Ọmụma nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụzọ omenala

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Ọmụma gburugburu ebe obibi nke a na-akpọ Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) na-akọwa ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala na ọdịbendị ndị ọzọ nke ihe onwunwe mpaghara. Dị ka ngalaba ọmụmụ na Northern American anthropology, TEK na-ezo aka na "ihe ọmụma, nkwenye, na omume, nke na'agbakọta site na nchịkọta nke T EK ma nyefee site n'ọgbọ site mu abụ ọdịnala, akụkọ na nkwenkwe. Ọ na-emetụta mmekọrịta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ (gụnyere mmadụ) na ndị otu ọdịnala ha na gburugburu ha.[1] Ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala abụghị echiche zuru ụwa ọnụ n'etiti ọha mmadụ dị iche iche, mana a na-ezo aka na usoro omenala ma ọ bụ omume nke na'ụzọ dị ukwuu na "ebe".[2] A na-eji ihe ọmụma dị otú ahụ eme ihe na njikwa ihe okike dị ka ihe nnọchianya maka data gburugburu ebe obibi n'ọnọdụ ebe e nwere obere data sayensị edere, ma ọ bụ nwere ike ijikọta usoro sayensi nke Western nke njirimara gburugburu.[3]

Ntinye nke TEK n'ọhịa nke njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi na sayensị ka na-ese okwu, dị ka ụzọ isi nweta ma na'anakọta ihe ọmụma ọ bụ ezie na ọ na - mgbe mgbe na a na, ụdị nyocha na nnwale, na ndị a ga-eji mepụta ma kwado ihe omuma sayensi nke gburugburu ụlọ site n"ụzọ ọdịda anyanwụ.[4][5] Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-abụghị agbụrụ, dị ka US EPA, eguzobewo mmemme njikọta na ụfọdụ gọọmenti agbụọ iji tinye TEK na atụmatụ gburugburu ebe obibi na nsuso mgbanwe ihu igwe.

E nwere arụmụka ma ndị obodo ahụ nwere ikike ọgụgụ isi n'elu ihe ọmụma ọdịnala na ma iji ihe ọmụmụ a chọrọ ikike na ikikere tupu oge eruo.[6] Nke a dị mgbagwoju anya karịsịa n'ihi na a na-echekwa TEK ugboro ugboro dị ka ọdịnala a ma n"ihi ya, ọ nwere ike ghara inwe akwụkwọ doro anya. N'ihi nke a, otu ụzọ ndị nwere ike idozi nsogbu nke akwụkwọ iji mezuo ihe ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ chọrọ nwere ikike imebi ọdịdị nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala.

A na-eji ihe ọmụma ọdịnala eme ihe iji chekwaa ihe ndị dị mkpa maka ndụ.[7] Ọ bụ ezie na TEK n'onwe ya, na obodo ndị ejikọtara na ọdịnala ọnụ, nwere ike ịbụ ihe egwu n"ihe gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi, T EK na-egosi na ọ dị oke mkpa maka ịghọta mmetụta nke mgbanwe ndị ahụ nʼime usoro okike.[8]

TEK nwekwara ike izo aka na ihe ọmụma gburugburu ebe obibi ọdịnala nke na-emesi ihe dị iche iche na mmekọrịta nke gburugburu.[9]

Ọganihu nke mmụta ahụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-eme nnyocha mbụ nke TEK na anthropology. A na-amụ ihe ọmụma gburugburu ebe obibi site na oghere nke ethnoecology, "ụzọ na'elekwasị anya n'echiche nke mmekọrịta gburugburu ụlọ nke ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ọdịbendị nwere," n"ịghọta etu usoro ihe omuma si mepụta site n-enye ọdịnala.[10] Harold Colyer Conklin, onye American anthropologist onye butere ụzọ n'ịmụ ihe gbasara ethnoscience, buturu ụzọ na-edekọ ụzọ ụmụ amaala si aghọta ụwa okike. Conklin na ndị ọzọ dere otú ndị ọdịnala, dị ka ndị na-ahụ maka ubi na Philippines, si gosipụta ihe ọmụma dị ịrịba ama na nke zuru oke banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ebe ha bi. Ntinye aka n'ịnchịkọta, imepụta ngwaahịa site na, na iji osisi na anụmanụ dị n"ógbè ahụ mepụtara atụmatụ nke ụwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ụwa ọdịbendị jikọtara ọnụ. N'ịkwado ọmụmụ nke usoro mgbanwe, nke na-ekwu na nzukọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'onwe ya bụ nzaghachi mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi site n"otu ìgwè na gburugburu ya, mmekọrịta ụmụ mmadụ-okike na usoro bara uru nke mmekọrịta na ọdịbendị ndị a dabere na ya.[11]

Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ 1980, akwụkwọ na'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara ihe ọmụma ọdịnala gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi dere ma ihe gbasara ebe nchekwa nke ndị obodo dị iche iche nwere na mmekọrịta gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ ha.[10][11] Mmụba nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala na gburugburu ebe obibi n'oge a dugara na nkwenye mba ụwa maka ngwa ngwa ya na omume njikwa akụ na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide. Akụkọ 1987 nke World Commission on Environment and Development gosipụtara nkwekọrịta n'oge ahụ. Akụkọ ahụ na-ekwu na ihe ịga nke ọma nke narị afọ nke 20 (ebelata ọnwụ ụmụaka, mmụba nke atụmanya ndụ, ịrị elu nke ịgụ na ide, na mmepụta nri zuru ụwa ọnụ) emeela ka ọnọdụ ndị kpatara mbibi gburugburu ebe obibi "n'ime ụwa na'etiti ihe onwunwe na na - na. "[12] Otú ọ dị, olileanya dị maka ụdị ndụ ọdịnala. Akụkọ ahụ kwupụtara na agbụrụ na ụmụ amaala nwere ụdị ndụ nke nwere ike inye ọha mmadụ nke oge a nkuzi na njikwa ihe onwunwe n'oké ọhịa, ugwu, na usoro okike dị mgbagwoju anya.

