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Ọnọdụ ikuku ime ụlọ

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A na-ehicha ihe nzacha ikuku

  Ọnọdụ ikuku ime ụlọ (IAQ) bụ ikuku dị n'ime na gburugburu ụlọ na ihe owuwu. A maara IAQ ka ọ na-emetụta ahụike, ntụsara ahụ, na ọdịmma nke ndị bi n'ụlọ. A na-ejikọta ikuku na-adịghị mma n'ime ụlọ na ọrịa ụlọ, mbelata mmepụta ihe, na mmụta na-adịghị ike n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ihe ndị na-emetọ ikuku ime ụlọ na-agụnye: anwụrụ sịga nke abụọ, ihe na-emetụta ikuku site na ọkụ ime ụlọ, radon, ebu na ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị anabata ikuku, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, legionella na nje bacteria ndị ọzọ, eriri asbestos, carbon dioxide, ozone na particulates.[1] Nchịkwa isi iyi, nzacha, na iji ikuku iji mee ka mmetọ dị nro bụ ụzọ bụ isi maka imeziwanye ikuku dị n'ime ụlọ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ.

Mkpebi nke IAQ na-agụnye nchịkọta nke ikuku samples, nlekota nke mmetọ mmadụ, nchịkọta nke samples n'elu ụlọ, na nhazi kọmputa nke ikuku n'ime ụlọ. IAQ bụ akụkụ nke ọdịdị gburugburu ebe obibi ime ụlọ (IEQ), nke gụnyere IAQ yana akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke anụ ahụ na nke uche nke ndụ ime ụlọ (dịka, ọkụ, àgwà anya, acoustics, na nkasi obi okpomọkụ).[2]

A na-ahụ ebe ọrụ ime ụlọ n'ọtụtụ ebe ọrụ dị ka ụlọ ọrụ, ebe a na-ere ahịa, ụlọ ọgwụ, ọba akwụkwọ, ụlọ akwụkwọ na ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ụmụaka. N'ebe ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ, a naghị arụ ọrụ ndị metụtara ihe ndị dị ize ndụ, ha anaghị agụnyekwa ebe mkpọtụ dị elu. Ka o sina dị, ndị ọrụ nwere ike igosipụta mgbaàmà nke ọrịa ụlọ na-arịa ọrịa dị ka ọkụ nke anya, akpịrị akpịrị, imi egbochiri, na isi ọwụwa. Enweghi ike ikwu nhụsianya ndị a n'ihi otu ihe kpatara ya, ma chọọ nyocha zuru oke ma e wezụga ịnwale àgwà ikuku. Ihe ndị dị ka nhazi ebe ọrụ, ọkụ ọkụ, mkpọtụ, gburugburu ebe okpomọkụ, ionizing radieshon na akụkụ uche na nke uche ka a ga-ahapụkwa maka ya. Otu akụkọ na-enyere aka site na Institute for Safety Safety na Health nke German Social Accident Insurance nwere ike ịkwado na nyocha nhazi nke nsogbu ahụike nke onye ọ bụla na-ebili n'ebe ọrụ ime ụlọ, na n'ịchọpụta ngwọta bara uru..[3]

Mmetọ ikuku n'ime ụlọ bụ nnukwu ihe ize ndụ ahụike na mba ndị na-emepe emepe ma a na-akpọkarị ya "mmetọ ikuku ụlọ" n'ọnọdụ ahụ.[4] Ọ na-emetụta usoro isi nri na okpomọkụ site na ọkụ ọkụ, n'ụdị osisi, icheku ọkụ, nsị, na ihe ọkụkụ fọdụrụnụ, na gburugburu ụlọ nke na-enweghị ikuku kwesịrị ekwesị. Ọtụtụ nde mmadụ, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka na-eche nnukwu ihe ize ndụ ahụike ihu. N'ozuzu, nsogbu a na-emetụta ihe dị ka ijeri mmadụ atọ na mba ndị na-emepe emepe. Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) na-eme atụmatụ na mmetọ ikuku ime ụlọ metụtara nri na-akpata ọnwụ nde mmadụ atọ na pụkụ narị asatọ kwa afọ.[5] Nnyocha Global Burden of Disease mere atụmatụ na opekata mpe otu nde mmadụ na pụkụ narị isii nwụrụ na 2017.[6]

Na Jenụwarị 2023, e bipụtara aro maka ibelata mmetọ ikuku n'ime ụlọ mgbe ị na-eji stove gas, nke jikọtara ya na ohere dị ukwuu nke ụkwara ume ọkụ na ọrịa ndị ọzọ nwere ike, na The New York Times.[7]

Ihe ndị na-emetọkarị

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Anwụrụ ọkụ sịga nke oge ochie

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Anwụrụ ọkụ nke abụọ bụ anwụrụ sịga nke na-emetụta ndị ọzọ na-abụghị onye na-ese siga 'na-arụsi ọrụ ike'. Anwụrụ ọkụ sịga nke abụọ na-agụnye ma gas na akụkụ nke particulate, na ihe ize ndụ ụfọdụ na-esite na ọkwa nke carbon monoxide (dị ka egosiri n'okpuru) na obere particulates (ihe dị mma karịsịa na PM2.5 nha, na PM10) nke na-abanye na bronchioles na alveoles na akpa ume.[8] Nanị usoro doro anya iji melite ikuku dị n'ime ụlọ n'ihe gbasara anwụrụ ọkụ bụ iwepụ ịṅụ sịga n'ime.[9] Ojiji e-cigarette n'ime ụlọ na-emekwa ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe ndị dị n'ụlọ dịkwuo elu.[10]

Mmetọ ikuku sitere na ọkụ ụlọ

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a 3-stone stove
Osiite okwute nwere ụkwụ atọ na Guatemala, nke na-akpata mmetọ ikuku ime ụlọ

Isụ ihe ọkụ n'ime ụlọ, dị ka isi nri ma ọ bụ kpo oku, bụ isi ihe na-ebute mmetọ ikuku n'ime ụlọ ma na-ebute nnukwu mmerụ ahụ ike na ọnwụ akaghi aka. Ọkụ ikuku na-eme ka ikuku na-emetọ ya. A na-ebute mmetọ site na ma biomass na mmanụ ọkụ nke ụdị dị iche iche, mana ụfọdụ ụdị mmanụ ọkụ na-emerụ ahụ karịa ndị ọzọ. Ọkụ dị n'ime ụlọ nwere ike ịmepụta ụmụ irighiri carbon ojii, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, na mercury compounds, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ.[11] Ihe dị ka ijeri mmadụ atọ na-esi nri n'elu ọkụ ma ọ bụ n'elu stovu nri. Ihe ndị na-esi nri bụ coal, osisi, nsị anụmanụ, na ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'ihe ọkụkụ.[12]

Na Jenụwarị 2023, e bipụtara ụzọ isi meziwanye mmetọ ikuku n'ime ụlọ mgbe ị na-eji stove gas, nke jikọtara ya na ohere dị ukwuu nke ụkwara ume ọkụ na ọrịa ndị ọzọ nwere ike, na The New York Times.[7]

