Ọrịa

Ọrịa
	Mma agha Nepali nke sitere na Panchkhal
Aha ndị ọzọ	Ngwunye na-etinye aka, ngwunye na
Nchịkọta	Ịkpụcha
Ihe ndị metụtara ya	Scythe

Sickle, nko akpa, nko-ewe ihe ubi ma ọ bụ ahịhịa ahihia bụ ngwá ọrụ ugbo nwere otu aka emebere nke nwere agụba dị iche iche a kpara akpa ma na-ejikarị amị mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ iwe ihe ubi, ma ọ bụ ịcha ahịhịa na-esi ísì ụtọ bụ isi maka ịzụ anụ ụlọ. Falx bụ otu okwu, mana emechara jiri ya pụta ihe ọ bụla n'ime ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ nwere agụba gbagọrọ agbagọ nke dị nkọ na nsọtụ ime.

Site na mmalite nke Iron Age narị narị ndịiche mpaghara akọwapụtara nke sickle etolitela, na mbụ nke ígwè na nchara. Enwere ike kewaa nnukwu ụdị sickle dị iche iche n'ọtụtụ ọdịbendị ka ọ bụrụ agụba dị larịị ma ọ bụ nke siri ike, nke a pụrụ iji ha abụọ gbutu ahịhịa ndụ ndụ ma ọ bụ ọka tozuru okè site na iji usoro dịtụ iche. Akara agụba nke sitere na sickle tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme ka na-achịkwa n'iwe ọka, a na-ahụkwa ya n'igwe na-ewe ihe ubi nke oge a na n'ụfọdụ mma kichin. ^{[citation needed]}

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Tupu oge Neolithic

Enwere ike ịchọta mmepe nke sickle na Mesopotemia laa azụ n'oge tupu oge Neolithic. Egwupụtala nnukwu agụba sickle na saịtị ndị gbara Izrel gburugburu bụ ndị e degoro n'oge Epipaleolithic (18000-8000 BC).[1] Ngwuputa ihe eji egwu egwu na Wadi Ziqlab, Jordan achọpụtala ụdị dị iche iche nke eriri afọ sickle mbụ. Ihe arịa ndị ahụ ewepụtara dị site na 10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in) n'ogologo ma nwee ihu mkpọnwụ. Nke a dị mgbagwoju anya 'dị ka eze' gosipụtara ọkwa dị ukwuu nke imewe na nkwenye n'ichepụta karịa ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ achọpụtara. A na-eji okwute kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ a chọtara n'oge a, kwụ ọtọ ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ọkpụkpụ ịwa osisi karịa ka e jiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ ọgbara ọhụrụ. Achọtala nkume ndị sitere na sickle ndị a na nso Ugwu Kamel, bụ́ ndị na-atụ aro ka a na-ewe ihe ubi n'ebe ahụ ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 gara aga.^[1]

Oge Ọhụrụ

Sickle nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na Mgbanwe Agricultural site n'inye aka na mgbanwe n'ịkwa ugbo na ụzọ ndụ dabere n'ihe ọkụkụ. A nabatara ugbu a na iji sickle na-eduga ozugbo na anụ ọhịa nke dị nso n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa.[1] Nnyocha e mere na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọka ọhịa n'oge a na-akọ ihe n'ụlọ chọpụtara na iji sickle na-ewe ihe ubi dị oké mkpa nye ndị bi na Mesopotemia n'oge. Oge na-eto eto dị warara na mpaghara ahụ na ọrụ dị oke mkpa nke ọka na njedebe Neolithic Era kwalitere itinye ego buru ibu na nhazi na imepụta sickle n'elu ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ. A na-eme nhazi nke ọma na nha sickle ka ndochi ma ọ bụ nrụzi nwere ike ịdị ngwa ngwa. Ọ dị mkpa ka a na-egbute ọka ahụ n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị n'otu ebe dị elu ka e wee nwee ike iwepụta ihe dị elu na-esote n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị.[2]. Sickle nyere nhọrọ dị mma n'ịchịkọta ọka ma mee ka mmepe nke ọrụ ugbo n'oge.^[2]

Oge Ọcha

Sickle nọgidere na-emekarị n'oge Bronze Age, ma n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa nke Ochie ma na Europe. Achọtala ọtụtụ sickle n'ụlọ akụ n'ihe gbasara omenala European Urnfield (dịka Frankleben hoard), na-atụ aro ihe atụ ma ọ bụ okpukpere chi agbakwunyere na arịa ahụ.

