Ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri
Okporo osisi bụ usoro nke ibuga ogwe osisi ndị e gburu egbu site na ijikọta ha ọnụ iji mee rafts, nke a na-ebugharị ma ọ bụ dọrọ n'osimiri, ma ọ bụ gafee ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri ọzọ. O doro anya na, mgbe ịkwọ ụgbọala, bụ ụzọ nke abụọ kachasị ọnụ ala iji buru osisi a gbuturu. Enwere ike ịkpọ usoro abụọ ahụ osisi na-ese n'elu mmiri. Omenala nke ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri a na-akụ na Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Latvia, Poland na Spain edepụtara na UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity na 2022[1]
Njem ụgbọ mmiri n'akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'adịghị ka ịkwọ ụgbọ osisi, nke bụ ọrụ dị ize ndụ nke ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri dị iche iche, ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri ma ọ bụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike ịnụ ụtọ ntụsara ahụ nke ịnya ụgbọ mmiri, na ụlọ ndị e wuru n'elu ụgbọ mmiri, ịkwọ ụgbọ ala site na ịkwọ ụgbọ na ohere ịkwụsị. N'aka nke ọzọ, rafting chọrọ mmiri sara mbara.
A na-ejikwa osisi mee ihe dị ka ụzọ ụgbọ njem nke ndị mmadụ na ngwongwo, ma ihe ndị a na-emepụta (mkpụrụ, ajị anụ, egwuregwu) na nke mmadụ mere.
Theophrastus (Hist. Plant. 5.8.2) na-edekọ otú ndị Rom si bubata osisi Corsican site na nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri nke ihe ruru osisi na ụgbọ mmiri iri ise na-ebugharị.
Omume a bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụwa, ọkachasị North America na n'osimiri niile dị na Germany. Okporo osisi nyere ohere ijikọ nnukwu ọhịa kọntinent, dịka na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Germany, site na Main, Neckar, Danube na Rhine na obodo na steeti ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ọhịa nke oge a na azụmaahịa dịpụrụ adịpụ nwere njikọ chiri anya. A na-akpọ nnukwu osisi pine n'oké ọhịa ojii, ka a na-ere ha na Netherlands. Nnukwu osisi na Rhine dị 200 ruo 400m n'ogologo, 40m n'obosara ma nwee ọtụtụ puku osisi. Ndị ọrụ ahụ nwere ndị ikom 400 ruo 500, gụnyere ebe mgbaba, ebe a na-eme achịcha, ite ọkụ na ụlọ anụ ụlọ.[2] Ihe owuwu osisi rafting nyere ohere maka nnukwu netwọk jikọtara ọnụ na kọntinent Europe niile. Ọbịbịa nke ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè, ụgbọ mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ na mmelite na ụgbọ ala na netwọk okporo ụzọ jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ belata ojiji nke osisi. Ọ ka dị mkpa na Finland. Na Spain, a na-eji usoro njem a eme ihe na osimiri Ebro, Tajo, Júcar, Turia na Segura, karịsịa na obere na Guadalquivir. E nwere ihe akaebe nke ojiji ndị a site na narị afọ nke iri na isii, a gbatịkwara ojiji ya ruo n'etiti narị afọ nke 20. Na Russia, ojiji nke osisi ndị a na-akpọ belyana gara n'ihu n'ime afọ 1930.
Ihe owuwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ogwe osisi nwere ike ịdị ukwuu, mgbe ụfọdụ ruo mita 600 (2,000 ft) n'ogologo, mita 50 (160 ) n"obosara, ma gbakọta mita 2 (6 7 in) n'ịdị elu. Ụgbọ mmiri ndị dị otú ahụ ga-enwe ọtụtụ puku osisi. Maka ntụsara ahụ nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ụgbọ mmiri - nke nwere ike ịgụnye ihe ruru 500 - a na-ejikwa osisi rụọ ụlọ na ụgbọ mmiri. A na-achịkwa ụgbọ mmiri ahụ site na ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri na mgbe e mesịrị site na ịdọrọ ụgbọ mmiri.