Radon

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Radon bụ gas atọm a na-adịghị ahụ anya, nke na-emepụta radium nke na-esite na mbibi radium, nke a nwere ike ịchọta na nkume dị n'okpuru ụlọ ma ọ bụ na ihe owuwu ụfọdụ n'onwe ha. Radon bụ ma eleghị anya ihe kachasị njọ maka ikuku ime ụlọ na United States na Europe, ma eleghị pele ọ bụ ihe kpatara ọtụtụ iri puku ọnwụ site na ọrịa kansa akpa ume kwa afọ.[13] E nwere ihe nnwale dị mfe maka ịnwale gas radon n'onwe gị, mana ọ bụrụ na ụlọ na-ere ahịa, onye nwere ikikere ga-eme nnwale ahụ na steeti ụfọdụ nke US. Radon gas na-abanye n'ụlọ dị ka gas ala ma bụrụ gas dị arọ ma si otú a ga-enwekarị na ọkwa kachasị ala. A pụkwara iwebata Radon n'ime ụlọ site na mmiri ọṅụṅụ karịsịa site na ịsa ahụ n'ụlọ ịsa ahụ. Ihe owuwu nwere ike ịbụ isi iyi a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke radon, mana a na-eme obere nnwale maka nkume, nkume ma ọ bụ tebụl ngwaahịa a na-eweta n'ebe owuwu; nchịkọta radon kachasị maka ụlọ ndị nwere ezigbo mkpuchi. Ọkara ndụ maka radon bụ ụbọchị 3.8, na-egosi na ozugbo ewepụrụ isi iyi ahụ, ihe ize ndụ ahụ ga-ebelata nke ukwuu n'ime izu ole na ole. Ụzọ mgbochi nke radon na-agụnye imechi ala steeti, ntọala ala, usoro mmiri, ma ọ bụ site n'ịbawanye ikuku.[14] Ha na-adịkarị ọnụ ahịa ma nwee ike belata ma ọ bụ ọbụna wepụ mmetọ na ihe ize ndụ ahụike metụtara ya.

A na-atụle Radon na picocuries kwa liter nke ikuku (pCi / L), ihe atụ nke radioactivity. Na United States, nkezi nke radon dị n'ime ụlọ bụ ihe dị ka 1.3 pCi / L. Nkezi nke elu bụ ihe dị na 0.4 pCi / l. US Surgeon General na EPA na-atụ aro idozi ụlọ nwere ọkwa radon na ma ọ bụ karịa 4 pCi / Л. EPA na-enyekwa ndị mmadụ aro ka ha chee echiche banyere idozi ụlọ ha maka ọkwa radon n'etiti 2 pCi /L na 4 pCi.

Ihe akpụrụ akpụ nakwa ihe ndị ọzọ

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Chemicals ndị a nwere ike ibilite site na ọtụtụ ụzọ, mana enwere ụdị abụọ a na-ahụkarị: (a) mmiri na-akpata uto nke ebu na (b) ihe okike a na-ewepụta n'ime ikuku dị ka dander anụmanụ na pollen osisi. A na-ejikọta ebu mgbe niile na mmiri, a pụkwara igbochi uto ya site n'ịnọgide na-enwe mmiri n'okpuru 50%.[15] Mmiri na-agbakọta n'ime ụlọ nwere ike ịpụta site na mmiri na-abanye n'ebe mebiri emebi nke envelopu ụlọ ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ahụ, site na nsị mmiri, site na condensation n'ihi ikuku na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, ma ọ bụ site na mmiri nke ala na-abanye na akụkụ ụlọ. Ọbụna ihe dị mfe dị ka ịcha uwe n'ime ụlọ na radiators nwere ike ịbawanye ihe ize ndụ nke ikpughe (n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ) Aspergillus ʿ a dị oke egwu nke nwere ike igbu ndị na-arịa ụkwara ume ọkụ na ndị agadi. N'ebe ihe cellulosic (akwụkwọ na osisi, gụnyere drywall) na-adị mmiri ma ghara ịcha n'ime awa ịrị anọ na asatọ, mold mildew nwere ike ịgbasa ma wepụta spores na-adịghị anabata n'ime ikuku.

N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ọ bụrụ na ihe adịghị akpọnwụ ọtụtụ ụbọchị mgbe ihe omume mmiri a na-enyo enyo, a na-enyo ibu ibu n'ime oghere mgbidi ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na a naghị ahụ ya ozugbo. Site na nyocha nke ebu, nke nwere ike ịgụnye nyocha na-emebi emebi, mmadụ ga-enwe ike ikpebi ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ enweghị ebu. N'ọnọdụ ebe enwere ebu a na-ahụ anya yana ịdị mma ikuku ime ụlọ nwere ike mebie ya, ọ ga-adị mkpa ka a na-emezi ihe ọkpụkpụ. Onye nyocha nọọrọ onwe ya kwesịrị ime nnwale na nyocha ebu iji zere esemokwu ọ bụla nke mmasị yana iji hụ na nsonaazụ ziri ezi.

Enwere ụfọdụ ụdị ebu nke nwere ogige na-egbu egbu (mycotoxins). Otú ọ dị, ikpughe na ọkwa dị ize ndụ nke mycotoxin site na iku ume agaghị ekwe omume n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, n'ihi na a na-emepụta nsị nke anụ ahụ fungal na-adịghị na ọkwa dị ịrịba ama na spores a tọhapụrụ. Ihe ize ndụ bụ isi nke uto ebu, dịka ọ metụtara ịdị mma nke ime ụlọ, sitere na ihe nfụkasị ahụ nke mgbidi spore cell. Ihe dị njọ karịa ọtụtụ ihe nfụkasị ahụ bụ ikike ebu iji kpalite ọnọdụ ndị nwere ụkwara ume ọkụ, ọrịa iku ume siri ike.

Carbon monoxide

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Otu n'ime ikuku ikuku na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu bụ carbon monoxide (CO), gas na-enweghị isi na enweghị isi bụ nke sitere na ọkụ ọkụ na-ezughị ezu. Ebe a na-enwetakarị carbon monoxide bụ anwụrụ ụtaba, igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na-eji mmanụ ọkụ, ọkụ etiti kpo oku adịghị mma na iyuzucha ụgbọala. Site n'ịnapụ ụbụrụ ikuku oxygen, nnukwu carbon monoxide nwere ike iduga ọgbụgbọ, amaghị ihe ọ bụla na ọnwụ. Dị ka Nzukọ Ndị America nke Gọọmenti Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) si kwuo, njedebe oge (TWA) maka carbon monoxide (630-08-0) bụ 25 ppm.

Volatile organic compounds

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A na-ewepụta Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) dị ka gas site na ihe ụfọdụ siri ike ma ọ bụ mmiri. VOCs gụnyere ọtụtụ kemịkal, ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere ike ịnwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma na nke na-adịte aka. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọtụtụ VOCs na-adịkarị elu n'ime ụlọ (ruo okpukpu iri) karịa n'èzí. VOCs na-apụta site na ọtụtụ ngwaahịa dị iche iche na-agụta na ọtụtụ puku. Ihe atụ gụnyere: ihe osise na lacquers, ihe osise, ihe nhicha, ọgwụ ahụhụ, ihe owuwu na arịa ụlọ, ngwá ọrụ ọfịs dị ka ndị na-edepụtaghachi na ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ, mmiri mgbazi na akwụkwọ na-enweghị carbon, ndị na-ese ihe na ihe ndị ọrụ aka gụnyere glues na adhesives, akara na-adịgide adịgide, na ngwọta foto.[16]