Ihe dị iche na sayensị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ntụnyere TEK na Western Science[13]

Fulvio Mazzocchi nke Italian National Research Council's Institute of Atmospheric Pollution na-emegide ihe ọmụma ọdịnala na ihe ọmụmụ sayensị dị ka ndị a:

Ọmụma ọdịnala ewepụtala echiche nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-emesi njirimara symbiotic nke mmadụ na okike ike. Ọ na-enye ụzọ maka mmepe mpaghara nke dabere na mmekorita ya na gburugburu ebe obibi, yana kwanyere ikike ibu nke gburugburu ebe obibi ugwu. Ihe ọmụma a gbadoro ụkwụ na nleba anya nhụsianya ogologo oge dabara na ọnọdụ mpaghara - na-eme ka ojiji dị mma na njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi, ma na-enyere ụmụ amaala aka ime mgbanwe maka mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-enye ọtụtụ n'ime ndị bi n'ụwa ụzọ bụ isi iji gboo mkpa ha bụ isi, na-etolitekwa ntọala maka mkpebi na atụmatụ n'ọtụtụ akụkụ bara uru, gụnyere nkọwa nke ihe ịtụnanya meteorological, ọgwụgwọ ahụike, njikwa mmiri, imepụta uwe, ịnya ụgbọ mmiri. oru ugbo na ugbo, ichu nta na igbu azu, na usoro nhazi nke ndu.... Ewezuga uru ya doro anya maka ndi mmadu na-adabere na ihe omuma a, o nwere ike inye mmadu n'ozuzu ya ihe omuma ohuru na ndu; ọ nwere uru bara uru maka njikwa ihe ndị sitere n'okike ma nwee ike ịba uru na agụmakwụkwọ nchekwa yana n'ime atụmatụ mmepe na nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi ... Sayensị ọdịda anyanwụ bụ positivist na ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya n'ụzọ dị iche na ihe ọmụma ọdịnala, nke bụ ime mmụọ na ọ dịghị eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti. empirical na dị nsọ. Sayensị Western bụ ebumnobi na ọnụọgụ dị iche na-emegide ihe ọmụma ọdịnala, nke bụ isi n'onwe ya na nka. Sayensị ọdịda anyanwụ gbadoro ụkwụ n'ọkwa mmụta na ịgụ akwụkwọ, ebe ndị okenye na-ebufekarị ihe ọmụma ọdịnala site n'otu ọgbọ gaa n'ọzọ.[14]

Akụkụ nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Akụkụ nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala na gburugburu ebe obibi na-enye ụdị dị iche iche n'otú e si eji ya ma ghọta ya. Ndị a bụ ezigbo ihe na-egosi etu esi eji ya eme ihe site n'echiche dị iche iche na otu esi ejikọta ha, na'inye nkwenye na "nchịkwa mmekorita iji chọpụta ebe dịgasị iche ma na - agbakọta mgbe ị na na[15]

Ihe ndị e kwuru n'eziokwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Houde na-akọwa ihu isii nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala.[16] Akụkụ mbụ nke ihe ọmụma gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na-agụnye eziokwu, nleba anya akọwapụtara site na nnabata, aha na nhazi nke akụkụ pụrụ iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Akụkụ a bụ maka ịghọta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụdị na gburugburu ha. Ọ bụkwa usoro nke ma nleba anya na ozi na-emesi akụkụ nke anụmanụ na omume ha, na ebe obibi, na njirimara anụ ahụ nke ụdị, na ụbara anụmanụ. Nke a kacha baa uru maka ntule na njikwa ihe egwu nke na-enye mba dị iche iche ohere imetụta njikwa akụrụngwa. Agbanyeghị, ọ bụrụ na mba emeghị ihe, mgbe ahụ steeti nwere ike ime ihe maka ọdịmma nke ya. Ụdị "ihe ọmụma pụtara ìhè bụ nke a na-eme nleba anya n'ozuzu ya nke a na-eme ogologo oge ma kwadoro site na akaụntụ nke ndị ọzọ na-ejide TEK.[17]

Usoro nchịkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihu nke abụọ na-ezo aka n'iji ihe onwunwe eme ihe n"ụzọ ziri ezi na nke na'ụzọ na ya na usoro njikwa. A na-enweta nke a site na atụmatụ atụmatụ iji hụ na nchekwa akụ na ụba. Karịsịa ihu a na-agụnye ịnagide njikwa ahụhụ, ntụgharị ihe onwunwe, ọtụtụ usoro owuwe ihe ubi, na ụzọ maka ịtụle ọnọdụ ihe ọkụkụ.[18] Ọ na-elekwasịkwa anya na njikwa akụ na otu o si emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi.[16]

Ojiji e ji mee ihe n'oge gara aga na nke ugbu a[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihu nke atọ na-ezo aka na oge nke TEK, na'elekwasị anya n'iji gburugburu ebe obibi eme ihe n"oge gara aga na nke ugbu a site na akụkọ ihe mere eme, dị ka iji ala eme ya, ebe a na ya bi, ma ọ bụ na owuwe ihe ubi.[19] Karịsịa osisi na-agwọ ọrịa na ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ nnukwu nchegbu.[16] A na-eji akụkọ ihe mere eme eme iji nyefee ihe nketa ọdịbendị n'ọgbọ, ma na'enye aka n"echiche nke ezinụlọ na obodo.

Ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihu nke anọ na-ezo aka na nkwupụta uru na njikọ dị n'etiti usoro nkwenye na nhazi nke eziokwu. Banyere TEK ọ na-ezo aka na ụkpụrụ omume gburugburu ebe obibi nke na'ịnọgide na ikike mmegbu. Ihu a na-ezo aka na ngosipụta nke ụkpụrụ gbasara mmekọrịta ya na ebe obibi nke ụdị na gburugburu ha - gburugburu mmekọrịta mmadụ na mmadụ.

Omenala na njirimara[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-ejikọkarị na ihe ọmụma gbara osisi na akwụkwọ gburugburu.

Ihu nke ise na-ezo aka na ọrụ nke asụsụ na ihe oyiyi nke oge gara aga na'enye ndụ na ọdịbendị.[20] Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị Aboriginals (ndị bi na mbụ) na gburugburu ha dị mkpa iji kwado ihe ọdịbendị na-akọwa ha. Ihu a na-egosipụta akụkọ, ụkpụrụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke bi n'ebe dị ka ihe na'inye aka na ndụ, ọmụmụ, yana evolushọn nke ọdịbendị na njirimara. Ọ na-ekwusi ike na "uru e si eme ka ọdịbendị dị ka ebe a ga-eme ka ọ dị ọhụrụ".[21]

Ọdịdị mbara igwe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihu nke isii bụ cosmology dabeere na ọdịbendị nke bụ ntọala nke akụkụ ndị ọzọ. Cosmology bụ echiche nke otu ụwa si arụ ọrụ maka ọtụtụ ọdịbendị. Nke a nwere ike ịdịgasị iche site n'otu ọdịbendị gaa na nke ọzọ. Na US dịka ọmụmaatụ, e nwere ihe karịrị agbụrụ 577 gọọmentị etiti nabatara nwere ọdịbendị, asụsụ na usoro nkwenkwe nke ha. Ọtụtụ n'ime agbụrụ ndị a na-aghọta onwe ha dị ka ndị jikọtara ọnụ na ala. Okwu 'cosmology' metụtara echiche na nkwenye banyere otu ihe si arụ ọrụ, ma kọwaa ụzọ ihe jikọtara, na-enye ụkpụrụ ndị na'ịchịkwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na anụmanụ na ọrụ ụmụ mmadụ n'ụwa. Site n'echiche anthropological, cosmology na-anwa ịghọta mmekọrịta mmadụ na anụmanụ na otu ndị a si emetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze, ọrụ ndị otu obodo, na omume nchịkwa.

