Ọmụmụ
[1]Humaliwo bụ obodo Chumash nke dị na Malibu, California ugbu a. "Humaliwo" egwuregwu "ebe sọfụ na-ada ụkwụ." Obodo ahụ nwere ugwu dị n'ụdị ịhụnanya mmiri dị na Malibu Lagoon State Beach . [1] Tongva gbara agbata obi zoro aka na obodo ahụ dị ka Ongobehangna . [2] Edere obodo Humaliwo na National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) na 1976. Ozu omenaala dị na saịtị a, nke nwere ọtụtụ olili mmadụ, ihe arịa na omenala ndị ọzọ. Enwere ike dee nke saịtị ahụ ruo afọ 7,000.
Chumash[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Omenala[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ihe akaebe nke ihe ochie egosila na enwere njikọ dị n'etiti omume ozu na nzukọ mmekọrịta nke ndị Chumash. E nwere ihe akaebe na-egosi na ndị Chumash bi n'ime obodo buru ibu ma dị oke ọnụ. Ndị isi obodo na ndị isi ndị ọzọ na-achị obodo ndị a. Ndị ikom ji ngwá agha na-arụkwa ọrụ inye ya nri na-echebe ha. [2] Otu ụzọ e si mara ndị isi bụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ na-enwe mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị n'ihi na ndị nkịtị na-enwekarị naanị otu di na nwunye. [2] Omenala a kwụsịrị mgbe ndị Spen chịchara n'ihi na chọọchị Katọlik lere polygyny dị ka mmehie. Ọ dị ka o doro anya na a na-ekewa ozu ndị isi ndị a site na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ịrịba ama nke a na-etinye n'elu ha na olili ozu ahụ. E gosikwara n’akwụkwọ ndị ahụ na e lirikọ ndị ọgaranya ma ọ bụ ndị Chumash ọnụ n’ala ezinụlọ. Nke a gosiri ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie mkpa ezinụlọ dị n'obodo ha na otú o si jikọta na klas na akụ na ụba. Ndị Chumash na-azụkarị ihe ndị sitere n'okike dị ka shei bead na ndị agbata obi ha, ndị Tongva na Acjachemen. [3]
Nrigbu na mgbagha[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Chumash bi n'akụkụ ọwa Santa Barbara na-aga azụ puku afọ iri na otu, dịka data ihe ochie siri dị. Ha bi na oghere dị iche iche nke California Coast dị ka ala nke Santa Barbara Channel, ndagwurugwu dị n'ime, na ọbụna àgwàetiti dị n'etiti Malibu na San Luis Obispo. Ọtụtụ ihe onwunwe dị iche iche sitere na mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, gburugburu ụwa, na ihe ọkụkụ na anụ ụlọ nyere ha ohere ọ bụghị nanị ịnọgide na-eguzosi ike, kama na-eme nke ọma n'ala a. Mgbe ọchịchị gasịrị, ala ahụ malitere ịta ahụhụ site na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ ụkọ ihe onwunwe n'ihi ọnọdụ ndị ọ dabara n'okpuru ọchịchị Europe. Ihe kpatara nsogbu ndị a bụ oke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, nrigbu ihe onwunwe, na ọnọdụ ihu igwe anaghị akwụsi ike. [4]
Ókèala[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
[5]Usoro nsogbu ndị na-alụ na Santa Rosa na- njem njem mgbago ugwu nke ndị na-anya ụgbọ mmiri na Channel Islands afu 13,000 gara aga. Ndị na-asụ Hokan ndị n'agbata Channel Islands na ala California. [1] N'ime obodo Uto-Aztecan dị na mpaghara Los Angeles, Chumash pavajmkar dị "n'ime mmiri", [2] nwere ikike site na San Luis Obispo n'ebe ndị ruo Topanga Canyon Topaa'nga na Malibu Maliwu ugbu a. a ga ọwa Santa Barbara ka. Àgwàetiti Santa Cruz Limuw ( Mishmash site n'asụsụ ime obodo), Anacapa Anyapakh, San Miguel Island Tuqan, na Santa Rosa Island Wi'ma . Ozi ndị Chumash dị n'etiti 15,000-20,000 tupu tupu Spanish. agbata obi nke Humal Obodoiwu ndị Malibu Canyon Ta'lopop, Point Dume Sumo, Lechuza Canyon Loxostox'ni, Westlake Village Hipuk, Conejo Grade Lalimanux, na El Escopion Huwam .
Tomols[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
[6]Point Mugu Muwu nke egwuregwu "osimiri" bụ ebe maka maka tomols, usoro ethnographic e mere mmemme na ọkara ụbọchị a na-aከል ọmụmụ nke mbụ Santa Cruz. Humaliwo bụ ebe ụgbọ mmiri P'imu ma ọ bụ P'imungna (Catalina Island) na-agbadata . [1] Chumash tomols, bụ ụdị ụgbọ mmiri na-aga n'oké osimiri kacha ochie dị na North America. Emebere ya site na redwood, Chumash kpo driftwood n'ekiri oke osimiri. Yop, ihe dị ka tar nke pitch pine na asphaltum, mechiri eriri afụ anụ ụlọ iji ụgbọ mmiri mmiri. Tomols meghere họpụtara ụzọ mmiri na terrestrial, ebe ọ na-ahụ ụzọ dị. mmiri mmiri plank rutere n'ụdị agbanwechara nke ọma site na AD 1100-1150. Inwe na ojiji nke tomolsa okwa dị elu nke ọha mmadụ.