Mmiri ọṅụṅụ agwọworo agwọ na-ewepụta chloroform mgbe ejiri mmiri ọkụ mee ihe n'ụlọ. A na-ewepụta Benzene site na mmanụ ụgbọala echekwara na garages ndị dị n'akụkụ. Mmanụ nri na-ekpobiga ọkụ ókè na-ewepụta acrolein na formaldehyde. Nnyocha meta nke ejiri VOCs ịrị asaa na asaa nke dị n'ụlọ na US chọpụtara na VOCs iri kachasị ize ndụ n'ime ụlọ bụ acrolein, formaldehyde, benzene, hexachlorobutadiene, acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, benzyl chloride, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, carbon tetrachloride, acrylonitrile, na vinyl chloride. Ngwakọta ndị a karịrị ụkpụrụ ahụike n'ọtụtụ ụlọ.[17]

A na-eji kemịkalụ organic eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ihe eji eme ihe n'ụlọ. Agba, varnishes, na wax niile nwere ihe mgbaze organic, dị ka ọtụtụ ihicha, ọgwụ nje, ihe ịchọ mma, imebi ihe, na ngwaahịa ntụrụndụ. Ihe mejupụtara mmanụ ụgbọala bụ kemịkalụ organic. Ngwaahịa ndị a niile nwere ike ịhapụ ogige organic n'oge eji, yana, ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, mgbe echekwara ha. Nnwale ikuku sitere na ihe eji arụ ụlọ a na-eji n'ime ụlọ aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị maka mkpuchi ala, agba, na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa dị n'ime ụlọ na imecha..[18]

Ihe ndị dị n'ime ụlọ dị ka bọọdụ gypsum ma ọ bụ kapet na-arụ ọrụ dị ka VOC 'na-agba mmiri', site na ijide ikuku VOC ruo ogologo oge, ma wepụta ha site na mpụga gas. Nke a nwere ike ịkpata ihe na-adịghị ala na nke dị ala na VOCs.[19]

Ọtụtụ atụmatụ na-atụle iji belata mmetọ ikuku n'ime ụlọ site na ibelata ikuku VOC sitere na ngwaahịa. E nwere iwu na France na Germany, yana ọtụtụ akara gburugburu ebe obibi na usoro nyocha nwere ụkpụrụ VOC dị ala dị ka EMICODE, M1, Blue Angel na Indoor Air Comfort na Europe, yana California Standard CDPH Section 01350 na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na US.[20][21][22][23][24] Omume ndị a gbanwere ahịa ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ngwaahịa ndị na-adịghị emepụta ihe dị ala dị n'ime iri afọ gara aga.

A kọwala opekata mpe 18 Microbial VOCs (MVOCs). Ndị a gụnyere 1-octen-3-ol, 3-methylfuran, 2-pentanol, 2-hexanone, 2-heptanone, 3-octanol, 2-octen-1-ol, 1-octene, 2-pentenone, 2-nonanone, borneol, geosmin, 1-butanol, 3- Methyl-1-butanol, na thujopsene.[25][26] A na-akpọ nke mbụ n'ime ihe ndị a mmanya mushroom. Anọ ikpeazụ bụ ngwaahịa nke Stachybotrys chartarum, nke ejikọtara ya na ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa.[25]

Legionella

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Ọrịa Legionnaires na-akpata site na nje bacteria na-ebute mmiri Legionella nke na-eto nke ọma na mmiri na-adịghị aga ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ na-aga n'ihu, mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ. Ụzọ bụ isi nke ikpughe bụ site na ịmepụta mmetụta aerosol, nke kachasị site na ụlọ elu na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ isi ịsa ahụ. Isi iyi a na-ahụkarị nke Legionella n'ụlọ ahịa bụ site na ụlọ elu na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ na-elekọta ụlọ elu na'okpuru ikuku, nke na-ewepụta mmiri na aerosol nke nwere ike ịbanye na ikuku ikuku dị nso. Ntiwapụ na ụlọ ọgwụ na ụlọ ndị agadi, ebe ndị ọrịa na-egbochi ahụike na ndị na-adịghị ike, bụ ihe a na-ekwukarị na Legionellosis. Ihe karịrị otu ikpe metụtara isi iyi dị n'èzí na ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ọha na eze. Ọnụnọ nke Legionella na mmiri ụlọ ahịa bụ nke a na-akọ akụkọ dị ala, ebe ndị nwere ahụike chọrọ ikpughe ihe siri ike iji nweta ọrịa.

Nnyocha Legionella na-agụnyekarị ịnakọta ihe nlele mmiri na swabs n'elu site na efere mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ, isi ịsa ahụ, paucets / taps, na ebe ndị ọzọ ebe mmiri na-okpomọkụ na-anakọta. A na-azụzi ihe nlele ahụ ma na-emepụta mpaghara (cfu) nke Legionella dị ka cfu / Liter.

Legionella bụ nje nke protozoans dịka amoeba, ya mere ọ chọrọ ọnọdụ dabara adaba maka ihe abụọ ahụ. Nje bacteria na-emepụta biofilm nke na-eguzogide ọgwụgwọ kemịkal na antimicrobial, gụnyere chlorine. Ngwọta maka ntiwapụ Legionella na ụlọ ahịa dịgasị iche, mana ọ na-agụnyekarị mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ (160 °F; 70 °C), sterilisation nke mmiri kwụ ọtọ na efere na-ekpuchi mmiri, dochie isi ịsa ahụ, na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ mmiri nke nnu dị arọ. Nzọụkwụ mgbochi gụnyere ịhazigharị ọkwa mmiri ọkụ dị mma iji nye ohere maka 120 °F (50 °C) na teepu, nyochaa nhazi nhazi ụlọ ọrụ, iwepu ikuku ikuku, na nyocha oge na mpaghara ndị a na-enyo enyo.

Nje ndị ọzọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

E nwere ọtụtụ nje bacteria nke ahụike dị mkpa nke a na-ahụ na ikuku ime ụlọ na n'elu ime ụlọ. A na-amụwanye ọrụ nke ụmụ ahụhụ na gburugburu ebe obibi site na iji nyocha nke oge a nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ihe nlele gburugburu ebe obibi. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-eme mgbalị iji jikọta ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ikuku ime ụlọ iji mepụta ụzọ ọhụrụ maka nyocha na ịkọwapụta nsonaazụ nke ọma.

Nje bacteria (26 2 27) Nje ndị dị n'ikuku

"E nwere ihe dịka okpukpu iri karịa mkpụrụ ndụ nje bacteria n'ime osisi mmadụ dịka mkpụrụ ndụ mmadụ dị n'ahụ, nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke nje bacteria na akpụkpọ ahụ na dị ka osisi eriri afọ. "[27] Akụkụ dị ukwuu nke nje bacteria a hụrụ na ikuku ime ụlọ na uzuzu na-apụ n'ime mmadụ. N'etiti nje bacteria kachasị mkpa a maara na ọ na-eme na ikuku ime ụlọ bụ Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Asbestos fibres

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Ọtụtụ ihe owuwu a na-ejikarị eme ihe tupu afọ 1975 nwere asbestos, dị ka ụfọdụ tebụl ala, tebụl elu, shingles, fireproofing, usoro okpomọkụ, mkpuchi ọkpọkọ, apịtị taping, mastics, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-ekpuchi. Dị ka o kwesịrị, nnukwu ntọhapụ nke asbestos fiber anaghị eme ma ọ bụrụ na a na-emetụta ihe owuwu ahụ, dị ka site na ịkpụ, ịcha, igwu egwu, ma ọ bụ imezigharị ụlọ. Iwepụ ihe ndị nwere asbestos abụghị mgbe niile ka ọ kachasị mma n'ihi na enwere ike ịgbasa eriri ahụ n'ime ikuku n'oge usoro iwepụ ya. A na-atụkarị aro usoro nchịkwa e asbestos.