Ihe owuwu raft dị iche dabere na mmiri. Osimiri Rocky na nke ikuku hụrụ ụgbụ dị mfe, ma mgbe ụfọdụ ọ dị mma, owuwu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ejikọta akụkụ ihu nke osisi, ebe a na-agbakọta akụkụ azụ. Nkwụsị ahụ mere ka ọ dị mfe ime mgbanwe maka ala mmiri dị warara na nke ikuku. Osimiri ndị sara mbara na ndị dị jụụ, dị ka Osimiri Mississippi, mere ka nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri na-agagharị na ndị njem ma bụrụ ọbụna ndị e kere agbụ n'ime eriri.
Ụdị osisi ndị a e wuru maka ịkwọ ụgbọ osisi n'ebe dị anya site n'ụzọ mmiri gaa n'ahịa nke ọtụtụ mmadụ pụtara n'ụsọ oké osimiri Atlantic n'ihe dị ka 1883. A na-akpọ ha ụgbọ mmiri Joggins-Leary mgbe ụfọdụ n'ihi na ọ bụ onye ọchụnta ego James T. Leary kwadoro ha ma malite na Joggins, Nova Scotia.[3][4] O yikwara ka a na-eji ha arụ ọrụ na Osimiri Rhine na Septemba 14, 1888.[5] Ndị isi obodo bụ James Mervyn Donahue nke San Francisco na North Pacific Railroad na John D. Spreckels nke San Diego na Arizona Railway bu ụzọ chee echiche iji ha mee ihe n'ụsọ oké osimiri Pacific mgbe ha guzobere ụlọ ọrụ Joggins Raft Company na Septemba 21, 1889.[6]
Na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ United States[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Rafting bụ ụzọ bụ isi e si ebugharị osisi na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ United States mana, ma e wezụga na Osimiri Mississippi, rafts dị obere karịa ndị akọwapụtara n'elu. Na Osimiri Altamaha nke Georgia, dịka ọmụmaatụ, obosara kachasị elu bụ ihe dị ka mita iri anọ (12 m), nke ahụ bụ obosara nke nwere ike ịgafe n'etiti ogidi nke àkwà mmiri ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Ogologo kachasị elu bụ ihe dị ka mita 250 (76), nke ahụ bụ nke kachasị ogologo nke nwere ike ịgafe The Narrows, ọtụtụ kilomita nke osimiri nke na-abụghị naanị nke dị warara kamakwa nke gbagọrọ agbagọ. Ụgbọ mmiri ọ bụla nwere ụgbọ mmiri abụọ dị mita iri anọ ruo iri ise n'ogologo, otu n'ihu, nke ọzọ n'azụ. Ụgbọ mmiri ndị ahụ bụ maka ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri, ọ bụghị ịkwaga ụgbọ mmiri ahụ. Ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri kacha nta bụ ndị ikom abụọ, onye na-anya ụgbọ mmiri nke na-arụkarị ọrụ n'ụgbọ mmiri azụ, na aka ya. Rafts na-enwekarị ụlọ nkwari akụ maka ebe obibi na ikpo unyi maka ọkụ ọkụ iji kpoo ọkụ ma sie nri. Ụgbọ mmiri ndị e ji osisi rụọ na Altamaha butere osisi n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Brunswick, Georgia, ebe a na-etinye ha n'ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-eji osisi arụ ọrụ ma buru ha gaa ahịa mba ụwa dị ka Liverpool, Rio de Janeiro, na Havana.[7] Ndị Rivermen nyere aha ndị mara mma na ihe ize ndụ dị iche iche n'okporo ụzọ ha na-agbadata na Atamaha. Otu n'ime ọtụtụ "aha ndị na-akpọ osimiri" bụ Old Hell Bight, ebe osimiri ahụ na-egosi ókèala dị n'etiti Long County n'ebe ugwu na Wayne County n'akụkụ ndịda, ọ bụkwa ebe na-enye nsogbu karịsịa, yana mmiri dị ize ndụ, ebe onye na-anya ụgbọelu na ndị ọrụ ụgbọelu nwere ike ịhapụ "ụgwọ ọrụ ha, osisi ha, na mgbe ụfọdụ ndụ ha".[8][9]
Ọtụtụ rafts dị nkọ, ya bụ, V-ehulata, kama ịgbara square. Raftsmen amụtala na iji V-bow, raft nwere ike ijidekọ ọnụ wee lepụ anya ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-esi n'aka ya wee daa n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. Dị ka otu onye na-agba ọsọ n’oge ochie si kwuo ya: “A ji ụta dị square manyere gị ijide ụgbọ mmiri ahụ n’ime ma ọ bụ n’akụkụ etiti osimiri ahụ: ọ bụrụ na ọ gbadaa ugwu ọ ga-agbajisị. Enwere ike ijikọ ọnụ ọnụ nke nkọ ahụ ka ọ ghara ịwapụ. Ọ zọpụtarakwa ọtụtụ ọrụ ike. Ndị Rafts achọghị ịhapụ ya ka ọ gaa n'ugwu ahụ. Ha ga-asị: ‘Ka agbapụ.’”