N'akwụkwọ ya bụ A Yupiaq Worldview[22]: A Pathway to Ecology and Spirit nke Angayuqaq Oscar Kawagley, onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ, kwuru na "Nkwado nke okike, ma ọ bụ echiche gburugburu ebe obibi, dị oke mkpa nye Yupiiaqa. Akụkọ ihe mere eme na nchọpụta ihe mgbe ochie nke agbụrụ dị iche iche n'ụwa yiri ka ọ na-egosi otu usoro nkà ihe ọmụma ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi n"etiti ndị mmadụ niile, njikọ a doro anya na na'echiche nke njikọ nke ihe niile dị na mbara igwe. Ndị Yupiaq bụ, ma ka bụ ndị na-akwado echiche ụwa a, n'agbanyeghị adịghị ike nke echiche gburugburu ebe obibi site na intrusions nke oge a. Kawagley na-akọwawanye banyere TEK na echiche ụwa nke Yupiaq site n'ikwu na, "Ụzọ onye Yupiak gụnyere nyocha, ahụmịhe, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ige ntị na mkparịta ụka na ajụjụ nke ụwa okike na nke ime mmụọ na uche. Onye ahụ bụ onye na-ekere òkè mgbe niile. "

Nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe atụ nke a bụ gọọmentị Australia na-enyeghachi ndị Aborigine ala iji mee omenala ha nke ọkụ ọkụ. Nke a mere ka ebe ndị ahụ dị iche iche ma belata egwu ọkụ ọhịa na oke ha.

Nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ụzọ dị iche iche na nke zuru oke maka njikwa akụ na ụba. Ọ na-agụnye ma sayensị na ihe ọmụma ọdịnala iji chịkọta data site na usoro ogologo oge nke sayensi na ọ gaghị enwe ike. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị na-eme nchọpụta na ha na ụmụ amaala na'etiti ha site na usoro mkpebi nkwekọrịta ka ha wee zute mkpa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọdịbendị nke ọgbọ ndị dị ugbu a na nke ga-abịa n'ihu. Ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala emeela ụzọ iji dozie mgbagwoju anya ebe sayensị ọdịda anyanwụ nwere usoro na ngwaọrụ. Nke a bụ mmekọrịta dị mma inwe nke na-emepụta nsonaazụ ka mma maka akụkụ abụọ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ihe ize ndụ nke ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ bụ na mba anaghị aba uru n'ụzọ ziri ezi ma ọ bụ malị. Ọtụtụ oge, a na-eji ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala eme ihe n'èzí mba ahụ n"enweghị nkwenye (nkwado ọdịbendị), nkwanye ùgwù, ma ọ bụ nkwụghachi ụgwọ. Ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala nwere ike ịkwado gburugburu ebe obibi, ma ọ nwere ikike ịbụ ihe ọmụma dị nsọ.

Mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi bụ omume nke iweghachi usoro gburugburu ụlọ site na ntinye aka mmadụ. E nwere ọtụtụ njikọ n'etiti mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi na omume nchịkwa gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ metụtara TEK, agbanyeghị na njikwa gburugburu obodo T EK dị omimi karịa site na mmekọrịta akụkọ ihe mere eme na ebe ahụ.[23] N'ihi ike na-ahaghị nhata n'etiti ụmụ amaala na ndị na'abụghị ụmụ Amaala, ọ dị mkpa na mmekọrịta dị mma iji weghachite ikpe na nke a egosila na ọ ga-aga nke ọma mgbe ụmụ ụmụamaala duziri ọrụ mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi.[24]

Ihe ọmụma ọdịnala na US Environmental Protection Agency[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụlọ ọrụ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti mbụ mepụtara iwu iwu na-akọwapụta otu ọ ga-esi soro gọọmenti agbụrụ rụkọọ ọrụ ma kweta ọdịmma agbụọ n"ịmepụta mmemme ya "iji chebe ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi".[25] N'ịghọta njikọ agbụrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, EPA achọwo ịmepụta mmemme gburugburu Ebe obibi nke na-ejikọta ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'ime "sayensị gburugburu obodo, iwu, na usoro mkpebi".[26]

Ọ bụ ezie na a maghị TEK ugbu a dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke mkpebi gburugburu ebe obibi, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ n'ịmepụta mmemme nkà sayensi nke kwekọrọ na T EK ma na'akwalite afọ ojuju na mkpebi siri ike.[27] Enweghị nkwenye maka ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ịkọwa ihe ngwọta maka nsogbu gburugburu Ebe obibi na-anọchite anya ọchịchọ agbụrụ iji sayensị kpọrọ ihe karịa ụdị ọdịbendị. Ya mere, ụlọ ọrụ na-ejikọta sayensị na TEK ga-ekweta ụkpụrụ nke usoro nkuzi pụrụ iche iji jiri uru nke sayensi na tEK mee ihe n'ụzọ zuru ezu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụlọ ọrụ US ga-amụta banyere TEK site na oghere nke ndị otu ụmụ amaala site n'ịrụ ọrụ n"akụkụ na ndị okenye ụmụ Amaala, na-anakọta data aka site ne ebe a na'okwu ahụ, ma tinye ụkpụrụ ụmụ amụrụ nʼime nyocha sayensị ha.[10]

N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2000, Onye isi ala US Bill Clinton wepụtara Executive Order 13175, nke chọrọ ka ngalaba na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti na-agwa gọọmenti agbụrụ India na mmepe nke iwu ndị ga-enwe mmetụta agbọrọ.[28] EPA na-akọwa mmetụta agbụrụ dị ka inwe "mmetụta dị ukwuu na otu ma ọ bụ karịa agbamakwụkwọ ndị India, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti gọọmentị etiti na agb agbụọ ndị Indian, maọ bụ na nkesa ike na ibu ọrụ n"etiti ọchịchị etiti etiti n "[29] Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti nke gọọmenti US, achọrọ ka EPA guzobe ụkpụrụ maka usoro ndụmọdụ ahụ. Dị ka nzaghachi mbụ ya, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mepụtara ụkpụrụ nke ga-enye ohere maka nkwurịta okwu na nhazi bara uru n'etiti ụlọ Ọrụ na ndị isi agbụrụ tupu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ emee ihe ma ọ bụ mezuo mkpebi ndị nwere ike imetụta agbọrọ. Ụkpụrụ ahụ họpụtakwara kọntaktị ndụmọdụ EPA iji kwalite nkwekọrịta na nhazi nke usoro ndụmọdụ ahụ, ma guzobe nlekọta nchịkwa na ịkọ akụkọ iji hụ na ịza ajụjụ na nghọta.