Mgbe ihe nwere asbestos mebiri ma ọ bụ gbasasịa, a na-agbasasị eriri microscopic n'ime ikuku. Ejikọtara iku ume nke eriri asbestos n'ime ogologo oge mkpughe na mmụba nke ọrịa cancer akpa ume, maka ihe ndị nwerọkachasị ụdị mesothelioma. Ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa cancer akpa ume site na iku ume asbestos fibers dị nnọọ ukwuu nye ndị na-ese anwụrụ, agbanyeghị, ọnweghị njikọ ekwenyeghị na mmebi nke asbestosis kpatara. Ihe mgbaàmà nke ọrịa ahụ anaghị apụtakarị ruo ihe dị ka afọ iri abụọ ruo afọ iri atọ mgbe ekpughere asbestos mbụ.

A na-ahụ asbestos n'ụlọ ochie na ụlọ, mana ọ na-emekarị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, ụlọ ọgwụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.  Ọ bụ ezie na asbestos niile dị ize ndụ, ngwaahịa ndị na-adịghị mma, dịka ọmụmaatụ.  mkpuchi fesa na mkpuchi, na-ebute ihe egwu dị elu nke ukwuu ka ha na-ahapụkarị eriri na ikuku.  Gọọmenti etiti US na steeti ụfọdụ ewepụtala ụkpụrụ maka ọkwa asbestos a na-anabata n'ikuku ime ụlọ. Enwere iwu siri ike nke metụtara ụlọ akwụkwọ

Carbon dioxide

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Dị ka ASHRAE si kwuo, "Ihe akaebe dị adị maka mmetụta kpọmkwem nke Carbon dioxide (CO2) na ahụike, ọdịmma, nsonaazụ mmụta, na arụmọrụ ọrụ na ntinye aka a na-ahụkarị n'ime ụlọ anaghị adaba, ya mere, ugbu a anaghị akwado mgbanwe na ikuku na ụkpụrụ IAQ, ụkpụrụ, ma ọ bụ ntuziaka".[28] NASA kwuru na nyocha banyere ọkwa CO2 a chọtara na ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ụgbọ mbara igwe (nke 3000ppm-7000ppm) achọpụtala na ọ naghị emetụta arụmọrụ nke ndị na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri.[29] Otú ọ dị, ha kpebiri igbochi ya na 5000ppm iji zere isi ọwụwa.[30] Ọ bụ ezie na n'etiti ndị na-abụghị ndị ọkachamara, a chọpụtara na CO2 dị ọcha na ntinye nke a na-ahụkarị na gburugburu ime ụlọ na-emetụta mkpebi dị elu.[31]

Ọzọkwa, ọ dị mfe iji tụọ ihe nnọchianya maka mmetọ ime ụlọ nke ụmụ mmadụ na-ewepụta, ma na-ejikọta ya na ọrụ metabolic nke ụmụ mmadụ. Ụmụ mmadụ bụ isi ihe na-enye carbon dioxide n'ime ụlọ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ. Ọnọdụ CO2 dị n'ime ụlọ bụ ihe na-egosi oke ikuku ikuku ikuku n'èzí na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'ime ime ụlọ na ọrụ metabolic. Iji wepụ ọtụtụ mkpesa, a ga-ebelata ngụkọta CO2 dị n'ime ụlọ ka ọ bụrụ ihe dị iche na-erughị 700 ppm karịa ọkwa mpụga.[32] Ụlọ ọrụ US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) na-ewere na ikuku ikuku carbon dioxide nke karịrị 1,000 ppm bụ ihe na-egosi ikuku na-ezughị oke. Ụkpụrụ UK maka ụlọ akwụkwọ na-ekwu na carbon dioxide n'ebe niile a na-akụzi na n'ebe mmụta, mgbe a na-atụle ya n'ogo dị elu ma na-atụ ya n'ụbọchị dum ekwesịghị ịgafe 1,500 ppm. Ụbọchị ahụ dum na-ezo aka n'oge ụlọ akwụkwọ nkịtị (ya bụ 9:00am ruo 3:30pm) ma na-agụnye oge ndị a na-enweghị ọrụ dịka ezumike nri ehihie. Na Hong Kong, EPD guzobere ebumnuche ikuku dị n'ime ụlọ maka ụlọ ọrụ na ebe ọha na eze ebe a na-ewere ọkwa carbon dioxide dị n'okpuru 1,000 ppm dị ka ihe dị mma.[33] Ụkpụrụ Europe na-egbochi carbon dioxide na 3,500 ppm. OSHA na-egbochi carbon dioxide n'ebe ọrụ ruo 5,000 ppm maka ogologo oge, na 35,000 ppm maka nkeji ịrị na ịse.

Ọnụọgụgụ nke ọnụnọ carbon dioxide na-abawanye n'ihi ọnụnọ mmadụ, mana ọ na-adịte aka n'azụ mkpokọta mkpokọta na oriri ikuku. Ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mgbanwe ikuku na-ebelata, na-eji nwayọ na-ewulite carbon dioxide ka ọ bụrụ “ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ” nke NIOSH na ntụzịaka UK dabere na ya. Ya mere, a ga-eme nha nke carbon dioxide maka ebumnuche iji nyochaa ntozu nke ikuku ventilashị mgbe ogologo oge na-adịgide adịgide na ikuku ikuku - n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọ dịkarịa ala awa abụọ, na n'ọfịs ọ dịkarịa ala awa atọ - maka itinye uche ka ọ bụrụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya. nke zuru oke nke ventilashion. Ekwesịrị ịhazigharị ngwa ndị a na-ebugharị ebugharị nke a na-eji tụọ carbon dioxide ugboro ugboro, yana nha ndị a na-eji maka mgbako kwesịrị ime ka ọ dị nso n'oge nha nke ime ụlọ. Ndozi maka mmetụta okpomọkụ na nha emere n'èzí nwekwara ike ịdị mkpa

Ọnụ ọgụgụ carbon dioxide n'ime ụlọ mechiri emechi ma ọ bụ nke a kpọchiri akpọchi nwere ike ịbawanye ruo 1,000 ppm n'ime nkeji ịrị anọ na ise nke ogige. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ọfịs dị mita 3.5 site na mita 4 (11 ft ×13 ft), carbon dioxide ikuku mụbara site na 500 ppm ruo karịrị 1,000 ppm n'ime nkeji ịrị anọ na ise nke nkwụsị ikuku na mmechi nke windo na ọnụ ụzọ.

Ozone

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Ozone na-emepụta site na ìhè ultraviolet sitere na Anyanwụ na-akụ ikuku ụwa (karịsịa na ozone layer), àmụ̀mà, ụfọdụ ngwaọrụ eletrik dị elu (dị ka ikuku ionizers), yana dị ka ihe sitere na ụdị mmetọ ndị ọzọ.

Ozone dị n'ọtụtụ ebe na elu nke ụgbọelu ndị njem na-efe. Mmetụta dị n'etiti ozone na ihe ndị dị n'ụgbọ mmiri, gụnyere mmanụ akpụkpọ ahụ na ihe ntecha, nwere ike ịmepụta kemịkal na-egbu egbu dị ka ihe ndị ọzọ. Ozone n'onwe ya na-akpasukwa anụ ahụ akpa ume iwe ma na-emerụ ahụike mmadụ.