N'okwu ndị e gwupụtara n'ala, a na-ekewa mma owuwe ihe ubi nke oge ọla nchara site na usoro nke itinye aka. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akpọ bọtịnụ na-arịa ọrịa (German Knopfsichel) n'ihi bọtịnụ na'ala nke mma nke o doro anya na ọ na-arụ ọrụ iji mee ka njikọ nke mma ahụ kwụsie ike na aka.

Oge Agha

Ogwe osisi ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na Druids' Ritual of oak and mistletoe dị ka akọwapụtara site na otu akụkụ na Pliny the Elder's Natural History: N'ihi akụkụ a, n'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na Pliny egosighi isi iyi nke o dabeere na akụkọ a, ụfọdụ alaka nke Druid nke oge a (Neodruids) ejirila mma owuwe ihe ubi dị ka ngwá ọrụ ememe. ^{[citation needed]}

Amerịka

A chọtala mma owuwe ihe ubi na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ North America na nhazi pụrụ iche. E nwere ihe akaebe na ndị bi n'àgwàetiti Kodiak nwere maka ịkpụ ahịhịa "ọrịa ndị e ji ubu anụmanụ dị nkọ mee". ^[3] Ihe ndị a chọtara na Arizona na New Mexico nke oge a yiri ngwá ọrụ ndị gbagọrọ agbagọ nke e ji mpi atụrụ ugwu mee. Ebe yiri nke ahụ chọpụtara mma owuwe ihe ubi nke e ji ihe ndị ọzọ mee dị ka Caddo Sickle, nke e ji agbà mgbada mee. Akwụkwọ Nsọ sitere n'aka ụmụ amaala oge ochie na-edekọ ojiji a na-eji mma owuwe ihe ubi ndị a egbutu ahịhịa. Ngwá ọrụ ndị ahụ dị 13-16 in (330-410 site n'isi ruo n'isi. Ọtụtụ nchọpụta ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Arizona kpughere mma owuwe ihe ubi nke a kpụrụ n'ụzọ yiri nke ahụ. Aka nke ngwaọrụ ndị ahụ na-enyere aka ịkọwa etu esi ejide ngwá ọrụ ahụ n'ụzọ ga-eme ka akụkụ dị n'ime nke nwere ebe a na-egbutu egbutu nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ebe nchịkọta maka ọka. A na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ dị nkọ site na iji ngwá ọrụ siri ike na-akpụ akpụ n'akụkụ dị mma. Omume a ahapụla akara na ihe ndị a chọtara. Usoro ịtacha dị mkpa iji gbochie ọnụ ịkpụcha ka a ghara imebi ya mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe ogologo oge. A na-ahụ ọnụ ya ka ọ dị mma nke ukwuu, nke na-egosi na a na-eji ngwá ọrụ ahụ egbutu ahịhịa. Mgbe a chịkọtara ya, a na-eji ahịhịa ahụ eme ihe iji mepụta ihe ndina na ihe ndina.^[3] Ogwe osisi n'ozuzu ya nyere ohere ịkpụ ahịhịa yana ịnakọta n'otu nzọụkwụ. N'oge a, a na-eji mma owuwe ihe ubi na South America dị ka ngwá ọrụ maka owuwe ihe ọṅụṅụ osikapa. A na-ewepụta ụyọkọ osikapa site na iji ngwá ọrụ ahụ ma hapụ ya ka ọ kpọọ n'anwụ.^[4]

