Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India

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Mpaghara ndị nwere ọdachi na India.
Map na-egosi mpaghara ifufe, nke a na-ekpuchi site na nkesa nke ọsọ nke ifufe na-achịkwa.

Ọdachi na-emere onwe ya na India, ọtụtụ n'ime ha metụtara ihu igwe nke India, na-akpata nnukwu ọnwụ nke ndụ na ihe onwunwe. Oké ọkọchị, idei mmiri, Oké ifufe, ala ọma jijiji, mbuze ala nke nnukwu Mmiri ozuzo wetara, na snowstorms na-eweta nnukwu egwu. Ọdachi sitere n'okike nwere ike ibute site na ala ọma jijiji, idei mmiri, mgbawa ugwu, mbuze ala, ajọ ifufe wdg. Iji kewaa ya dị ka ọdachi, ọ ga-achọ inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi na / ma ọ bụ ọnwụ mmadụ ma na-enwekarị mfu ego. [1]Ihe ize ndụ ndị ọzọ na-agụnye oké ifufe uzuzu n'oge ọkọchị, nke na-esikarị n'ebe ugwu gaa n'ebe ndịda; ha na-akpata nnukwu mmebi ihe onwunwe na North India ma na-etinye nnukwu uzuzu na unyi site na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ. A na-ahụkarị akụ́ mmiri igwe n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke India, na-akpata nnukwu mmebi na ihe ọkụkụ ndị kwụ ọtọ dị ka osikapa na ọka wit na ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ na mmetụta ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ.ihe ọkụkụ na mmetụta nke ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ.

Ala na-agbada[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ala na-agbada na Lower Himalayas. Afọ ndị na-eto eto nke ugwu ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ na-ebute ọdịdị nkume, nke nwere ike ịdọrọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-arịwanye elu na nrụgide mmepe, ọkachasị site na igbu osisi na njem nleta, na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa. Ihe si na ya pụta bụ ugwu ndị na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla nke na-eme ka oke mbuze ala ka njọ; ebe ọ bụ na osisi, mkpuchi na-egbochi mmiri na-agbadata. Akụkụ nke Western Ghats na-enwekwa nsogbu site na mbuze ala dị ala. Avalanches na-ahụkarị na Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, na Sikkim wdg. Ala na-agbada na India dịkwa oke egwu dịka ọtụtụ ezinụlọ India na ndị ọrụ ugbo bi na ugwu ma ọ bụ ugwu.bi n'ugwu ma ọ bụ ugwu.

Idei Mmiri na India[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Idei mmiri bụ ọdachi na-emere onwe ya na India. Nnukwu mmiri ozuzo ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ na-eme ka Brahmaputra na osimiri ndị ọzọ gbasaa, na-emekarị ka idei mmiri na-emebi ebe ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Ọ bụ ezie na ha na-enye ndị ọrụ ugbo osikapa ihe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya maka ịgba mmiri na itinye fatịlaịza, idei mmiri ahụ nwere ike igbu ọtụtụ puku ma chụpụ ọtụtụ nde mmadụ. Mmiri ozuzo gabigara ókè, nke na-agbanwe agbanwe, ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị mma nwekwara ike ịsacha ma ọ bụ mebie ihe ọkụkụ. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ India niile nwere idei mmiri, na nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, dị ka idei mmiri na nnukwu mmiri, aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti India n'ime iri afọ ole na ole gara aga, na-adaba na okpomọkụ na-arị elu. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ngụkọta mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ egosila mbelata nke nta nke nta, n'ihi mgbasa nke mmiri ozuzo na-adịghị ike n'ihi okpomọkụ ngwa ngwa na Oké Osimiri India na mbelata ọdịiche dị n'etiti okpomọkụ ala na oké osimiri. [2][3]Nke a pụtara na e nwere nnukwu mmiri ozuzo na-eme n'oge na-adịghị anya na ogologo oge ọkọchị n'etiti India n'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya.