Mmiri n'èzí eji eme ka ikuku na-efe efe nwere ike ịnwe ozone zuru ezu iji meghachi omume na mmetọ ime ụlọ yana mmanụ akpụkpọ ahụ na kemịkal ikuku ndị ọzọ dị n'ime ụlọ ma ọ bụ elu. A na-echegbu onwe ya mgbe ị na-eji ngwaahịa nhicha "akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ" dabere na citrus ma ọ bụ terpene extracts, n'ihi na kemịkal ndị a na-emeghachi omume ngwa ngwa na ozone iji mepụta kemịkal na-egbu egbu na nke na-akpasu iwe yana ezigbo na nke dị oke mma. Mbata ikuku na ikuku dị n'èzí nwere oke ozone nwere ike ime ka mgbalị mgbagwoju anya.[34]

Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha nke 1990 chọrọ ka United States Environmental Protection Agency setịpụ National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) maka ụkpụrụ isii na-emetọ ikuku na-emerụ ahụike mmadụ.[35] Ozone bụ otu n'ime njirimara ikuku na-emetọ ikuku. Òtù ndị ọzọ ewepụtala ụkpụrụ ikuku dị ka Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), National Institute for Occupational Security and Health (NIOSH), na World Health Organization (WHO). Ụkpụrụ OSHA maka Ozone concentration n'ime ebe ọrụ bụ 0.1 ppm nkezi n'ime oge awa asatọ.[36] Ụkpụrụ EPA maka oke ozone bụ 0.07 ppm nkezi n'ime oge awa asatọ.[37]

Particulates

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A na-ahụ ihe ndị dị n'ikuku, nke a makwaara dị ka particulates, n'ime ụlọ ma nwee ike imetụta ahụike nke ndị bi na ya. Ndị ọchịchị eguzobela ụkpụrụ maka ntinye kachasị nke ụmụ irighiri ihe iji hụ na ịdị mma ikuku dị n'ime ụlọ.[33]

Ọrịa ọgụgụ isi ngwa ngwa

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N'afọ 2015, nchọpụta nnwale kọrọ na nchọpụta nke episodic dị ịrịba ama (ọnọdụ) adịghị ike site na adịghị ọcha n'ikuku nke ndị nyocha na-eku ume bụ ndị na-amaghị banyere mgbanwe nke ikuku. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na Mahadum Harvard na SUNY Upstate Medical University na Syracuse University tụlere ọrụ ọgụgụ isi nke ndị sonyere 24 n'ime ụlọ nyocha ụlọ nyocha atọ dị iche iche na-achịkwa nke na-eme ka ndị ahụ dị na ụlọ "conventional" na "acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ", yana ụlọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nwere nkwalite ikuku. A na-enyocha arụmọrụ nke ọma site na iji ngwa ịme anwansị sọftụwia Strategic Management Simulation nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe, nke bụ ule nleba anya nke ọma maka ime mkpebi ndị isi n'ọnọdụ enweghị mgbochi na-enye ohere na nkwalite. Ahụrụ mperi dị ịrịba ama na akara arụmọrụ enwetara n'ịba ụba nke ma ọ bụ VOC ma ọ bụ carbon dioxide, ebe a na-edebe ihe ndị ọzọ mgbe niile.  Ọkwa adịghị ọcha kachasị elu eruteghị abụghị ihe ọhụrụ na klaasị ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ gburugburu ọfịs.[38][39]

Mmetụta nke osisi ndị dị n'ime ụlọ

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Spider plant (Chlorophytum comosum) na-amị ụfọdụ ikuku na-emetọ ikuku

Ụlọ na ihe ndị a na-akụ na ha nwere ike belata ihe ndị mejupụtara mmetọ ikuku n'ime ụlọ, ọkachasị ihe ndị na-eme ka ikuku na-agbanwe agbanwe (VOC) dị ka benzene, toluene, na xylene. Osisi na-ewepụ CO2 ma wepụta oxygen na mmiri, ọ bụ ezie na mmetụta dị ukwuu maka osisi ụlọ dị obere. Mmasị n'iji osisi ndị dị n'ime ite maka iwepu VOCs sitere na nyocha NASA nke 1989 nke e mere n'ime ụlọ ndị e mechiri emechi iji mepụta gburugburu ebe obibi na ọdụ ụgbọ elu. Otú ọ dị, nsonaazụ ndị a tara ahụhụ site na mmepụtaghachi na-adịghị mma ma anaghị emetụta ụlọ ndị a na-ahụkarị, ebe mgbanwe ikuku n'èzí na n'ime ụlọ ewepụlarị VOCs na ọnụego nke enwere ike iji kwekọọ na ntinye nke osisi 10 es 1000 / m2 nke oghere ala ụlọ.[40][41]

Osisi na-egosikwa na ha na-ebelata nje na ebu na ikuku, yana ịbawanye iru mmiri. Otú ọ dị, mmụba nke iru mmiri n'onwe ya nwere ike iduga n'ịbawanye ọkwa ebu na ọbụna VOCs.[42]

Mgbe a na-ebuli carbon dioxide n'ime ụlọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere n'èzí, ọ bụ naanị ihe na-egosi na ikuku ezughi ezu iji wepụ ngwaahịa metabolic metụtara obibi mmadụ. Osisi chọrọ carbon dioxide iji too ma wepụta oxygen mgbe ha na-eri carbon dioxide. Nnyocha e bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ Environmental Science & Technology tụlere ọnụọgụ nke ketones na aldehydes site na lily udo (Spathiphyllum clevelandii) na pothos ọla edo (Epipremnum aureum) Akira Tani na C. Nicholas Hewitt chọpụtara "Nchọpụta fumigation ogologo oge kpughere na ngụkọta nke ọnụọgụ a na-enweta bụ ọkpúkpú ịrị atọ ruo otu nari karịa ọnụọgụ ndị a gbazere na akwụkwọ, na-atụ aro na carbon ndị na-agbaze na-agbapụta na akwụkwọ na / ma ọ bụ na-agafe site na petiole".[43] Ọ bara uru iburu n'uche na ndị nchọpụta mechiri osisi ndị ahụ na akpa Teflon. "Ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla VOC furu efu a chọpụtara site na akpa ahụ mgbe osisi ndị ahụ na-anọghị. Otú ọ dị, mgbe osisi ndị ahụ nọ n'ime akpa ahụ, ọkwa nke aldehydes na ketones jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ belata ma na-aga n'ihu, na-egosi mwepụ nke osisi ahụ. "[44] Nnyocha ndị e mere na akpa ndị e mechiri emechi anaghị eme ka ọnọdụ ndị dị n'ime ụlọ na-adọrọ mmasị. Ọnọdụ dị ike na ikuku ikuku n'èzí na usoro ndị metụtara elu ụlọ ahụ n'onwe ya na ọdịnaya ya yana ndị bi na ya kwesịrị ịmụ.

Ebe ọ bụ na oke iru mmiri na-ejikọta ya na mmụba nke uto ebu, mmeghachi omume na-adịghị mma, na mmeghachihachi omume iku ume, ọnụnọ nke iru mmiri ọzọ sitere na osisi ụlọ nwere ike ọ gaghị adị mma na ntọala ụlọ niile ma ọ bụrụ na a na-agba mmiri n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị.

