Ọkụ dị n'okpuru
Ọla ala bụ akụkụ nke ihe na-adịghị agbanye ọkụ nke ọkụ na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ, ọkụ ọkụ, ọkụ ma ọ bụ incinerator. N'ime ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ọ na-ezo aka na ọkụ coal ma na-agụnye akara nke ihe na-agbanye n'ime clinkers ma na-arapara na mgbidi dị ọkụ nke ọkụ ọkụ coal n'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ. Akụkụ nke ntụ nke na-agbapụ na anwụrụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ ụyọkọ, otu o sila dị, a na-akpọ ntụ ijiji. Ndị clinkers na-ada n'onwe ha n'ime ala nke ọkụ ọkụ na-ere ọkụ wee jụọ oyi. A na-akpọkwa akụkụ nke ntụ dị n'elu dị ka ntụ ala.
A na-echekwa ọtụtụ ntụ ntụ nke a na-emepụta na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ US na ọdọ mmiri ash, nke nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụrụ na ha enwee ọdịda nhazi..
Usoro njikwa ntụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'ime usoro mmiri na-ejide hopper (WIH) nke a na-ahụkarị, a na-egbutu ụyọkọ clinker ruo obere site na ndị na-egwe ihe n'okpuru mmiri ma daa n'ime olulu mmiri ebe mmiri na-ewepụ ha na olulu mmiri. Site n'ebe ahụ, a na-eji mgbapụta rotary kwesịrị ekwesị na-agbapụta ya. N'usoro ọzọ, agbụ njikọ na-aga n'ihu na-ekpochapụ clinkers n'okpuru mmiri ma na-azụ ha ka ha na-egweri ihe n'èzí ash hopper.
Usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ na-agbaso nkà ihe ọmụma mwepụ na-aga n'ihu. N'ụzọ bụ isi, ebuka yinye ihe dị arọ na-emikpu n'ime mmiri ịsa ahụ dị n'okpuru ọkụ ahụ nke na-emenyụ ntụ ọkụ ka ọ na-ada site na ọnụ ụlọ combustion na-ewepụ ntụ mmiri na-aga n'ihu ruo na mkpọda mmiri na-asọ oyi tupu awụpụ ya n'ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ozugbo na silos nchekwa. .
Ndị na-ere ihe mkpofu nke obodo nke oge a na-ebelata mmepụta nke dioxins site na ọkụ ọkụ na 850 ruo 950 degrees Celsius maka ọ dịkarịa ala sekọnd abụọ, na-emepụta ntụ ntụ dị ka ihe na-esite na ya.
Nchịkwa ihe mkpofu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'ụlọ ọrụ United States, a na-agbanye ihe mkpofu ntụ n'ọdọ mmiri ntụ, usoro mkpofu kachasị.[1] Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ na-arụ usoro mkpofu akọrọ nke nwere nsị ala.
Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Na United States, ntụ coal bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ nke mba ahụ.[2] N'afọ 2017, e mepụtara nde 38.2 obere ọn (34.7×10^ t) nke ntụ na-efe efe, na 9.7 obere tọn (8.8×10^ 6 t) nke ash ala. Coal nwere obere arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, thallium, selenium, molybdenum na mercury, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-egbu ụmụ mmadụ na ndụ ndị ọzọ.ntu, nke sitere na combustion, na-etinye uche n'ihe ndị a ma nwee ike imetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala ma ọ bụ mmiri dị n'elu ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri na-esi na ọdọ mmiri ntụ.[3]
Most U.S. power plants do not use geomembranes, leachate collection systems, or other flow controls often found in municipal solid waste landfills.[4] Following a 2008 failure that caused the Tennessee Valley Authority’s Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) began developing regulations that would apply to all ash ponds in the U.S. EPA published its "Part A" final rule for Coal Combustion Residuals (CCR) on August 28, 2020, requiring all unlined ash ponds to retrofit with liners or close by April 11, 2021. Some facilities may apply to obtain additional time—up to 2028—to find alternatives for managing ash wastes before closing their surface impoundments.[5] EPA published its ""CCR Part B" rule on November 12, 2020, which allows certain facilities to use an alternative liner, based on a demonstration that human health and the environment will not be affected. Further litigation on the CCR regulation is pending as of 2021.[6]
Ijikọ ntụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
9Enwere ike iwepụta ntụ n'ala, mee ka ọ jụọ oyi ma bufee ya site na iji teknụzụ njikwa ntụ kpọrọ nkụ. Mgbe a hapụrụ ya ka ọ kpọọ nkụ, enwere ike iji ntụ mee kọntaktị, brik na ihe ndị ọzọ bara uru. E nwekwara ọtụtụ uru gburugburu ebe obibi.[7]
Enwere ike iji ntụ dị n'okpuru mee ihe dị ka ihe ọzọ a na-emepụta, dochie ala ma ọ bụ ájá ma ọ bụ ihe mkpokọta, dịka ọmụmaatụ na iwu okporo ụzọ na n'ekwú simenti (mmepụta clinker). Ojiji ọzọ a na-ahụ anya bụ dị ka ihe na-eto eto na horticulture (na-emekarị mgbe a sachara ya). Na United Kingdom, a maara ya dị ka ntụ ọkụ (FBA), iji mee ka ọ dị iche na ntụ ọkụ (IBA), ihe ndị na-abụghị ọkụ na-anọgide mgbe ọkụ gbara. Ojiji mbụ nke ntụ dị n'ala bụ na mmepụta nke blọk simenti eji ewu ọtụtụ ụlọ elu na London n'afọ ndị afọ 1960.
Hụkwa Ihe Ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Ngwongwo ọkụ coal
- Ọkụ na-efe efe
- Mmetụta ahụike nke ntụ coal
- Nlekọta mmiri na-adịghị mma nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe
Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ McLaren (1987). "The Typical Engineering Properties of Fly Ash", in Woods, R. D.: Geotechnical Practice for Waste Disposal '87; Proceedings of a Specialty Conference. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers. ISBN 9780872626041.
- ↑ Coal Ash Basics. EPA (2021-01-25).
- ↑ Schlossberg. "2 Tennessee Cases Bring Coal's Hidden Hazard to Light", The New York Times, 2017-04-15.
- ↑ Kessler, K. A. (1981). "Wet Disposal of Fossil Plant Waste Case History". Journal of the Energy Division 107 (2): 199–208. DOI:10.1061/JDAEDZ.0000063.
- ↑ Revisions to the Coal Combustion Residuals (CCR) Closure Regulations; Fact sheet. EPA (July 2020).
- ↑ Smoot. "Groups challenge rollback of coal ash rule", Muskogee Phoenix, 2020-12-11.
- ↑ Coal Ash Reuse. EPA (2021-01-25).
Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- EcoSmart Concrete Ojiji nke ntụ na-efe efe na ihe ndị ọzọ na-agbakwunye simenti na simenti
- LondonWaste Olee otú a na-edozi ntụ n'ala iji mee ngụkọta