Oké ifufe na India[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mpaghara Intertropical Convergence nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ puku ndị India bi na mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Cyclogenesis nke okpomọkụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ebe ugwu nke Oké Osimiri India na gburugburu Ọwara Bengal. Cyclones na-eweta nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, Oké ifufe, na ifufe nke na-egbakarị ebe ndị metụtara site na enyemaka na ihe enyemaka. Na North Indian Ocean Basin, oge cyclone na-aga site na Eprel ruo Disemba, na ọrụ kachasị n'etiti Mee na Nọvemba. [4]Kwa afọ, nkezi nke oké ifufe asatọ na-aga n'ihu na ọsọ ifufe karịrị kilomita 63 kwa elekere (39 ; n'ime ndị a, abụọ na-esikwu ike n'ime ezigbo oké ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ, nke na-agafe ikpo ọkụ karịrị kilomita 117 kwa elekere (73 mph). Na nkezi, nnukwu (Category 3 ma ọ bụ karịa) cyclone na-eme kwa afọ.[5][6]

N'oge okpomọkụ, Ọwara Bengal na-enwe okpomọkụ siri ike, na-eme ka ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na nke na-adịghị akwụsi ike nke na-emepụta cyclones. Ọtụtụ ajọ ifufe dị ike, gụnyere ajọ ifufe nke Calcutta nke 1737, ajọ ifufe Bhola nke 1970, ajọ ifufe Bangladesh nke 1991, ajọ ifufe Odisha nke 1999, na ajọ ifufe Fani nke afọ 2019 na Odisha na ajọ ifuf Vayu na Gujarat, emeela ka e bibie ihe n'akụkụ akụkụ ndị dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke India na Bangladesh dị nso. A na-akọ akụkọ ọnwụ na mbibi ihe onwunwe kwa afọ na Tamil Nadu, na West Bengal. Ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ India, nke dị n'ókè nke Oké Osimiri Arebia dị jụụ, na-enwe oké ifufe na-adịghị ahụkebe; ndị a na-emetụtakarị Gujarat na, obere oge, Kerala na mgbe ụfọdụ Odisha.

N'ihe gbasara mmebi na ọnwụ nke ndụ, 1999 Odisha cyclone, nnukwu cyclone nke dakwasịrị Odisha na 29 Ọktoba 1999, bụ nke kachasị njọ n'ihe karịrị otu narị afọ na iri anọ. Na oke ifufe nke 160 kilomita kwa elekere (257 km / h), ọ bụ ihe yiri nke ajọ ifufe nke 5. [7]Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde mmadụ abụọ enweghị ebe obibi; ndụ nde mmadụ 20 ọzọ mebiri site na oké ifufe ahụ. [8][8]N'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, mmadụ 9,803 nwụrụ site na oké ifufe ahụ; atụmatụ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na-etinye ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'ihe karịrị 10,100.[7][8]

N'ihe gbasara mmebi na mbibi akụ, Cyclone Amphan, nnukwu cyclone nke wakporo West Bengal, Odisha na Bangladesh na 20 Mee 2020 bụ, ka ọ dị ugbu a, nke kachasị njọ na India na narị afọ nke 21. [9]Site na oke ifufe nke 260 kilomita kwa elekere (162 ruo 280 kilomita kwa elekọ (174 mph), ọ bụ ihe yiri nke ajọ ifufe nke 5. [7]Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde mmadụ 5 (50 lakh) enweghị ebe obibi na West Bengal, Odisha na Bangladesh; ndụ ndị ọzọ dị nde mmadụ 10 (1 crore) mebiri site na oké ifufe ahụ. [9]N'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, mmadụ 128 nwụrụ site na oké ifufe ahụ. Mmebi na mbibi nke gọọmentị bụ 13.40 ruo 13.69 ijeri US Dollars; ọ bụ oké ifufe kachasị ọnụ na nke kachasị emebi emebi na Bay of Bengal. [10]

2021 Cyclone Tauktae gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 104, nke kachasị elu n'ime afọ iri.[11]

Mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na gburugburu ebe obibi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mmiri ozuzo[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ngalaba na-ahụ maka ihu igwe na India ekwuputala na okirikiri mmiri ga-adịwanye ike, na mmiri ozuzo dị elu kwa afọ yana oke ọkọchị n'afọ ndị na-abịa n'ihu. A na-ebu amụma na mmụba nke pasent 20 nke mmiri ozuzo ga-eme n'ọtụtụ steeti. [12]Mmụba 2 °C na nkezi okpomọkụ ụwa ga-eme ka mmiri ozuzo India bụrụ ihe a na-amaghị ama.  Na 4 °C mmiri ozuzo nke ukwuu nke nwere ohere 1 n'ime 100 afọ ugbu a ga-eme n'ime afọ 10 ọ bụla site na 2100.  Okpomọkụ kachasị elu na nke kachasị ala na mmiri ozuzo ga-abawanye karịsịa n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ India.[13]A na-atụ anya na afọ ndị kpọrọ nkụ ga-abụ ndị kpọrọ nká na ndị mmiri na-ezo n'ihi Mgbanwe ihu igwe.