Otu ụdị ndụmọdụ bụ EPA Tribal Councils. N'afọ 2000, ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na mmepe nke EPA guzobere Kansụl Sayensị Tribal nke ESA. Kansụl ahụ, nke ndị nnọchiteanya si n'agbụrụ dị iche iche gafee mba ahụ mejupụtara, bụ iji nye usoro maka itinye aka agbụrụ na mbọ sayensị nke EPA, ma bụrụ ụgbọ ala nke ga-esi na EPA nwere ike inweta nghọta nke okwu sayensi nke kachasị mkpa maka agbọrọ na ọkwa mba. Kansụl ahụ na-enyekwa agbụrụ ohere imetụta atụmatụ sayensị nke EPA site n'ibuli okwu ndị a dị mkpa na otu EPA.[30]

Ihe dị mkpa maka ndị agbụrụ na nnọkọ mbụ nke Kansụl Sayensị Agbụrụ EPA bụ ọdịiche dị na ndụ ọdịnala agbọrọ na sayensụ ọdịda anyanwụ. Ụzọ ndụ ndị a gụnyere "mmekọrịta ime mmụọ, mmetụta uche, anụ ahụ, na nke uche na gburugburu ebe obibi; njikọ ndị dabeere na ụkpụrụ intrinsic, nke a na-apụghị ịgụta ọnụ"; na nghọta na ihe onwunwe ụwa ga-enye ihe niile dị mkpa maka ndụ mmadụ.[28]

Otu ọ di, e bụ n'obi ka EPA's Tribal Science Council, rụọ ọrụ dị ka ebe nzukọ ebe otu abụọ ahụ nwere ike "ịkekọrịta ozi nwere ike inye aka na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi maka ndị mmadụ niile na-enweghị omenala na-ahapụ njirimara ya." N'ịgbalị ichekwa TTL Kansụl ahụ chọpụtara n'ime ala dịka mpaghara dị oke mkpa maka nyocha. Council EPA-Tribal Science Council kọwara ndụ dị ka: "mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi ha, ụzọ ndụ. Nri na-agụnye njikọ ime mmụọ dị n'ime ụwa, na-agụnye nghọta na ihe onwunwe nke ụwa ga-enye ihe niile dị mkpa maka ndụ mmadụ. Ndị na-eri nri site n'ihe ndị bụ́ isi dị n'ụwa nọgidere na-ejikọta ha na ihe ndị ahụ, na-ebi ndụ n'ime gburugburu ndụ. N'ihi na TTL ma ọ bụ TEK bụ kpọmkwem ebe ma na-agụnye mmekọrịta dị n'etiti osisi na anụmanụ, na mmekọrịta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, nkwenye nke subsitement dị ka ihe kacha mkpa na-enye ohere ka e chebe ihe ọmụma na omume nke TTL. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, dịka akụkụ nke ntụle aka ha gbasara ihe iri nri, Kansụl ahụ kwetara ịchọpụta mmetọ akụrụngwa dịka "okwu sayensị agbụrụ kachasị njọ n'oge a." N'ihi na ndị ebo na-ebi ndụ na-adabere na gburugburu ebe obibi maka usoro ọdịnala nke ọrụ ugbo, ịchụ nta. ịkụ azụ, oke ohia, na ọgwụ, na emume, mmetọ na-emetụta ndị agbụrụ na-adịghị mma ma na-etinye TTL ha n'ihe egwu. Dị ka EPA Council si kwuo, "ọnụego iri nri ebo na-adịkarị elu karịa nke ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu ya, na-eme ka mmetụta mmetọ akụ na ụba na-enwe nchegbu ozugbo."[28] Ka ụmụ amaala na-agbasi mbọ ike na akụ ndị emetọghị, kansụl ahụ enweela ọganihu n'ịchọpụta mmetụta ya.

N'agbanyeghị mgbalị ndị dị otú ahụ, a ka nwere ihe mgbochi maka ọganihu n'ime Kansụl Sayensị agbụrụ EPA. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu ihe mgbochi bụ ọdịdị nke TTL. A na-enyefe ndụ ọdịnala agbụrụ site n'ọnụ, site na onye gaa na mmadụ, ọgbọ gaa n"ọgbọ, ebe sayensị ọdịda anyanwụ na'okwu edere ede, na a na -ezipụ ya site mube akwụkwọ na agụmakwụkwọ.[28] Mgbalị ndị a na-eme iji jikọta ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ọdịda anyanwụ na ndị agbụrụ egbochikwala site n'echiche nke ndị American Indian na a ga-etinye nyocha sayensi na " igbe ojii" ihe atụ nke na'imechi ntinye agbọrọ. N'agbanyeghi, EPA amatala ikike nke ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala iji kwalite nghọta sayensị ma nye ozi ọhụrụ na echiche ndị nwere ike ịba uru na gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ.

Njikọ nke TTL n'ime usoro nyocha ihe ize ndụ nke EPA bụ otu ihe atụ nke otu Kansụl Sayensị nke Ezinụlọ EPA si nwee ike ịme mgbanwe na omenala EPA. Usoro nyocha ihe ize ndụ bụ "usoro nhazi maka nyocha sayensị nke ikike maka mmetụta na-emerụ ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi ikpughe na mmetọ ma ọ bụ nrụgide gburugburu ụlọ ndị ọzọ". EPA ejirila nyocha ihe ize ndụ mee ihe iji guzobe "ọkwa dị ọcha na ebe mkpofu dị ize adị, ogo mmiri na ikuku, ndụmọdụ azụ, na mmachibido iwu ma ọ bụ mmachi maka ọgwụ ahụhụ na kemịkal ndị ọzọ na-egbu egbu. "[27] Otú ọ dị, ndị agbụrụ na-echegbu onwe ha na usoro nyocha ihe ize ndụ ugbu a anaghị enye uru zuru oke na omenala agbamakwụkwọ, ụkpụrụ, na / ma ọ bụ ụzọ ndụ. Kansụl Sayensị Tribal na-achọ itinye TTL n'ime echiche ndị dị na ụdị nyocha ihe ize ndụ nke EPA. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ogologo oge maka Kansụl Sayensị Tribal nke EPA, Otú ọ dị, bụ mgbanwe zuru oke na nyocha mkpebi site n'ihe ize ndụ gaa n"ichekwa ndị nwere ahụike na gburugburu ebe obibi. Dị ka e kwuru n'elu, ndị agbụrụ anaghị anabata nkewa nke ọnọdụ mmadụ na nke gburugburu ebe obibi mgbe ha na-akọwa ihe ize ndụ. Site na nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe, ogbako, na ọrụ ndị EPA malitere, agbụrụ enweela ike itinye aka na mkparịta ụka banyere njikọta nke Tribal Traditional Lifeways n'ime nyocha ihe ize ndụ na mkpebi nke EPA. Nke a emeela n'ọtụtụ ụzọ: itinye ọrụ ọdịbendị agbụrụ pụrụ iche dị ka nkata ala, mkpa salmon na azụ ndị ọzọ, ọgwụ osisi ala ahụ, iri nnukwu azụ na egwuregwu, na ụlọ ọsụsọ dị iche iche maka ịtụle ihe ize ndụ nwere ike ime maka ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ obodo. Ọ bụ ezie na ụdị ọrụ agbụrụ ndị a nwere ike itinye na nyocha ihe ize ndụ nke EPA, ọ nweghị mmesi obi ike na a ga-etinye ha ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe agbanwe n'otú e si etinye ha n"ọrụ na saịtị dị iche iche gafee mba ahụ.[27]