Nepal

A na-akpọ ya Hasiya (ma ọ bụ Aasi), mma owuwe ihe ubi bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Nepal dị ka ngwá ọrụ kachasị mkpa maka ịkpụcha eji na kichin na n'ọhịa.^[5] A na-eji Hasiya eme ihe na kichin n'ọtụtụ obodo nta nke Nepal ebe a na-eji ya egbutu akwụkwọ nri n'oge nri. A na-ejide aka Hasiya (nke e ji osisi mee) site na mkpịsị ụkwụ nke ụkwụ mmadụ ma tụgharịa ya ka e wee jiri aka abụọ bepụ akwụkwọ nri mgbe ị na-ama jijiji. N'èzí ụlọ, a na-eji Hasiya eme ihe maka owuwe ihe ubi.

Hasiya bụ nke ndị na-akpụ ihe n'ógbè ahụ na-eme n'ụlọ ọrụ ha na-emepụta icheku ọkụ na-eji akpụkpọ anụ eme ka ikuku na-afụ. A na-eme ka Hasiya sie ike site na ịfụcha ọnụ ya na nkume dị nro ma ọ bụ weghachite ya na onye na-akpụ ihe. A na-emekarị ka Hasiya sie ike n'oge mmalite oge owuwe ihe ubi.

A na-akpọ Hasiya buru ibu Khurpa (ma ọ bụ Khoorpa) ebe usoro ahụ anaghị apụta ìhè, ọ dị arọ karịa ma jiri ya bepụ alaka osisi na akwụkwọ (maka nri anụmanụ), bepụ anụ wdg. Nepali Khukuri a ma ama bụkwa ụdị mma owuwe ihe ubi ebe usoro ahụ na-adịghị ahụkebe.

Ịgagharị Hasiya ma ọ bụ Khurpa dị nkọ ma gba ọtọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma. Ya mere, ndị Nepal na-ewu ihe mkpuchi / onye na-ejide ya nke a na-akpọ "Khurpeto" (nke pụtara onye na-eji Khurpa eme ihe na Nepali). Ọ nwere ike ịbụ osisi dị mfe nke nwere oghere buru ibu iji tinye mma Hasiya n'ime ya ma ọ bụ nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ osisi dị mgbagwoju anya nke a tụrụ gburugburu úkwù mmadụ na eriri e ji osisi mee (nke a na-akpọ "hatteuri"). N'oge ndị a, ọtụtụ ndị na-eji ogho, jute ma ọ bụ ọbụna eriri ákwà dochie anya hatteuri nke na-adịghị mfe ịchọta.

Ogwe owuwe ihe ubi nke Sumerian, n'ihe dị ka 3000BC

"Onye dị mfe" ma ọ bụ "onye nwere ezé" mma owuwe ihe ubi

Usoro ọmụmụ nke mma owuwe ihe ubi nwere ọnụ ọnụ na-agbadata na Oge Nkume, mgbe a na-etinye iberibe nkume n'otu n'otu na "ahụ mma" nke osisi ma ọ bụ ọkpụkpụ. (Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị e dere nke ọma e mechara jiri ọla nchara mee ka ọ dị nro.) Ka o sina dị, ejirila chisels aka bepụ ezé n'ime ígwè, ma mesịa bụrụ mma ogwu ígwè ruo ogologo oge. N'ọtụtụ mba dị na kọntinent Afrịka, Central na South America yana Near, Middle na Far East nke a ka bụ ikpe na mpaghara ndị dị n'ime nnukwu ala ndị a ebe onye na-akpụ ihe n'obodo ahụ ka dị ndụ ma dị mma.