Nhazi HVAC

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Echiche imewe na-adịgide adịgide na gburugburu ebe obibi na-agụnye akụkụ ndị metụtara ụlọ ọrụ azụmahịa na ụlọ obibi, ikuku na ikuku oyi (HVAC). N'etiti ọtụtụ ihe a tụlere, otu n'ime isiokwu ndị a gara bụ nsogbu nke ikuku dị n'ime ụlọ n'oge niile a na-emepụta na owuwu nke ndụ ụlọ.

Otu usoro iji belata ike oriri ma na-echekwa ikuku zuru oke, bụ ikuku ikuku na-achịkwa ọchịchọ. Kama ịtọpụta na ọnụego mgbanwe ikuku, a na-eji ihe mmetụta carbon dioxide iji chịkwaa ọnụego ahụ n'ụzọ dị ike, dabere na ikuku nke ndị bi n'ụlọ ahụ.

N'ime ọtụtụ afọ gara aga, enwere ọtụtụ arụmụka n'etiti ndị ọkachamara n'ịdị mma ikuku n'ime ụlọ banyere nkọwa kwesịrị ekwesị nke ịdị mma ikuku n"ime ụlọ na kpọmkwem ihe mejupụtara "ịnakwere" ịdị mma ikuku ime ụlọ.

Otu ụzọ iji hụ na ahụike nke ikuku ime ụlọ bụ site na ugboro ole ikuku dị n'ime ụlọ na-agbanwe agbanwe site na iji ikuku dị n"èzí dochie ya. Na UK, dịka ọmụmaatụ, a chọrọ ka ụlọ klas nwee mgbanwe ikuku 2.5 n'èzí kwa awa. N'ụlọ nzukọ, mmega ahụ, nri, na oghere physiotherapy, ikuku kwesịrị ezu iji belata carbon dioxide na 1,500 ppm. Na US, na dị ka ASHRAE Standards si kwuo, ikuku na klas dabere na ọnụọgụ ikuku n'èzí maka onye ọ bụla bi na ya gbakwunyere ọnụọgụ nke ikuku n'ime ụlọ ọ bụla, ọ bụghị mgbanwe ikuku kwa awa. Ebe ọ bụ na carbon dioxide dị n'ime ụlọ na-abịa site na ndị bi na ikuku dị n'èzí, a na-egosi oke ikuku ikuku nke onye ọ bụla bi na ya site na ntinye n'ime ma e wezụga ntinye n'èbe. Uru nke 615 ppm n'elu oke mpụga na-egosi ihe dịka 15 cubic feet kwa nkeji nke ikuku mpụga kwa onye okenye na-arụ ọrụ ọfịs ebe ikuku mpụba nwere 385 ppm, nkezi ikuku CO2 zuru ụwa ọnụ ugbu a. N'ime klas, ihe achọrọ na ọkọlọtọ ASHRAE 62.1, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, ga-akpatakarị ihe dị ka mgbanwe ikuku 3 kwa awa, dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya. N'ezie, ndị bi na ya abụghị naanị isi iyi nke mmetọ, yabụ ikuku ikuku n'èzí nwere ike ịdị elu mgbe ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe ma ọ bụ ihe siri ike nke mmetụ dị n'ime ụlọ. Mgbe ikuku dị n'èzí na-emetọ, mgbe ahụ, iwebata ikuku dị n"èzí nwere ike ime ka ikuku dị n n'ime ụlọ ka njọ ma mee ka ụfọdụ mgbaàmà ndị bi na ya metụtara mmetọ ikuku dị n-eme ka njọ. N'ozuzu, ikuku ime obodo dị n'èzí dị mma karịa ikuku ime obodo. Mmiri gas na-agbapụta nwere ike ịpụta site na ọkpọkọ anwụrụ ọkụ nke na-eduga na anwụrụ ọkụ mgbe enwere mgbapụta na ọkpọpọkọ ahụ ma belata ebe ikuku gas na-aga.

Ojiji nke nzacha ikuku nwere ike ijide ụfọdụ n'ime mmetọ ikuku. U.S. Green Building Council na-atụ aro "Jụọ ihe nhicha ikuku na-ebugharị ebugharị na nzacha HEPA karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na ikuku na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ ikuku dị n'èzí nwere ọkwa dị elu nke PM 2.5."[3] A na-eji nzacha ikuku iji belata oke uzuzu nke na-eru na coils mmiri. Uzuzu nwere ike ịbụ ihe oriri iji zụlite ebu na coils na ọwa mmiri ma nwee ike belata arụmọrụ nke coils.

Nchịkwa mmiri na njikwa mmiri chọrọ usoro HVAC na-arụ ọrụ dịka e mere. Nchịkwa mmiri na njikwa mmiri nwere ike imegide mgbalị iji gbalịa imeziwanye ọrụ iji chekwaa ike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, njikwa mmiri na njikwa mmiri chọrọ ka a setịpụ usoro iji nye ikuku na okpomọkụ dị ala (ọkwa imewe), kama okpomọkụ kachasị elu mgbe ụfọdụ iji chekwaa ike na ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-ajụ oyi. Otú ọ dị, maka ọtụtụ US na ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Europe na Japan, n'oge ọtụtụ awa nke afọ, okpomọkụ ikuku n'èzí dị jụụ nke na ikuku anaghị achọ nkụda mmụọ iji nye nkasi obi n'ime ụlọ. Otú ọ dị, oke iru mmiri n'èzí na-emepụta mkpa ọ dị nlezianya na-elebara anya na ọkwa iru mmiri n"ime ụlọ. Mmiri dị elu na-eme ka ọ na-eto eto na mmiri n'ime ụlọ na-ejikọta ya na nsogbu iku ume dị elu.

"Oké okpomọkụ nke ntụpọ" bụ ihe zuru oke nke mmiri dị n'ikuku. A na-emepụta ụlọ ọrụ ụfọdụ na ebe igirigi dị na 50s °F dị ala, na ụfọdụ n'elu na 40s °F. A na-eme ụlọ ọrụ ụfọdụ site na iji wiil ndị na-eme ka mmiri na-akpụ akpụ na gas na-ekpo ọkụ iji mee ka wiil ahụ kpọọ nkụ iji nweta akara igirigi achọrọ. Na usoro ndị ahụ, mgbe ewepụchara mmiri site na ikuku, a na-eji coil na-eme ka ọ dị jụụ iji belata okpomọkụ ruo ọkwa achọrọ.

A na-edebe ụlọ ahịa, na mgbe ụfọdụ ebe obibi, n'okpuru nrụgide ikuku dị mma karịa n'èzí iji belata ịbanye. Mbelata ịbanye na-enyere aka na njikwa mmiri na njikwa iru mmiri.