N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2014, EPA kwupụtara "Nchịkwa ya maka ikpe ziri ezi maka gburugburu ebe obibi maka ịrụ ọrụ na agbụrụ na ndị obodo a ma ama," na-ewepụta ụkpụrụ ya iji "kwado mmejuputa iwu gburugburu obodo nke gọọmentị etiti, ma nye nchebe pụọ na mmetụta na ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu na ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu. " N'etiti ụkpụrụ iri na asaa ahụ bụ # 3 ("EPA na-arụ ọrụ iji ghọta nkọwa nke ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi site n'echiche nke agbụrụ gọọmentị etiti nabatara, ụmụ amaala niile na United States, na ndị ọzọ bi na mba India"); # 6 ("APA gbara ume, dịka o kwesịrị ma ruo n"ókè iwu nwere ike ime ma kwe ka ọ dị, njikọta nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala n-abanye na sayensị gburugburu, iwu, ihe ndị ọrụ mkpebi, iji ghọtakwuo ma dozie nchegbu gbasara mmejuputa usoro ihe omume, ozi ọdịbendị, dị nsọ"Ọpụpụ ọzọ Ọ bụ ezie na iwu a na-akọwa ntuziaka na usoro maka EPA n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi ka ha na agbụrụ na ụmụ amaala metụtara, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwuru na ha anaghị arụ ọrụ dịka iwu ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ. A pụghị itinye ha n'ọrụ na ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ gbanwee maọbụ dochie iwu ọ bụla, ụkpụrụ, ma Ọ bụ ihe ọ ọzọ iwu chọrọ ma bụrụ nke iwu kwadoro.[31]

Mmetụta nke mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe ọmụma ọdịnala[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ebe ụfọdụ, mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi emeela ka mbelata nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ụlọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na obodo Aamjiwnaang nke Anishnaabe ndị mba mbụ dị na Sarnia, Ontario, Canada, ndị bi na ya na-ata ahụhụ site na "ebelata dị ịrịba ama nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ nwoke ..., nke ndị obodo na - na ha na ụlọ ọrụ petrochemical dị nso":[32]

Mgbanwe ihu igwe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụmụ amaala na Mgbanwe ihu igwe: akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere mmetụta ahụike nke mgbanwe ihu ọha na ụmụ ama amaalaa

Ihe ọmụma ọdịnala na-enye ozi gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ofe ọgbọ na ọdịdị ala nke ndị bi n"ógbè ahụ.[33] Ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-emesi ike ma na'eme ka ozi gbasara ahụike na mmekọrịta nke ebe dị n'etiti ozi ọ na ya.[34] Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụdị njirimara ndị obodo na ụzọ ha si ebi ndụ ha. A na-enyefe ihe ọmụma ọdịnala site n'ọgbọ ruo n"ọzọ ma na'ihu taa. Ndị obodo ahụ na-adabere na omenala ndị a maka ndụ ha. Maka ọtụtụ oge owuwe ihe ubi, ụmụ amaala agbanweela ọrụ ha ọnwa ole na ole gara aga n'ihi mmetụta sitere na mgbanwe ihu igwe.

Okpomọkụ na-arị elu na'ihi na ọ na - emebi ndụ nke ụfọdụ osisi na ụdị osisi. Njikọ nke ịrị elu nke okpomọkụ na mgbanwe nke ọkwa mmiri ozuzo na-emetụta ebe osisi na'eto.

Okpomọkụ ahụ na-emetụtakwa ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ anụmanụ. Mgbanwe nke okpomọkụ nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ akụkụ site n'oge ụmụ ahụhụ na-apụta n"afọ niile na mgbanwe na ebe obibi nke ụmụ anụmanụ n-agbanwe oge.[35]

Ka okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, ọkụ ọhịa na'ozuzu ya na ọ ga-abụ. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, e weghachiri otu mba dị n'Australia ala ma na'ịgbanwe omume ọdịnala ha nke ịchịkwa ọkụ. Nke a emeela ka ọtụtụ dị iche iche dị ndụ na mbelata oke ọkụ ọhịa.

Ọ bụghị naanị na akụkụ dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụta, kamakwa n'ozuzu, mgbanwe ihu igwe na'ahụ maka ahụike nke usoro okike, ya mere, ihe onwunwe gburugburu ụwa dị maka ụmụ amaala nwere ike ịgbanwe na ego dịnụ na ogo nke ihe ndị ahụ.[35]

Ka oke ice nke oké osimiri na-ebelata, ndị Alaska Native na na'ahụ mgbanwe na ndụ ha kwa ụbọchị; ịkụ azụ, njem, akụkụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba nke ndụ ya anaghị adịkarị mma.[36] Mgbasa nke ala emebiwo ụlọ na okporo ụzọ. Mmetọ mmiri na-akawanye njọ ka mmiri dị ọcha na'ebelata.[35]

Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emebi ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke ụmụ amaala n'ọtụtụ ọkwa. Mgbanwe ihu igwe na ụmụ amaala nwere mmekọrịta dịgasị iche iche dabere na mpaghara ala nke chọrọ mgbanwe dị iche na omume ibelata. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, iji dozie ọnọdụ ndị a ozugbo, ndị obodo ahụ na-agbanwe mgbe ha na'ewe ihe ubi na ihe ha nwetara ma na na a na - gbanwee ojiji ha ji akụ mee ihe. Mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike ịgbanwe izi ezi nke ozi nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala. Ndị obodo ahụ adaberela n'ụzọ miri emi na ihe ngosi na okike iji hazie ihe omume na ọbụna maka amụma ihu igwe dị mkpirikpi.[37] N'ihi ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma na nke na'ebe ọzọ, ndị obodo ahụ na -akwagharị iji chọta ụzọ ndị ọzọ ha ga-esi dịrị ndụ. N'ihi ya, enwere mfu nke njikọ ọdịbendị na ala ha biri na ya ma enwerekwa mghọm na ihe ọmụma ọdịnala ha nwere na ụwa dị n'ebe ahụ.[35] Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke a na-ahazighị nke ọma ma ọ bụ na'ọrụ nwere ike imerụ ikike ụmụ amaala ahụ.[38]