England yiri ka ọ bụ nke mbụ mepụtara usoro mmepụta ihe nke imepụta serration. Mgbe ahụ, site na 1897, ụlọ ọrụ Redtenbacher nke Scharnstein, na Austria - n'oge ahụ bụ onye na-eme mma owuwe ihe ubi kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa - mepụtara igwe nke ya maka ọrụ ahụ, na-aghọ naanị isi iyi Austria nke mma owuwe. N'afọ 1942, ụlọ ọrụ nwanne ya nwanyị Krenhof nwetara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya malitekwara imepụta ihe ndị a. N'afọ 1970, otu afọ tupu e ree alaka mmepụta mma owuwe ihe ubi nke Redtenbacher na Etiopia, ha ka na-eme nde 1.5 nke mma owuwe okwu kwa afọ, karịsịa maka ahịa na Africa na Latin America. E nwere ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na Austria, n'ezie, ndị mepụtara mma owuwe ihe ubi dị nro ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. A na-emepụta nsụgharị ikpeazụ nke "agba gburugburu" ruo n'etiti afọ 1980 ma mepụta ya ruo n'afọ 2002.

Ọ bụ ezie na na Central Europe, mma owuwe ihe ubi dị nro - ma ọ bụ nke a kpụrụ akpụ ma ọ bụ ya na-arụ ọrụ (nke a na-akpọkwa "stamped") - bụ naanị ya e ji mee ihe (na n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ọ bụ naanị ya a maara), Iberian Peninsula, Sicily na Gris nwere ndị na-akwado ogige abụọ ahụ. Ọtụtụ obere ụlọ ọrụ ezinụlọ nwere n'ihe bụzi Ịtali, Portugal na Spain mepụtara mma owuwe ihe ubi n'ụdị abụọ ahụ, na ezé ndị dị na ụdị serrated na-eji aka ebi, otu n'otu, ruo n'etiti narị afọ nke 20. Falci Co. nke Ịtali (nke e guzobere na 1921 dị ka njikọ nke ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta ihe n'onwe ha) mepụtara usoro pụrụ iche nke mmepụta ihe na 1965. Ihe ọhụrụ ha, nke gụnyere akụkụ dị mkpụmkpụ (dị arọ n'azụ - maka ike - na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata n'akụkụ - maka ịdị mfe nke ịbanye) mechara bụrụ nke onye na-emepụta mma ogwu kachasị na Europe na Spain yana, n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ụlọ ọrụ dị na India nabatara.

Ojiji

N'ime oghere nke mma ahụ dị nkọ, nke mere na onye ọrụ ahụ nwere ike ịdọrọ ma ọ bụ tụgharịa ya na ala nke ihe ọkụkụ ahụ, na-ejide ogwe osisi ndị dị na oghere ahụ ma na-ebipụ ha n'otu oge ahụ. Enwere ike ijide ihe a ga-ebi n'ime ụyọkọ n'aka nke ọzọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ mgbe a na-ewe ihe ubi), jiri osisi jide ya, ma ọ bụ hapụ ya n'efu. Mgbe ejide ya n'ìgwè, ọrụ mma owuwe ihe ubi na-abụkarị n'ebe onye ọrụ nọ (site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri maka onye ọrụ aka nri), mana mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe n'efu, a na-agbanwekarị mma owuwe osisi ahụ n'ụzọ dị iche. Aha mkparịta ụka / mpaghara ndị ọzọ maka otu ngwá ọrụ ahụ bụ: ahịhịa, nkò swap, nkò rip, nkò slash, nkò owuwe ihe ubi, nkò brishing ma ọ bụ nkò akpa.

A na-eji mma owuwe ihe ubi eme ihe maka owuwe ihe ọṅụṅụ, a na-ejide ntị n'aka dị iche iche dị ka akọwapụtara n'elu. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, a na-eji mma bepụ ahịhịa ahụ. Oats na barley n'aka nke ọzọ bụ nanị ihe a na-akpụ akpụ. Ihe kpatara nke a bụ na ahịhịa ọka wit, n'adịghị ka nke oats ma ọ bụ ọka bali, nke ahịhịhịa ya dị nro dị mma naanị maka ihe ndina ma ọ bụ nri, bụ ihe ọkụkụ bara uru, nke a na-eji maka ahịhụ, na itinye ya n'okpuru ihe a ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-abaghị uru maka nzube a.

