkụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ '8', na-ekesa asọ nke ga-eme ka silk.
  6. Silk na-esi ike mgbe ọ na-emetụta ikuku.
  7. Igurube ahụ na-agbagharị ihe dịka otu kilomita nke eriri ma na-ekpuchi onwe ya kpamkpam n'ime cocoon n'ihe dịka ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke silk dị mma na cocoon ọ bụla dị obere. N'ihi ya, a chọrọ ihe dị ka 2,500 silkworms iji mepụta otu pound nke silk.[10]
  8. A na-esi cocoons ndị na-enweghị nsogbu, na-egbu pupal silkworm.
  9. A na-enweta silk site na ịcha cocoon na-emerighị emebi iji chọta njedebe mpụga nke filament.
  10. Mgbe ahụ, a na-afụkọta eriri silk na reel. Otu cocoon nwere ihe dịka 1,000 yards (910 nke eriri silk. A maara silk n'oge a dị ka silk na-enweghị isi. Otu eriri nwere ihe ruru eriri silk iri anọ na asatọ.

Mahatma Gandhi katọrọ mmepụta silk dabere na nkà ihe ọmụma Ahimsa "ọ bụghị iji merụọ ihe ọ bụla dị ndụ". Ọ kwalite "Ahimsa silk", nke a na-eme n'ebughị ọsụsọ iji nweta silk na silk ọhịa nke e ji cocoons nke silkmoths ọhịa na nke dị ala mee. [11][12]   [nnyocha dara] The Human League katọkwara sericulture na egwu mbụ ha "Being Boiled". Òtù PETA emeela mkpọsa megide silk.[13]

Pupae dị ka nri

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Beondegi

Usoro omenala nke mmepụta silk na-ebute ~8 kg nke mmiri silkworm pupae na ~2 kg nke kpọrọ nkụ pupae kwa kilogram nke silk.[14] N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị mmadụ na-eri ihe a n'ebe ndị na-emepụta ákwà silk.[14][15]

Ihe ngosi

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  • Dye in pan on stove. Khotan
    Nri n'ime efere n'elu stovu. Khotan
  • Equipment for unravelling silk cocoons, Khotan
    Ngwá ọrụ maka cocoons silk na-emeghe,Khotan
  • The third stage of the silkworm
    Nzọụkwụ nke atọ nke silkworm
  • Silkworms on a modern rotary mountage
    Silkworms na rotary nke oge a
  • Silk cocoons on mountages
    Akị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ

Hụkwa

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  • Ebe ndebe ihe mgbe ochie silk nke Macclesfield
  • Nnukwu ibu
  • Ụlọ ọrụ silk na Azerbaijan
  • Ụlọ ọrụ silk na China
  • Ihe igwe ákwà silk nke Caraglio na Museum

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ Barber (1992). Prehistoric textiles: the development of cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with special reference to the Aegean, reprint, illustrated, Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00224-8. 
  2. ↑ 2015-10-29240509.html. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved on 7 February 2018. “1977年在石家庄长安区南村镇南杨庄出土的5400–5500年前的陶质蚕蛹，是仿照家蚕蛹烧制的陶器，这是目前发现的人类饲养家蚕的最古老的文物证据。”
  3. ↑ Good (June 2009). "New Evidence for Early Silk in the Indus Civilization". Archaeometry 51 (3): 457–466. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2008.00454.x. 
  4. ↑ Vainker (2004). Chinese Silk: A Cultural History. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813534461. 
  5. ↑ Hill, John E. 2003. "Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu." 2nd Draft Edition. Appendix A.
  6. ↑ History of Sericulture. Government of Andhra Pradesh (India) – Department of Sericulture. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved on 7 November 2010.
  7. ↑ Muthesius, "Silk in the Medieval World", p. 331.
  8. ↑ Silk and Sustainable Silk. Common Objective. Retrieved on 2022-10-27.
  9. ↑ Silk and Sustainable Silk. Common Objective. Retrieved on 2022-10-27.
  10. ↑ Silk Making: How to Make Silk. TexereSilk.com. Retrieved on 25 May 2014.
  11. ↑ (1968) in Radhakrishnan, S.: Mahatma Gandhi: 100 years. New Delhi: Gandhi Peace Foundation. Retrieved on 19 April 2013. 
  12. ↑ Parekh, Dhimant. "Ahimsa Silk: Silk Saree without killing a single silkworm", The Better India, Vikara Services Pvt Ltd, 11 September 2008. Retrieved on 19 April 2013.
  13. ↑ Down and Silk: Birds and Insects Exploited for Fabric. PETA (19 March 2004). Retrieved on 6 January 2007.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Sadat (2022). "Silkworm pupae as a future food with nutritional and medicinal benefits". Current Opinion in Food Science 44: 100818. DOI:10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100818. 
  15. ↑ Salty Silkworm Pupae Are the One Street Food You Shouldn't Miss in South Korea. Matador Network. Retrieved on 2022-08-23.
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