EPA ekwuola na ọ ga-ewere ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ịhazi mgbanwe maka mgbanwe ihu igwe. National Resource Conservation Service nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States ejirila usoro nke ụmụ amaala lụso ọnọdụ mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ.[34]

Nnyocha ikpe: Savoonga na Shaktoolik, Alaska[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'otu nnyocha, ndị obodo Savoonga na Shaktoolik, Alaska kọrọ na n'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga nke ndụ ha, ihu igwe siri ike ịkọ, oge oyi adịla mkpụmkpụ, enwere ihe isi ike ibu amụma ọnụ ọgụgụ osisi dị maka owuwe ihe ubi, e nwere ọdịiche na mbata anụmanụ, a na-ahụkarị ụdị ọhụrụ karịa tupu, na ọrụ ịchụ nta na nchịkọta aghọwo ihe a pụrụ ịkọwapụta ma ọ bụ mee mgbe niile n"ihi obere nnweta ime ya. Ndị bi ebe ahụ hụrụ mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na ihu igwe ha nke metụtakwara ụzọ ha si ebi ndụ. Osisi na anụmanụ anaghị adaba na nnweta ha nke na-emetụta ịchụ nta na nchịkọta nke ndị bi ebe ahụ n'ihi na enweghị ọtụtụ ihe ịchụrụ ma ọ bụ chịkọta. Ọdịdị nke ụdị osisi na anụmanụ ọhụrụ bụkwa nchegbu anụ ahụ na nke nri na-edozi ahụ n'ihi na ha abụghị akụkụ nke ala.[33]

Ihe Nlereanya Agbụrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Karuk na Yurok Ọkụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi Kirsten Vinyeta na onye nchọpụta mgbanwe ihu igwe agbụrụ Kathy Lynn si kwuo, "ebo Karuk nke California bi n'ala ndị Aborigine n"etiti osimiri Klamath na Salmon na Northern California. Ógbè ndị Aborigine nke agbụrụ ahụ gụnyere ihe dịka nde 1.38 n'ime Klamath River Basin. Omume ọkụ ọdịnala abụwo ihe dị oke egwu na Karuk kemgbe oge ochie. Maka agbụrụ ahụ, ọkụ na-eje ozi dị ka ngwá ọrụ nchịkwa ala dị oke mkpa yana omume ime mmụọ. " Dị ka prọfesọ ọmụmụ gburugburu ebe obibi Tony Marks-Block, onye na-eme nchọpụta gburugburu ụlọ Frank K. Lake na onye ọrụ ọhịa Lisa M. Curran si kwuo, "tupu iwu mgbochi ọkụ gbasaa, ndị India America na'ịgbasa ọkụ ma ọ bụ ọkụ ọdịbendị iji bulie ihe onwunwe dị mkpa maka ndụ ha na omenala ha. Iji weghachite ihe onwunwe ọdịbendị na gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-agwụ site na ọtụtụ iri afọ nke iwepụ ọkụ na iji belata ihe ize ndụ ọkụ ọhịa, agbụrụ Karuk na Yurok nke Northwest California na'ihu na mgbalị mmekorita mpaghara iji gbasaa ọkụ mgbasa ozi na ọgwụgwọ mbelata mmanụ na ala ọha na eze, nke onwe, na nke agbú na mpaghara nna ha. "[39]

Tony Marks-Block, Frank K. Lake na Lisa M. Curran kwukwara na "n'ókèala Karuk, gọọmentị etiti emeghị ebe nchekwa, na-ahapụ naanị 3.83 square kilomita nke ala ntụkwasị obi Karik n'ógbè nna ha, ebe ndị fọdụrụ n"ụzọ dị ukwuu nʼokpuru ikike nke Klamath na Six Rivers National Forests na ebe obibi ndị mmadụ gbasasịrị. N'ihi ya, ndị otu Karuk Tribal na ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa ga-agafe USDA Forest Service na-ekwu na ala nna nna ha ma nwee nhọrọ ole na ole iji gbasaa ala ha site n'inweta ala onwe ha. N'ókèala Yurok, ọtụtụ ikike na-emetụta gụnyere Redwood National Park na Six Rivers National Forest na mpụga ebe gọọmentị etiti guzobere. Ebe nchekwa ahụ dị n'okpuru ụlọ ọrụ osisi nke onwe. N'ihi ya, agbụrụ Yurok ga-ejikọta ma ọ bụ soro ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri n'ime ala nna nna ha, mana ha nwere nhọrọ ka ukwuu maka inweta ihe onwunwe onwe ha karịa agbụọ Karuk.[39] Dị ka prọfesọ nke nkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya Kari Norgaard na onye otu agbụrụ Karuk William Tripp si kwuo, "a pụrụ imepụtaghachi usoro a ma gbasaa ya na obodo ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Klamath Mountains na karịa. Hoopa na Yurok tanoak na-eguzo na ọkụ ọkụ na ya na ọrịa ahụ na oge. Nnyocha ụfọdụ na-egosi ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama na ọrịa na mberede na ọkụ ọhịa (ugboro 72 na ọ gaghị adị n'ebe ọkụ gbara na ebe ọkụ na otu ebe ahụ), ọ bụ ezie na egosila na ya na'oge na a na - na na enweghị ọkụ ugboro ugboro, n"ihi na nsogbu ahụ nwere ike ịdị ndụ na ndị ọbịa na ha ọkụ ahụ na. "

Nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke Anishinabe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Dị ka ndị edemede Bobbie Kalman na Niki Walker si kwuo, "ndị obodo, ma ọ bụ ụmụ amaala, ndị mmadụ ebiela na mpaghara Great Lakes ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. Ndị obodo Anishinabe (Anishinaabe) biri na mpaghara ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Great Lakes. Dị ka ọdịnala si kwuo, ndị Anishinabe biri n'akụkụ nnukwu mmiri nnu, nke nwere ike ịbụ Oké Osimiri Atlantic ma ọ bụ Hudson's Bay. Ndị mmadụ natara amụma, ma ọ bụ amụma na ọ bụrụ na ha aga n'ime ime obodo, ha ga-achọta ebe nri na-eto n"ime mmiri. Ụfọdụ gara n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, na-agbaso ọhụụ nke ihe a na'ahụ anya, ma ọ bụ cowrie shell, nke duziri ha gaa n"ebe ndịda Great Lakes. Ndị mmadụ kewara n'ìgwè ma biri n"ebe dị iche iche nke jikọtara ọnụ mepụta mba Anishinabe. Ndị Anishinabe nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya na mba abụọ ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Great Lakes bụ Odawa (Ottawa) na Potawatomi. Ndị si mba atọ a na-alụkarị ibe ha, na'azụ ahịa, ma na - arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji dozie esemokwu. Ha gbakọtakwara na kansụl, ebe ha na-eme mkpebi ọnụ.[40]

