Ọrịa a na-amaghị ihe kpatara ya

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ

Villitis nke anamaghi nke enwere Ike ikpo chronic villitis, but mmeru ahu nke placenta. VUE bu onodu inflammation nke gunyere chronic villi(placenta villi).

VUE bu onodu na puta kari ihe nke but Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). IUGR gunyere mgbe NWA e bu na afo anaghi eto ohuma, NWA inwu na afo, NWA ipu na afo na imu NWA mgbe oge n'erubeghi.

VUE bụ mmerụ ahụ a na-ahụkarị nke a na-akọwa site na ọzịza na placental chorionic villi. A na-egosikwa VUE site na mbufe nke lymphocytes nne gafee Placenta.[1]

A na-achọpụta VUE na placentas 7-10% na ime ime. Ihe dị ka 80% nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa VUE nọ na placentas (ihe karịrị izu 37 nke ime). A ga-enyocha onye na-arịa ọrịa VUE n'ime placenta na-erughị izu 32 maka ọrịa villitis na-efe efe.[2]

Mmalite nke ọrịa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mkpụrụ ndụ na-afụ ụfụ nke sitere n'aka nne nwere ike ịnweta stoma villous foetal n'ọtụtụ ụzọ:

Enwere ike imebi ihe mgbochi trophoblast. N'ime ọnwa atọ nke atọ, eriri syncytial (ìgwè nucleated nke e guzobere na syncytiotrophoblast) na-agbaji [3] ma na-agbapụ site na placental villi. Ihe na-agbapụta nwere ike iwepụ stroma villous. Ihe mgbochi ahụ nwere ike imebi ma ọ bụ site na thrombosis foetal ma ọ bụ mmebi ischemic site na ọrịa obi nne. Necrosis nke syncytiotrophoblasts efere ike ibilite n'ihi ịrụ ọrụ nke ihe ndị na-eme ka ọbara kpụkọọ, usoro mgbakwunye ma ọ bụ platelets site na antibodies ma ọ bụ antiphospholipids.[4]

Enwere ike ime syncytiotrophoblasts iji gosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ na-arapara n'ahụ (intracellular adhesion molecule 1, E-selectin) na VUE, ọ bụ ezie na n'ọnọdụ nkịtị anaghị egosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ na'arapara n"ahụ.[5]

Mkpụrụ ndụ lymphocytes nke nne nwere ike ịbanye na stroma nwa ọhụrụ site na ịgafe ihe mgbochi trophoblastic villous site na villi na-ejikọta. Villi na-ejikọta ya na-efunahụ okpokoro epithelial syncytiotrophoblast na-aga n'ihu ka villi na-etolite n'ime trophoblasts na-awakpo site na usoro mmepe nke placenta. Ihe na-egbu egbu, IL-15, maka CD8+ memory T-cell na-egosipụta site na decidual stromal cells. Ahịa nke lymphocytes nne na-emeghachi omume na antigen na deciduitis na-adịghị ala ala nwere ike ịmalite ma banye site na decidua.[6][7]

VUE is a T-cell mediated, CD8+ dominating inflammatory reaction. VUE develops in the foetal fibrovasculature stroma of the placenta villi usually towards the end of pregnancy (term placentas).[2] The lymphocytes in VUE are of maternal origin. VUE is a host-derived inflammatory response happening within a donor allograft tissue. The non-T-cell component of the inflammatory infiltrate originates both from the maternal and placental side. Majority of the antigen-presenting cells were Hofbauer cells (macrophages) were of foetal origin.[8][9] Perivillous monocyte-macrophages and histiocytic giant cells were of maternal origin.[10] Foetal macrophages in VUE proliferate and are activated as a result of the up-regulation of MHC class 2 antigen expression.[11][12][13] Examination of a male placenta with VUE demonstrated that 11.2% of the intravillous CD3+ lymphocytes were foetal, and 88.8% were maternal. Macrophages, intervillous lymphocytes, multinucleated giant cells were maternal; 10.5% of intravillous CD68+ cells and 96.4% of perivillous CD68+ cells were maternal. Lymphocytes were predominantly maternal T-cells.[10] Maternal cells can enter the placental villi and the foetus as well.[14]

Nnyocha[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

VUE nwere ike ịbụ ụdị abụọ, obere villitis na-adịghị ala ma ọ bụ villitis na'elu.Obere ogo villitis na-adịghị ala na-agụnye ihe na-erughị 10 villi nwere lymphocytes. Obere ogo villitis na-adịghị ala nwere ike ịbụ ma ọ bụ focal ma ọ bụ multifocal. Focal etinyela villi na naanị otu slide iko, ebe multifocal etinyela villii na ọ dịkarịa ala slides abụọ. Ọrịa villitis na-adịghị ala ala nwere ihe karịrị 10 na-afụ ụfụ kwa anya. A na-ekewa villitis na-adịghị ala ala dị elu n'ime diffuse na patchy. A na-eji okwu patchy eme ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ihe na-erughị 30% nke villi distal metụtara. A na-eji okwu diffuse eme ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ihe karịrị 30% nke villi distal metụtara.   [citation needed]