A na-agbakọta Rafts na ngalaba. Akụkụ nke ọ bụla bụ osisi gbara gburugburu ma ọ bụ akụkụ anọ nwere akụkụ anọ, ogologo ha niile ma e wezụga n'èzí, ma ọ bụ "osisi ọganihu," nke gbatịpụrụ ụkwụ ole na ole iji tinye akụkụ nke a. Ya mere, ejikọtara akụkụ ndị ahụ ọnụ. Raft a na-ahụkarị ga-abụ otu n'ime akụkụ atọ, anọ ma ọ bụ ise, akụkụ nke ọ bụla nwere osisi iri abụọ ruo iri atọ n'ogologo.
Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ọgbọ agha bụ osisi nwere akụkụ anọ nwere akụkụ anọ, ma ọ bụ ámá ndị e ji aka wara awa ma ọ bụ n'ámá ndị e ji ígwè osisi e ji osisi rụọ n'elu ala mee. A na-eji nlezianya kụwaa osisi ụfọdụ nke ọma, a na-achọkwa ha, karịsịa n'England, mgbe ịwa osisi uzuoku ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị. N'elu Altamaha, ruo ọtụtụ afọ n'oge oge ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri, ọtụtụ rafts bụ osisi "scab", ya bụ, osisi ndị a ga-eji anyụike sara mbara nke nwere akụkụ anọ gbara ya gburugburu maka mgbakọ siri ike yana maka igwe osisi ndị nwere ike igbutu naanị osisi nwere ihu.
Ọ bụ ezie na, na Altamaha, e nwere rafting ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ tupu Agha Obodo na mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, a na-ewere oge rafting nke Altamaha dị ka afọ dị n'etiti agha ndị ahụ. N'ime afọ ndị ahụ, Darien, obodo dị n'ọnụ osimiri ahụ nke nwere mmadụ puku abụọ, bụ nnukwu ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri mba ụwa. Akụkọ banyere mbupụ sitere na Darien gụnyere na New York Lumber Trade Journal tinyere akụkọ banyere mbupụ site na nnukwu ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị ka New Orleans, Mobile, Jacksonville, Savannah, Charleston, na Norfolk.
Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ UNESCO - Timber rafting.
- ↑ Beschreibung eines großen Rheinfloßes
- ↑ "A Big Raft Comes By Sea", New York Times, August 25, 1883
- ↑ "The Joggins Log Raft", Waterbury Evening Democrat, August 13, 1888, p. 1.
- ↑ "Notes and Comments", The Newcastle Weekly Courant, September 14, 1888, p. 2.
- ↑ "To Handle Big Lumber Rafts", The New York Times, September 22, 1888, p. 5.
- ↑ Mark V. Wetherington (1 September 2001). The New South Comes to Wiregrass Georgia, 1860-1910 - Timber Is King. Univ. of Tennessee Press, 113–114. ISBN 978-1-57233-168-6.
- ↑ Delma E. Presley (June 4, 2013). Rafting Folklore. New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 25 June 2020.
- ↑ John H. Goff (1 December 2007). Placenames of Georgia. University of Georgia Press, 403–404. ISBN 978-0-8203-3129-4.
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Bowering, Ian Olee otú ụgbọ mmiri osisi si agba ọsọ Long Sault rapids na Standard Freeholder (Ọktoba 8, 1993) nwetara na Cornwall Public Library, Ontario [1] June 21, 2006
- Morrison, Carlton A. Na-agba ọsọ n'osimiri: Poleboats, Steamboats & Timber Rafts na Altamaha, Ocmulgee, Oconee & Ohoopee.Enwere ya n'ọbá akwụkwọ Georgia (US) dị iche iche na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ:' 'www.saltmarshpress.com
Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Media related to Timber floating at Wikimedia Commons
- International Timber-Raftsmen Association na òtù ndị otu na mba iri na otu
- Rafting on the Drina River (1951) - BH Film - Official chanal