Osimiri na ice[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-atụ anya na mmiri dị ọcha na India ga-ada n'okpuru 1000 cubic mita ka ọ na-erule afọ 2025 n'ihi mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Mmiri dị iche iche nke Kaveri, Penna, Mahi, Sabarmati, Tapi, Luni na ole na ole ndị ọzọ adịlarị ụkọ mmiri. Krishna na Subarnarekha nwere ike ịghọ otú ahụ site na 2025. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị mmadụ, idei mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na ntinye mmiri nnu na ikpughe na oké ifufe na-eme ka Ganga, Godavari, Krishna na Mahanadi osimiri ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri "ebe dị ọkụ" nke Mgbanwe ihu igwe.Glaciers bụ isi iyi mmiri maka Osimiri Himalayan dị ka Ganga, Brahmaputra na Indus. 67% nke ice ndị Himalayan alaalayan n'ime afọ iri gara aga ma na-aga n'ihu na-ebelata na ọnụego na-arịwanye elu. O yikarịrị ka Ganga na Indus ga-abụ ụkọ mmiri ka ọ na-erule afọ 2025.[14]Kemgbe afọ 1962, mpaghara ice n'ozuzu ya ejirila pasent 21 belata site na kilomita 2077 ruo kilomita 1628.  2 2Nke a ga-eme ka ụkọ mmiri na-akawanye njọ ka oge na-aga ma nwee ike itinye nchekwa nri na mmepụta ike n'ihe ize ndụ.

Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ (2006) "Increasing trend of extreme rain events over India in a warming environment". Science 314 (5804): 1442–1445. DOI:10.1126/science.1132027. PMID 17138899. 
  2. ↑ Roxy (2015-06-16). "Drying of Indian subcontinent by rapid Indian Ocean warming and a weakening land-sea thermal gradient" (in en). Nature Communications 6: 7423. DOI:10.1038/ncomms8423. PMID 26077934. Retrieved on 2019-09-01. 
  3. ↑ Roxy (2014-09-11). "The Curious Case of Indian Ocean Warming". Journal of Climate 27 (22): 8501–8509. DOI:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00471.1. ISSN 0894-8755. Retrieved on 2019-06-29. 
  4. ↑ Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division. Frequently Asked Questions: When is hurricane season?. NOAA. Archived from the original on 2006-07-18. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.
  5. ↑ Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division. Frequently Asked Questions: When is hurricane season?. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on July 18, 2006. Retrieved on July 25, 2006.
  6. ↑ Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division. Frequently Asked Questions: What are the average, most, and least tropical cyclones occurring in each basin?. NOAA. Archived from the original on 2012-07-31. Retrieved on 2006-07-25.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Tropical Cyclone 05B. Naval Maritime Forecast Center (Joint Typhoon Warning Center). Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved on 2007-04-08. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "npmoc" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 1999 Supercyclone of Orissa. BAPS Care International (2005). Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved on 2007-04-08.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 2020 Supercyclone Amphhan. The Times of India (2020). Archived from the original on 2020-06-04. Retrieved on 2020-06-05.
  10. ↑ US Dollar. Archived from the original on 2020-05-22. Retrieved on 2020-06-05.
  11. ↑ Explained: How does Tauktae compare with other cyclones in severity and damage? (en). The Indian Express (2021-05-27). Archived from the original on 2021-06-07. Retrieved on 2021-09-19.
  12. ↑ Sathaye (30 November 2005). "Climate change, sustainable development and India: Global and national concerns". Curr Sci 90. 
  13. ↑ India: Climate Change Impacts. Archived from the original on 2018-07-03. Retrieved on 2018-07-03.
  14. ↑ India will be the hotspot of water crisis by 2025: UN. www.indiawaterportal.org. Archived from the original on 2018-07-03. Retrieved on 2018-07-03.

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

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