Ememe olili ozu n'ihe metụtara klaasị ọha[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Olili ozu nke mmadụ dị mkpa: N'adịghị ka nkezi onye so na olili ozu ọha, onye nwere nnukwu mkpa ọha na eze ga-enwe mmemme ka ukwuu, na-akọwapụta ihe na nke dị oke ọnụ. Ọrụ e weere dị ka ihe dị mkpa bụ nke ndị isi, ndị okpukperechi, ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ bara ọgaranya n'obodo. A ga-enwe ememe iru uju ọha na eze, ọtụtụ ndị ga-abịakwa kama ịbụ nanị ezinụlọ. [7] O yikarịrị ka a ga-eli onye isi nwere ọtụtụ ogologo cha cha, na ajị anụ iji gosi ọkwa ya. [2] Ka chaplet dị n'ili, ka onye ahụ bara ọgaranya ma ọ bụ karịa ka ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụ ya. N'adịghị ka ili dị mfe, nke a na-enweghị akara nke onye nkịtị ga-enwe, onye dị mkpa ga-etinye nnukwu osisi n'ili ha iji gosi ihe ọ pụtara. Enwekwara ihe akaebe na-egosi na ndị Chumash na-edobe ebe ezinaụlọ na-eli ozu, yana na ebe ili ha dị bara nnukwu uru na ọha mmadụ. [7]
Ọrụ Spanish European: 1542-1770s[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N’October 1–13, 1542, onye nchọgharị Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo n’ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Malibu wee nweta ala ahụ maka Eze Spen. Ọka hụrụ ɔdɔ mmiri ahụ "Pueblo de las Canoas" (Obodo nke Canoes), na-ezo aka na nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri Humaliwo mgbe ha rutere n'oge oké osimiri. Njem Cabrillo na nstụtụ Mesoamerica ọrịa na ọnwụ ya na Catalina Island na 1543.
Ndị ọrụ Francis na mpaghara Chumash: 1769 – 1834[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'ime ozi iri abụọ na otu Franciscan, ndị Chumash keere òkè dị ukwuu n'imepụta Mission San Buenaventura, Mission Santa Barbara, na Mission Santa Inés . Ndị agha ndị Spen na-erigbu ala Chumash wee ọdịnaya anụ ụlọ ebe ha na-eji njirimara Chumash dị ka shei beads maka ego. Ọtụtụ ndị na-ịzọ nzụkọ Spanish na Chumash na-ịhụ otú ndị Chumash si anabata ndị Spanish, tupu ha achị, na nri na ihe nkiri dị ka ịgba egwu na ịbụ abụ.
Mexico-American California[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
[1]N'ịgbaso akwụkwọ onwe Mexico nke 1821, Mexico dị na California site na 1822 ruo 1848. nke Mexico akwụkwọ akwụkwọ nke Alta California site n'inye nwoke a ma nnukwu ego ala-ekiri "ranchos". Na 1800s, Jose Bartolome Tapia, onye so na 1776 Spanish njem, nyere 13,330-acre (5,390-hectare) Rancho Topanga Malibu Sequit, "Rancho Malibu", dị ka na-enye ọrụ maka ọrụ ya na Spain. Jose Tapia nwere rancho ruo 1848, mgbe e rere ya Leon Victor Prudhomme. Nke a bụ n'oge àmà oge nke Mexico na United States na-achị California.
Mgbe 1848 Mexico agha America na saịtị na Nkwekọrịta nke Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico nyefere Alta California na United States. N'ime Iwu Mkpesa Ala nke 1851, United States ụmụaka ileghara isiokwu ndị ahụ nke ahụ kwere nkwa ịsọpụrụ ikike nke onya ala Spanish na Mexico dị ugbu a. Rancho Topanga Malibu Sequit akara ike idetu aha Tapia ma jụkwara akwụkwọ ahụ. Na 1857, Matthew Keller (nke a nsụgharị dị ka Don Mateo Keller) ụlọra ụlọ ahụ dum n'aka Prudhommes maka $1,400, ma ọ bụ ihe dị ka cents 10 acre.
Ntụaka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 (January 2009) "Malibu Legacy Park Project Environmental Impact Report". Archaeological Resources Section 3D. Retrieved on 14 April 2018. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "malibucity.org" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Gamble, Lynn H. The Chumash World at European Contact Power, Trade, and Feasting among Complex Hunter-gatherers. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008.
- ↑ Chavez, Yve. "Indigenous Artists, Ingenuity, and Resistance at the California Missions After 1769." 2017, 347.
- ↑ Dartt-Newton, Deana, and Erlandson, Jon M. "Little Choice for the Chumash: Colonialism, Cattle, and Coercion in Mission Period California." American Indian Quarterly 30 (2006): 416-), P.416-430.
- ↑ Šmuwič Chumash Language School. Wishtoyo Chumash Foundation. Novoa Media. Retrieved on 14 April 2018.
- ↑ Lynn (November 2, 2002). "American Antiquity". Archaeological Evidence for the Origin of the Plank Canoe in North America 67. Retrieved on 14 April 2018.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hollimon (2001). "Death, gender, and the Chumash peoples: Mourning ceremonialism as an integrative mechanism". Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 10 (1): 41–55. DOI:10.1525/ap3a.2001.10.1.41.
Akwụkwọ akụkọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]