Ịtụgharị
Ịtụgharị uche bụ (nke a na-emekarị) ngwunye mmiri na-achọghị, na-emekarị n'elu ụlọ dị larịị ma ọ bụ n'okporo ụzọ. Ịgbanye mmiri na-eme ka ọtụtụ ihe na-emebi emebi, gụnyere ihe nrapado ọnụ n'ime otu ụlọ elu ụlọ, ihe nchara ígwè na-akwado, na karịsịa asphalt ụlọ. N'elu ụlọ asphalt dị ala, ịkwanye mmiri na-eme ka ihe mgbaze mmanụ dị n'ime asphalt ahụ pụta, na-eme ka akpụkpọ ahụ dị n'elu ụlọ ahụ kewaa ma nwee ike ịgbawa ma na-agbapụta n'ebe a na-atụgharị.[1]. A na-akpọ oge a na-ewe maka mmiri iji jupụta mpaghara, nke na-abụkarị site na mmiri ozuzo, na-eme ka ọdọ mmiri guzobe, na-ezo aka dị ka "oge ntugharị" ma ọ bụ "oge ntugharị uche". [1] [2][3]
Ihe kpatara ya
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A na-ahazi ọtụtụ usoro ụlọ dị larịị (nke a na-akpọ nke ọma "Sistemụ ụlọ ndị dị ala") na obere olulu mmiri iji wụsa mmiri n'akụkụ ya, na-abụkarị n'ime olulu, suppers, n'ime ime, ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nke ndị a.[5] Mgbe a na-ekpuchi scupper ma ọ bụ igbapu ma ọ bụ daa n'ihi ihe ndị ọzọ, mmiri ozuzo na-achọsi ike na gburugburu ebe ahụ dị ala. Ka oge na-aga, ka oké ifufe nke ọ bụla na-agafe, ịdị arọ nke mmiri ozuzo ga-eme ka usoro nhazi ahụ gafere ebe mgbada ihe owuwu ahụ, si otú a na-enye ohere ka nnukwu mmiri mmiri na-etolite. Dị ka nnukwu mmiri mmiri na-etolite, a na-etinyekwu ibu na usoro nhazi ahụ na-eme ka ọ na-ehulata ọzọ, na-enye ohere ọbụna ka ukwuu, na-enwekwu ibu, ruo mgbe nhazi ahụ dara.[4]
Usoro iwu ụlọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'ime ụlọ ọrụ na-ewu ụlọ, National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA) na-akọwa ọdọ mmiri dị n'elu ụlọ dị ka "mmiri na-anọgide n'elu elu ụlọ karịa awa 48 mgbe njedebe nke ihe omume mmiri ozuzo kachasị ọhụrụ". [5][6]
Dị ka 2009 International Building Code Isi nke 15 "Mgbakọ Elu ụlọ na Elu ụlọ" & Isi nke 16 "Nhazi ụlọ";
Mgbe a na-eji scuppers eme ihe maka mmiri nke abụọ (mmụba mberede) n'elu ụlọ, a ga-atụle ọnụọgụ, nha, ebe na ịdị elu nke scuppers iji gbochie omimi nke mmiri ịsa ahụ karịa nke e mere n'elu ... Ịkwado ọgba aghara. Maka elu ụlọ nwere ndagwurugwu na-erughị 1/4 inch kwa ụkwụ [1.19 degrees (0.0208 rad) ], ngụkọta imewe ga-agụnye nkwenye nke nkwụsi ike zuru oke iji gbochie ntụgharị na-aga n'ihu dịka Akụkụ 8.4 nke ASCE 7 si dị.[7]
Ịda n'ala
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mgbe a na-ebugharị mmiri n'ime ebe dị ala nke na-enweghị ụzọ isi ma ọ bụ nke na-ekwesịghị ekwesị maka ịdọrọ mmiri, mmiri ga-amalite ịba, ka oge na-aga, ịdị arọ nke mmiri ga-emepụta ọdọ mmiri miri emi, na-enye ohere ka mmiri nwekwuo, n'ikpeazụ na-emepụta ihe mmiri na-adịgide adịgide. Obodo ụfọdụ na-amata nke a dị ka nsogbu na ala onwe onye, dị ka Obodo Indianapolis.[8]
Otu obodo dị na New Zealand kwuru na "ọdọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala bụ nsogbu na-adịghị ala ala, nke na-akpata ụlọ mmiri na mpaghara mmiri. Mmebi ọ na-akpatụ adịchaghị anya karịa ihe ndị na-emebi ihe metụtara idei mmiri, mana oge ọdọ mmiri dị n"okpuru ala, nke nwere ike ịdịru ọtụtụ ọnwa, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nsogbu siri ike maka ndị metụtara. " [9]
Ịtinye ụdị ahụ n'elu ebe a na-eme ka ọ dị mma, dị ka okporo ámá ma ọ bụ ebe a na'adọba ụgbọala nke na-adịghị edozi nke ọma, ga-akpata nsogbu ndị dị ka olulu mmiri miri emi na oghere agụ iyi.
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Mmiri Horton na-asọ n'elu ala
- Ọdọ mmiri na-eme ka ọ kwụsie ike
Ebem si dee
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Infiltration Theory for Hydrologic Applications (in Bekee). American Geophysical Union.
- ↑ Brutsaert, Wilfried (2005-08-11). Hydrology: An Introduction (in Bekee). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82479-8.
- ↑ Delleur, Jacques W. (2010-12-12). The Handbook of Groundwater Engineering (in Bekee). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-4858-2.
- ↑ "Investigation, analysis and design of an experiment to test ponding loads on flexible roof systems" by Duncan Stark, published by Oregon State University, June 2008
- ↑ "The Evils of Ponding Water" October 31, 2009, by Paul Graham
- ↑ "Extensive Range of Single Ply Roofing and Waterproofing Systems". William Carey. Retrieved 2015-03-01.
- ↑ 2009 international building code, by International Code Council in Books
- ↑ "indy.gov". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2024-08-12.
- ↑ Urban planning - managing surface water and groundwater ponding" by Michelle Malcolm, Craig Martell, and Brydon Hughes, Sinclair Knight Merz Ltd. Kapiti Coast District Council 2008