Mgbasa nke mmetọ ime ụlọ na ikuku n'èzí dị irè ruo n'ókè ikuku n'ime enweghị mmetọ na-emerụ ahụ. Ozone na ikuku n'èzí na-eme n'ime ụlọ na mbelata n'ihi na ozone na-emeghachi omume nke ukwuu na ọtụtụ kemịkal a na-ahụ n'ime. Ngwaahịa nke mmeghachi omume dị n'etiti ozone na ọtụtụ mmetọ ime ụlọ na-agụnye ihe ndị dị n'ime ụlọ nke nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-esi ísì, na-akpasu iwe, ma ọ bụ na-egbu egbu karịa ndị e si na ha mepụta. Ngwaahịa ndị a nke ozone chemistry gụnyere formaldehyde, aldehydes dị arọ, acidic aerosols, na ụmụ irighiri ihe dị mma na nke dị oke mma, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Ka ikuku ikuku dị n'èzí na-arịwanye elu, ka ozone dị n'ime ụlọ na-arị elu ma o yikarịrị ka mmeghachi omume ga-eme, mana ọbụlagodi na ọkwa dị ala, mmeghachi ozi ga-ewere ọnọdụ. Nke a na-egosi na a ga-ewepụ ozone na ikuku ikuku, ọkachasị n'ebe ozone dị n'èzí na-adịkarị elu. Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya egosila na ọnwụ na ọrịa na-abawanye n'ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ozuzu ya n'oge ozone dị elu n'èzí nakwa na ọnụ ụzọ maka mmetụta a bụ ihe dị ka akụkụ 20 kwa ijeri (ppb).

Ihe owuwu gburugburu ebe obibi

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị iche na ụlọ bụ naanị ihe ndị na-adịghị ndụ, na-akwụsi ike ka oge na-aga. Nke a na-egosi na enwere obere mmekọrịta n'etiti triad nke ụlọ ahụ, ihe dị na ya (ndị bi na ọdịnaya), na ihe gbara ya gburugburu (ebe buru ibu). Anyị na-ahụkarị ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe onwunwe dị n'ụlọ dị ka ihe onwunwe na-agbanwebeghị n'oge. N'ezie, enwere ike ile ezi ọdịdị nke ụlọ anya dị ka nsonaazụ nke mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya n'etiti akụkụ anụ ahụ, kemịkal, na nke ndụ. Enwere ike ịkọwa ụlọ ma ghọta ya dị ka usoro dị mgbagwoju anya. Nnyocha na-etinye usoro ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-eji na nghọta nke gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike inyere aka mee ka nghọta anyị dịkwuo elu. A na-atụ aro ka e jiri usoro ndị ahụ mee ihe na gburugburu ebe obibi na-atụle usoro ụlọ, ndị bi na ya, na gburugburu ebe dị ukwuu.[45]

Ụlọ na-agbanwe mgbe niile n'ihi mgbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi ha yana ndị bi na ya, ihe, na ihe omume n'ime ha. Elu dị iche iche na ikuku dị n'ime ụlọ na-emekọrịta ihe mgbe niile, mmekọrịta a na-ebute mgbanwe na nke ọ bụla. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, anyị nwere ike ịhụ windo ka ọ na-agbanwe ntakịrị ka oge na-aga ka ọ na'ime ka ọ na - adịghị ọcha, mgbe ahụ ka a na-ehicha ya, na-akwakọta unyi ọzọ, na-ehichapụ ya ọzọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ n'oge ndụ ya. N'ezie, ihe anyị na-ahụ nwere ike na-agbanwe n'ihi mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mmiri, kemịkal, na ihe ndị dị ndụ dị n'ebe ahụ.

A na-ahazi ụlọ ma ọ bụ na-ezube imeghachi omume nke ọma na ụfọdụ n'ime mgbanwe ndị a na gburugburu ha site na okpomọkụ, ịjụ oyi, ikuku, ikuku nhicha ma ọ bụ usoro ọkụ.[46] Anyị na-ehicha, na-eme ka ọ dị ọcha, ma na-edozi elu iji mee ka ọdịdị ha dịkwuo mma, arụmọrụ, ma ọ bụ ogologo ndụ ha. N'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, mgbanwe ndị dị otú ahụ na-agbanwe ụlọ n'ụzọ ndị nwere ike ịdị mkpa maka iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe ha ma ọ bụ mmetụta ha na ndị bi n'ụlọ site na mmepe nke usoro anụ ahụ, kemịkal, na nke ndụ nke na-akọwa ha n'oge ọ bụla. Anyị nwere ike ịchọta na ọ bara uru ijikọta ngwá ọrụ nke sayensị anụ ahụ na nke sayensụ ihe ndị dị ndụ na, karịsịa, ụfọdụ n'ime ụzọ eji eme ihe maka gburugburu ebe obibi, iji nweta nghọta ka mma banyere gburugburu ebe anyị na-etinye ihe ka ukwuu n'oge anyị, ụlọ anyị.

Ihe omume ụlọ ọrụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ihe osise EPA banyere ihe na-akpata ụkwara ume ọkụ

Isiokwu nke IAQ aghọwo ihe a ma ama n'ihi mmata dị ukwuu banyere nsogbu ahụike nke ebu na ihe na-akpata ụkwara ume ọkụ na allergies. Na US, mmata nke United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), nke mepụtara mmemme "IAQ Tools for Schools" iji nyere aka melite ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health na-eme Health Hazard Evaluations (HHEs) n'ebe ọrụ na arịrịọ nke ndị ọrụ, onye nnọchi anya ndị ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ndị were mmadụ n'ọrụ, iji chọpụta ma ihe ọ bụla a na-ahụkarị n'ebe a na-arụ ọrụ nwere mmetụta na-egbu egbu, gụnyere ikuku dị n'ime ụlọ.[47]

Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ n'ọhịa nke ikuku ime ụlọ, gụnyere ndị na-emepụta kemịkal, ndị na-ahụ maka physics, ndị injinia, ndị na'ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ, ndị na na-ahụ Maka nje, na ndị ọkà mmụta kọmputa. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị ọkachamara a nwere asambodo site na òtù ndị dị ka American Industrial Hygiene Association, American Indoor Air Quality Council na Indoor Environmental Air Quality Council.

Na mba ụwa, International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ), nke e guzobere na 1991, na-ahazi nzukọ abụọ dị mkpa, Indoor Air na usoro Ụlọ Dị Ọdịmma.[48]

Hụkwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  • Ihe ndị na-eme ka ikuku dị ọcha
  • Obodo ndi edoziri nke ọma
  • Nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi
  • Ụlọ dị mma
  • Mmetọ ikuku n'ụlọ
  • Bioaerosol n'ime ụlọ
  • Ihe osise na-acha uhie uhie
  • Microbiomes nke gburugburu ebe obibi e wuru
  • Ike ọgwụgwụ na-esi ísì
  • Nzọụkwụ nke Mbụ nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi
  • Mgbanwe