Dị ka onye ọkà ihe ọmụma na onye na-ahụ maka ihu igwe / ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi Kyle Powys Whyte si kwuo, "Ndị Anishinabe n'ógbè Great Lakes niile nọ n"ihu nchedo ụdị ala na mweghachi gburugburu. Nmé bụ azụ kachasị ukwuu na nke kachasị ochie na Great Lakes basin, mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-agafe 100 afọ. Nmé jere ozi ndị Asnishinabe dị ka isi ihe oriri, ụdị ihe ngosi maka nlekota gburugburu ebe obibi, na njirimara lachlan, yana ọrụ na ememe na akụkọ. Kenny Pheasant, onye okenye na-ekwu, "Ọdịda nke sturgeon kwekọrọ na mbelata nke ezinụlọ storgeons. Naanị ezinụlọ ole na ole nke sturgeon ka a maara ebe a" (Little River Band). Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị n'Otu nke ndị India Ottawa malitere otu ọdịbendị, nke nwere ndị agbụrụ dịgasị iche iche na ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ, bụ ndị mepụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ na ebumnuche maka mweghachi. Ebumnuche ya bụ "iweghachi nkwekọrịta na njikọ dị n'etiti Nmé na ndị Anishinabe ma weghachite ha abụọ n"osimiri ahụ. N'ikpeazụ, ngalaba ahụ mepụtara ụlọ ọrụ ịzụlite mbụ n'akụkụ iyi maka ichebe ụmụ sturgeon tupu a tọhapụ ha n"oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ ọ bụla iji chekwaa nne na nna ha. Osikapa ọhịa, ma ọ bụ manoomin, na-eto n'ụzọ mmiri na'enweghị isi, nke doro anya, yana nke na na - na Mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị, a na-edozi manoomin site na ihe omume ndị dị ka ịcha, ịkpụcha ihe, ịgbacha mmiri, na ihicha. Mgbe ndị Anishinabe si n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ kwaga n"ógbè Great Lakes ebe ha nwere ike ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ na mmiri, ìgwè ndị agbata obi nke ụmụ amaala US na Canada na ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ dịka igwu ala, igwe mmiri. Ihe omume ndị a na-emetụta manoomin na ebe obibi ya. Taa, ndị Anishinabe bụ ndị ndú na nchekwa nke osikapa ọhịa. Nibi (mmiri) na Manoomin Symposium, nke na-ewere ọnọdụ n'afọ abụọ ọ bụla, na'eweta ndị na -aṅụ osikapa agbụrụ na Great Lakes, ndị ọkà mmụta ụmụ amaala, Ndị na na (paddy rice), ndị nnọchiteanya sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na kewupụta ihe na ndị ụlọ akwụkwọ gọọmentị, yana ndị nchọpụta mahadum nwere mmasị na mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke osika. Ndị okenye na-ekerịta akụkọ ha banyere manoomin na ndị ntorobịa na na'ekereta echiche ha gbasara otu manoonin si daba n'ọdịnihu ha. Ndị obodo na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị n'ebo ha na ndị okenye na'arụkọ ọrụ iji ghọta mmetụta dị omimi nke ọrụ ha mere iji mụọ ma chekwaa manoomin. A na-akpọkarị ụmụ amaala ndị ọzọ ka ha kesaa ahụmịhe ha na iweghachi na ichekwa ụdị ala ndị dị iche iche, dị ka taro na ọka. "[41]

Lummi Nation nke Washington State Nchekwa nke Southern Resident Killer Whales[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta gburugburu ebe obibi Paul Guernsey, Kyle Keeler na onye otu Lummi Jeremiah Julius si kwuo, "Lummi Nation nke Washington State bụ agbụrụ America nke Salish Sea. N'afọ 2018, mba Lummi raara onwe ya nye njem Totem Pole gafee United States na-akpọ maka nloghachi nke onye ikwu ha "Lolita" (Southern Resident Killer Whale) na mmiri ya. N'asụsụ Salish, a na-akpọ killer whales dị ka qwe 'lhol mechen, nke pụtara 'mmekọrịta anyị n'okpuru ebili mmiri', mana Lummi abụghị naanị 'ihe metụtara' whalas n"ụzọ nkịtị, whals bụ mmekọrịta n-echiche na ha bụ ndị ikwu. Mgbe NOAA bu ụzọ họpụta Southern Resident killer whale dị ka akụkụ dị iche iche dị n'ihe ize ndụ (DPS) na 2005, ha wepụrụ "Lolita" dị Ka onye ezinụlọ. Mkpebi ahụ na-agụ, "Southern Resident killer whale DPS anaghị agụnye killer whales sitere na J, K ma ọ bụ L pod etinye n'agbụ tupu edepụta ya, ma ghara ịgụnye ụmụ ha a mụrụ" (NOAA, 2005). Lummi na-arịọ ka NOAA rụkọọ ọrụ n'inye whales nri ruo mgbe chinook na Puget Sound nwere ike ịkwado ha. Lummi amalitela inye ndị ikwu ha nri, mana NOAA gwara ha na mbọ buru ibu ga-achọ ikike na mmekọrịta gọọmentị etiti. Ọ bụ ezie na otu n'ime ebumnuche nchedo nke nzukọ ahụ bụ iji hụ na 'ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke, ogo na nnweta nke ụdị anụ oriri', NOAA na-aghọta iwu a n"ụzọ siri ike dị ka nsogbu ebe obibi. Ha emeela ka o doo anya na ugbu a abụghị oge maka enweghị obi ụtọ n'ihi 'ihe ọmụma na-ezughị ezu' ma ọ bụ ejighị n"aka. Lummi na-aga n'ihu na njem Totem Pole ha kwa afọ iji chebe ụmụnne ha ndị okenye, blackfish, na iji gbochie coal, mmanụ na egwu ndị ọzọ na Oké Osimiri Salish. A na-eme usoro ọgwụgwọ ndị a iji dozie ihe Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart na Lemyra M. DeBruyn kpọrọ "ọdachi a na'edozighị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme".[42]