A na-eme ka mma ogwu nke ụdị mma ogwu maka ịkpụ ahịhịa mgbe ụfọdụ, nke pụtara na a na-etinye ha n'okpuru site na aka, nke na-eme gore ọ dịkwuo mfe idebe mma ogwu ahụ nso n'ala. Akpịrịkpa eji eme ihe owuwe ihe ubi anaghị aba uru site na njirimara a n'ihi na anaghị egbutu ọka dị nso n'elu ala. Kama nke ahụ, ihe na-eme ka ìgwè nke ikpeazụ a dị iche bụ akụkụ ha na-adịkarị (ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị mgbe niile).

Akpụkpọ anụ nke a na-eji eme ihe mgbe niile iji bepụ mkpụrụ ọka silica nke ihe ọkụkụ na-enweta akara na-egbuke egbuke, ma ọ bụ akara nkwarụ.

Dị ka ngwá agha

Dị ka ngwá ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ, enwere ike iji mma owuwe ihe ubi mee ihe dị ka ngwá agha a na-eme na mberede. Ihe atụ gụnyere kusarigama na kama nke Japan, mma ọkụkọ nke China, na makraka nke Ndị Zande nke ugwu etiti Africa. Paulus Hector Mair, onye dere Akwụkwọ ntuziaka agha nke German Renaissance nwekwara isi banyere ịlụ ọgụ na mma owuwe ihe ubi. Ọ na-ewu ewu karịsịa na nkà ọgụ nke Malaysia, Indonesia na Philippines. N'Indonesia, a na-ejikọkarị mma owuwe ihe ubi a maara dị ka celurit ma ọ bụ clurit na Ndị Madurese, nke a na-eji maka ịlụ ọgụ na dịka ngwá ọrụ ụlọ.

Ojiji ndị ọzọ

Hammer na sickle bụ ihe nnọchianya nke ndị Kọmunist na-anọchite anya ịdị n'otu nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ, njikọ dị n'etiti ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ obodo. E bu ụzọ gbanwee ya n'oge mgbanwe Russia, hama na-anọchite anya ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ, na mma owuwe ihe ubi na-anọchi anya ndị ọrụ ugbo / ndị ọrụ ugbe.
Ihe nnọchianya nke Grim Reaper, onye a na-egosi mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka onye na-ebu mma agha kama iji mma agha ọdịnala.
Tacitus na-akọ na a na-eji mma owuwe ihe ubi ọla edo eme ihe na ememe Druidic.
Akwụkwọ mpịakọta nke Paulus Hector Mair Dresd. C 93 gụnyere ngalaba gbasara itinye mma agha.
Ogwe atọ (ma ọ bụ abụọ) a na-ejikọta ọnụ bụ baajị heraldic nke Ezinụlọ Hungerford nke oge ochie. Hụkwa Hungerford knot.

Nkwado akpa

Ngwunye akpa, ngwunye akara, ngwoke fagging, ngwotu owuwe ihe ubi ma ọ bụ ngwunye rip, bụ nnukwu mma owuwe ihe onwunwe nke na-enwekarị aka offset ka mkpịsị aka onye ọrụ ghara imetụ ala aka. Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Oxford na-enye nkọwa nke okwu ahụ na akpa, ma ọ bụ baajị, dị ka ịkpụ ọka site n'aka. Mma agha ahụ dị arọ karịa nke mma owuwe ihe ubi nkịtị ma na-enweghị mma agha. Ọ na-abụkarị ihe dị ka 40 in) n'obosara na oghere oghere oghe nke dị ihe dị ka 45 cm (18 in) n"obosara. Ọ malitere site na mma owuwe ihe ubi n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Britain n'etiti na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19, ma jiri mma owuwe okwu dochie ya, mgbe e mesịrị site na igwe owuwe ihe nketa na mgbe e mesịrị. A ka na-eji ya eme ihe mgbe a gbagọrọ ọka ahụ ma ọ bụ mee ka ọ dị larịị na onye na-ewe ihe ubi enweghị ike ịkpụcha n'emeghị ka ọka ahụ daa na ntị ma mebie ihe ọkụkụ ahụ.