Edensibia

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ Carroll (2022). "Increased CO2 levels in the operating room correlate with the number of healthcare workers present: an imperative for intentional crowd control". Patient Safety in Surgery 16 (35). DOI:10.1186/s13037-022-00343-8. PMID 36397098. 
  2. ↑ KMC Controls (24 September 2015). What's Your IQ on IAQ and IEQ?. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved on 12 April 2021.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance. Indoor workplaces – Recommended procedure for the investigation of working environment. Archived from the original on 2021-11-03. Retrieved on 2020-06-10.
  4. ↑ Bruce (2000). "Indoor air pollution in developing countries: a major environmental and public health challenge.". Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78 (9): 1078–92. PMID 11019457. 
  5. ↑ Household air pollution and health: fact sheet (en). WHO (8 May 2018). Archived from the original on 2021-11-12. Retrieved on 2020-11-21.
  6. ↑ Ritchie (2019). "Access to Energy". Our World in Data. Retrieved on 1 April 2021. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Blum. "Gas Stoves Are Tied to Health Concerns. Here's How to Lower Your Risk.- Emissions from gas stoves have been connected to an increased risk for childhood asthma, among other things. You can mitigate the effects with a few simple steps.", The New York Times, January 11, 2023. Retrieved on January 13, 2023.
  8. ↑ Considering smoking as an air pollution problem for environmental health | Environmental Performance Index. Archived from the original on 2018-09-25. Retrieved on 2018-03-21.
  9. ↑ Health (2018-05-09). Smoking and Tobacco Use; Fact Sheet; Secondhand Smoke (en-us). Smoking and Tobacco Use. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved on 2019-01-14.
  10. ↑ Fernández (December 2015). "Particulate Matter from Electronic Cigarettes and Conventional Cigarettes: a Systematic Review and Observational Study.". Current Environmental Health Reports 2 (4): 423–9. DOI:10.1007/s40572-015-0072-x. PMID 26452675. 
  11. ↑ Apte (2016). "Household air pollution and its effects on health.". F1000Research 5: 2593. DOI:10.12688/f1000research.7552.1. PMID 27853506. 
  12. ↑ Improved Clean Cookstoves (en). Project Drawdown (2020-02-07). Archived from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved on 2020-12-05.
  13. ↑ U.S. EPA Indoor Environment Division, Radon. Epa.gov. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved on 2012-03-02.
  14. ↑ Radon Mitigation Methods. Radon Solution—Raising Radon Awareness. Archived from the original on 2008-12-15. Retrieved on 2008-12-02.
  15. ↑ CDC – Mold – General Information – Facts About Mold and Dampness (2018-12-04). Archived from the original on 2019-12-16. Retrieved on 2017-06-23.
  16. ↑ U.S. EPA IAQ – Organic chemicals. Epa.gov (2010-08-05). Archived from the original on 2015-09-09. Retrieved on 2012-03-02.
  17. ↑ Logue (1 April 2011). "Hazard assessment of chemical air contaminants measured in residences". Indoor Air 21 (2): 92–109. DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00683.x. PMID 21392118. Retrieved on 25 January 2019. 
  18. ↑ About VOCs (2013-01-21). Archived from the original on 2013-01-21. Retrieved on 2019-09-16.
  19. ↑ Wang (2007). Advanced Air and Noise Pollution Control: Volume 2. Springer. ISBN 9781592597796. 
  20. ↑ Emicode. Eurofins.com. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved on 2012-03-02.
  21. ↑ M1. Eurofins.com. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved on 2012-03-02.
  22. ↑ Blue Angel. Eurofins.com. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved on 2012-03-02.
  23. ↑ Indoor Air Comfort. Indoor Air Comfort. Archived from the original on 2011-02-01. Retrieved on 2012-03-02.
  24. ↑ CDPH Section 01350. Eurofins.com. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved on 2012-03-02.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Smelly Moldy Houses. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved on 2014-08-02.
  26. ↑ (November 2004) "Rapid identification of microbial VOCs from tobacco molds using closed-loop stripping and gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry". J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 31 (10): 482–8. DOI:10.1007/s10295-004-0175-0. PMID 15517467. 
  27. ↑ Sears (2005). "A dynamic partnership: celebrating our gut flora". Anaerobe 11 (5): 247–51. DOI:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.05.001. PMID 16701579. 
  28. ↑ ASHRAE Position Document on Indoor Carbon Dioxide. Archived from the original on 2022-10-27. Retrieved on 2022-11-17.
  29. ↑ NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief. Archived from the original on 2022-11-17. Retrieved on 2022-11-17.
  30. ↑ NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief. Archived from the original on 2022-11-17. Retrieved on 2022-11-17.
  31. ↑ Du (19 June 2020). "Indoor CO2 concentrations and cognitive function: A critical review". International Journal of Indoor Environment and Health 30 (6): 1067–1082. DOI:10.1111/ina.12706. PMID 32557862. 
  32. ↑ Indoor Environmental Quality: HVAC Management | NIOSH | CDC (en-us). www.cdc.gov (2022-02-25). Archived from the original on 2022-04-01. Retrieved on 2022-04-01.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Hong Kong Government Initiatives to Improve Indoor Air Quality. APAC Green Products Limited. Archived from the original on 2016-01-08.
  34. ↑ Outdoor ozone and building related symptoms in the BASE study. Archived from the original on 2008-04-09. Retrieved on 2012-03-02.
  35. ↑ Criteria Air Pollutants (2014-04-09). Archived from the original on 2020-11-28. Retrieved on 2018-04-30.
  36. ↑ Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) regulations for ozone. | Occupational Safety and Health Administration. www.osha.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved on 2019-09-16.
  37. ↑ US EPA. Eight-hour Average Ozone Concentrations | Ground-level Ozone | New England | US EPA (en). www3.epa.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved on 2019-09-16.
  38. ↑ "New Study Demonstrates Indoor Building Environment Has Significant, Positive Impact on Cognitive Function", New York Times, 26 October 2015. Retrieved on 10 November 2015.
  39. ↑ Allen (2015). "Associations of Cognitive Function Scores with Carbon Dioxide, Ventilation, and Volatile Organic Compound Exposures in Office Workers: A Controlled Exposure Study of Green and Conventional Office Environments". Environmental Health Perspectives 124 (6): 805–12. DOI:10.1289/ehp.1510037. PMID 26502459. 
  40. ↑ Dela Cruz (2014). "Can ornamental potted plants remove volatile organic compounds from indoor air? – a review". Environmental Science and Pollution Research 21 (24): 13909–13928. DOI:10.1007/s11356-014-3240-x. PMID 25056742. Retrieved on 15 August 2018. 
  41. ↑ Cummings (March 2020). "Potted plants do not improve indoor air quality: a review and analysis of reported VOC removal efficiencies" (in en). Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 30 (2): 253–261. DOI:10.1038/s41370-019-0175-9. PMID 31695112. Retrieved on 2022-04-15. 
  42. ↑ US EPA (2013-07-16). Mold (en). US EPA. Archived from the original on 2020-05-18. Retrieved on 2019-09-16.
  43. ↑ Tani (2009-11-01). "Uptake of Aldehydes and Ketones at Typical Indoor Concentrations by Houseplants". Environmental Science & Technology 43 (21): 8338–8343. DOI:10.1021/es9020316. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 19924966. 
  44. ↑ S Down. Spectroscopynow.com (2009) "Houseplants as air fresheners". Spectroscopynow.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-27. Retrieved on 2012-03-02.
  45. ↑ Hal Levin (April 1981). "Building Ecology: An Architect's Perspective -- Plenary Lecture". Progressive Architecture. Retrieved on 2021-10-06. 
  46. ↑ Landman (2022-10-17). Our buildings are making us sick (en). Vox. Archived from the original on 2022-10-24. Retrieved on 2022-10-25.
  47. ↑ Indoor Environmental Quality. US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved on 2013-05-17.
  48. ↑ Isiaq.Org. International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate. Archived from the original on 2022-01-21. Retrieved on 2012-03-02.

Ebe e si nweta ya

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Akwụkwọ edemede 


Edemede, akụkọ redio na ibe weebụ

Ọgụgụ ihe ọzọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  • Lin (2018). "A Review of Recent Advances in Research on PM2.5 in China". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15 (3). DOI:10.3390/ijerph15030438. PMID 29498704. 

Njikọ mpụga

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Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ọnọdụ_ikuku_ime_ụlọ&oldid=196537