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Agroecology
  • Ịkpa Sweetgrass
  • Ihe ndị na-abụghị osisi
  • Ihe ọmụma ọdịnala
  • Ụmụ ahụhụ Africa TEK
  • Sayensị ụmụ amaala

Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe edeturu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ Berkes (1993). "Weaving Traditional Ecological Knowledge into Biological Education: A Call to Action". BioScience 52 (5): 432. 
  2. ↑ Madden (June 2, 2015). "Pedagogical pathways for Indigenous education with/in teacher education". Teacher and Teacher Education 51: 1–15. DOI:10.1016/j.tate.2015.05.005. 
  3. ↑ Freeman, M.M.R. 1992. The nature and utility of traditional ecological knowledge. Northern Perspectives, 20(1):9-12
  4. ↑ McGregor, D. (2004). Coming full circle: indigenous knowledge, environment, and our future. American Indian Quarterly, 28(3 & 4), 385-410
  5. ↑ Becker, C. D., Ghimire, K. (2003). Synergy between traditional ecological knowledge and conservation science supports forest preservation in Ecuador. Conservation Ecology, 8(1): 1
  6. ↑ Simeone, T. (2004). Indigenous traditional knowledge and intellectual property rights. Library of Parliament: PRB 03-38E. Parliamentary Research Branch Political and Social Affairs Division.
  7. ↑ AAAS - Science and Human Rights Program. 2008. 10 February 2009
  8. ↑ Henriksen (2007). Highly vulnerable Indigenous and local communities, inter alia, of the Arctic, small island states and high altitudes, concerning the impacts of climate change and accelerated threats, such as pollution, drought and desertification, to traditional knowledge and practices with a focus of causes and solution. Montreal: UNEP/Convention on Biological Diversity, 30. 
  9. ↑ What is Traditional Knowledge.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Berkes (1993). Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Perspective. Archived from the original on 2018-11-23. Retrieved on 2023-05-27.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Berkes. Traditional Ecological Knowledge.
  12. ↑ Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future (March 20, 1987).
  13. ↑ Traditional Ecological Knowledge - Basic FWS Information / Comparing Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Western Science. FWS.gov. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (FWS) (2014). Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. (direct link to chart) ● FWS credits Barnhardt (March 2005). "Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Alaska Native Ways of Knowing". Anthropology and Education Quarterly 36 (1). DOI:10.1525/aeq.2005.36.1.008. ISSN 0161-7761. 
  14. ↑ Mazzocchi, Fulvio (2006-05-01). "Western science and traditional knowledge" (in en). EMBO Reports 7 (5): 463–466. DOI:10.1038/sj.embor.7400693. ISSN 1469-221X. PMID 16670675. 
  15. ↑ Houde, N. (2007) Ecology and Society.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Houde (2007-12-20). "The Six Faces of Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Challenges and Opportunities for Canadian Co-Management Arrangements" (in en). Ecology and Society 12 (2). DOI:10.5751/ES-02270-120234. ISSN 1708-3087. 
  17. ↑ Usher, P.J. 2000. Traditional Ecological Knowledge in environmental assessment and management
  18. ↑ Berkes 1988, Gunn et al. 1988
  19. ↑ Usher 2000
  20. ↑ Houde 2007
  21. ↑ Lewis and Sheppard 2005
  22. ↑ Kawagley (2006). A Yupiaq worldview: a pathway to ecology and spirit, 2nd, Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. ISBN 1-57766-384-5. OCLC 64668378. 
  23. ↑ Douterlungne (2010). "Applying Indigenous Knowledge to the Restoration of Degraded Tropical Rain Forest Clearings Dominated by Bracken Fern" (in en). Restoration Ecology 18 (3): 322–329. DOI:10.1111/j.1526-100X.2008.00459.x. ISSN 1526-100X. 
  24. ↑ Hall (2021). "Promoting social and environmental justice to support Indigenous partnerships in urban ecosystem restoration" (in en). Restoration Ecology 29 (1): e13305. DOI:10.1111/rec.13305. ISSN 1526-100X. 
  25. ↑ EPA Policy for the Administration of Environmental Programs on Indian Reservations (1984 Indian Policy) (en). United States Environmental Protection Agency (2015-04-28). Retrieved on 2017-04-12.
  26. ↑ Woolford (January 17, 2017). Consideration of Tribal Treaty Rights and Traditional Ecological Knowledge.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Integration of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) in Environmental Science, Policy and Decision-Making (June 2011).
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 Sepez (Winter 2005). Traditional Environmental Knowledge in Federal Natural Resource Management Agencies. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
  29. ↑ Summary of Executive Order 13175 - Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments (en). United States Environmental Protection Agency (2013-02-22). Retrieved on 2017-03-17.
  30. ↑ Policy on Environmental Justice for Working with Federally Recognized Tribes and Indigenous Peoples. www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/ (July 24, 2014).
  31. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Policy
  32. ↑ Hoover (2012). "Indigenous Peoples of North America: Environmental Exposures and Reproductive Justice". Environmental Health Perspectives 120 (12): 1645–1649. DOI:10.1289/ehp.1205422. PMID 22899635. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Ignatowski (2013). "Identifying the exposure of two subsistence villages in Alaska to climate change using traditional ecological knowledge". Climatic Change 121 (2): 285–299. DOI:10.1007/s10584-013-0883-4. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Moffa. Traditional Ecological Rulemaking. Retrieved on 16 March 2017.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 Bennet (2014). National Climate Assessment: Indigenous Peoples, Lands, and Resources. Global Change. US Global Change Research Program. Retrieved on 13 March 2017.
  36. ↑ Climate Change and the Health of Indigenous Populations. EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency (May 2016). Retrieved on 5 April 2017.
  37. ↑ Vinyeta. Exploring the role of traditional ecological knowledge in climate change initiative. Portland, OR: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Retrieved on 13 March 2017.
  38. ↑ Raygorodetsky. Why Traditional Ecological Knowledge Holds the Key to Climate Change. United Nations University. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved on 16 March 2017.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Marks-Block (2019-10-15). "Effects of understory fire management treatments on California Hazelnut, an ecocultural resource of the Karuk and Yurok Indians in the Pacific Northwest" (in en). Forest Ecology and Management 450: 117517. DOI:10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117517. ISSN 0378-1127. 
  40. ↑ Kalman (2003). Life in an Anishinabe Camp (in en). Crabtree Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-7787-0373-0. 
  41. ↑ Whyte. Our Ancestors' Dystopia Now. (in en). kylewhyte.cal.msu.edu, 209–211. 
  42. ↑ Guernsey (July 30, 2021). "How the Lummi Nation revealed the limits of species and Habitats as Conservation Values in the Endangered Species Act: Healing as Indigenous Conservation". 

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Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

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