A na-ejikwa ya mee ihe n'ọnọdụ nko bean ma ọ bụ nko pea maka ịkpụ ọka na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a na-eji maka nri anụ na ihe ndina maka anụ ụlọ.

Mgbe ụfọdụ a na-agbagwoju ya anya na billhook dị arọ ma kwụ ọtọ nke a na-eji egbutu osisi ma ọ bụ na-etinye mgbidi. Ọ bụ ezie na mma nkò ma ọ bụ nkò nkò dị arọ iji wepụ ihe na-eto eto kama, kwuo, ịkpụchasị maka ịkpụcha mgbidi, ọ bụghị ike iji bepụ ihe osisi nke e ji nko osisi siri ike, nke yiri ya, ma na-ejide ogologo oge. A na-eji ọtụtụ ọdịiche dị iche iche n'ụdị mma mee ihe n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke England ma mara ya n'okpuru aha dị iche iche. Mmekọrịta chiri anya ya na ọdịdị na ojiji ya bụ nko ahịhịa na nko owuwe ihe ubi.

Hụkwa

Aruval, ngwá egwú India yiri billhook
Billhook, ụdị mma owuwe ihe ubi a na-eji egbutu ogwe osisi
Ogwe brush
Kaiser blade ma ọ bụ sling blade
Kama
Machete
Scythe
Hammer na sickle, ihe nnọchianya na ọchịchị Kọmunist
Harpe, ogologo mma owuwe ihe ubi nke ndị Gris ma ọ bụ ndị Rom
Khopesh, mma owuwe ihe ubi ma ọ bụ mma owuwe okwu nke Ijipt dị ka ngwá agha

Ebem si dee

↑ Banning (1998). "The Neolithic Period: Triumphs of Architecture, Agriculture, and Art". Near Eastern Archaeology 61 (4): 188–237. DOI:10.2307/3210656.
↑ Unger-Hamilton (1989). "The Epi-Palaeolithic Southern Levant and the Origins of Cultivation". Current Anthropology 30 (1): 88–103. DOI:10.1086/203718.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Heizer (1951). "The Sickle in Aboriginal Western North America". American Antiquity 16 (3): 247–252. DOI:10.2307/276785.
↑ Works (1987). "Aguaruna Agriculture in Eastern Peru". Geographical Review 77 (3): 343–358. DOI:10.2307/214125.
↑ Bhattarai (2016-10-26). "Work-related injuries among farmers: a cross-sectional study from rural Nepal". Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology 11 (1): 48. DOI:10.1186/s12995-016-0137-2. ISSN 1745-6673. PMID 27800010.

[Banning-E.B.-1] Banning (1998). "The Neolithic Period: Triumphs of Architecture, Agriculture, and Art". Near Eastern Archaeology 61 (4): 188–237. DOI:10.2307/3210656.

[2] Unger-Hamilton (1989). "The Epi-Palaeolithic Southern Levant and the Origins of Cultivation". Current Anthropology 30 (1): 88–103. DOI:10.1086/203718.

[Heizer-Robert-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Heizer (1951). "The Sickle in Aboriginal Western North America". American Antiquity 16 (3): 247–252. DOI:10.2307/276785.

[Works-Martha-4] Works (1987). "Aguaruna Agriculture in Eastern Peru". Geographical Review 77 (3): 343–358. DOI:10.2307/214125.

[5] Bhattarai (2016-10-26). "Work-related injuries among farmers: a cross-sectional study from rural Nepal". Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology 11 (1): 48. DOI:10.1186/s12995-016-0137-2. ISSN 1745-6673. PMID 27800010.

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