VUE nwere usoro abụọ dị iche iche. Ihe dị ka 50% nke ikpe ndị ahụ na-emetụta naanị villi dịpụrụ adịpụ (villi dị n'etiti na nke ikpeazụ) ma ọ naghị agụnye villi dị nso, villi na-ejikọta na plati basal, na plati chorionic. Usoro nke abụọ a na-ahụkarị (ihe dị ka 30% nke ikpe VUE) na-agụnye proximal stem villi (na ikekwe chorionic plate) na distal villi na-abụkarị. Ụdị VUE a nwere njikọ na mmerụ ahụ obtrusive vascular obtrusive (Obliterative Foetal Vasculopathy).[2][15]

VUE enweghị ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà ndị a kapịrị ọnụ na-atụ aro nchọpụta; mana nyocha nke filtrate inflammatory nwere ike inye aka na nchọpụta.[2]Ihe mejupụtara inflammatory infiltrate na VUE na ọkwa mkpụrụ ndụ bụ macrophages na lymphocytes. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ dịgasị iche site na ikpe. lymphocytes ndị dị na VUE bụ CD8+ T-cell mgbe ahụ CD4. A na-enwekarị oke nke 0.1 na 0.5 maka CD4/CD8.[16][17] Macrophages ndị dị ebe ahụ bụ Mac387-, CD68 na HAM56+ sochiri. Class 2 isi histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens na macrophages na-achịkwa na saịtị VUE. Neutrophils ekwesịghị ịnọ na saịtị VUE. VUE bụ ọnọdụ na-emetụta ọzịza ọ bụghị ibute ọrịa. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke neutrophils dị na villitis na-efe efe ọ bụghị VUE.[1][13]

Ọrịa Ọrịa Na-egbu Ọrịa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ụzọ Histomorphologically, a na-akọwa VUE site na infiltrate lymphocytic nke chorionic villi na-enweghị ihe ngosi. Plasma cells kwesịrị ịghara ịdị; ọnụnọ nke plasma cells na-egosi na ọ na-ebute ọrịa, dịka CMV.   [citation needed]

  • Intermed. mag.
    N'etiti. mag.
  • High mag.
    Nnukwu ihe.

Nnyocha dị iche iche[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-ejikarị VUE eme ihe na villitis na-efe efe. Enwere ike ịmata ha site na njirimara ndị a: Enweghị ihe ịrịba ama nke ibute ọrịa na nne ma ọ bụ nwa ọhụrụ nwere VUE. Villi na-efe efe nwere ma ọrịa nne na nwa e bu n'afọ. VUE bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị karịa ọrịa villitis na-efe efe; ọrịa villitis nwere ọrịa dị na ihe dịka 1-4 ọmụmụ kwa 1000 ọmụmụ. VUE dị na ihe dịka ọmụmụ 76-136 kwa ọmụmụ 1000. VUE na-eme na okwu placenta, na ngwụcha ọnwa atọ nke atọ ime. Ọrịa na-efe efe na-eme na mbido nke atọ ruo nke abụọ nke afọ ime. Mmetụta na-efe efe na-agụnye akụkụ ka ukwuu nke placenta (ụdọ umbilical, plate chorionic, membrane) ma e jiri ya tụnyere VUE (terminal na stem villi). N'ihe gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-akọwa VUE na lymphocytes karịa villitis na-efe efe. Nlaghachi nke ọrịa villitis na-efe efe bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe. VUE nwere 10% ruo 15% ugboro ugboro.[2]

Mgbochi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Amata beghi mgbochi Oria nke VUE, mana ana ekwu n'obu Oria malitere na Treponema pallidum, Toxoplasma gondi, and cytomegalovirus .[2]

Ọrịa na-efe efe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na New Zealand VUE putara ihe na Caucasians Karia na Maori nakwa Asian. Obu umunwaanyi buru ibu na enweta Oria VUE; nke enwere Ike i malite Maka placenta di ukwu, ya bu nwanyi e nwe villous macrophages nke ukwu ga eme ka antigen putara nu di ukwu nkea bia Mee ka onye ahu new Oria VUE .[18]

  1. ↑ (2013) "The immunological basis of villitis of unknown etiology – Review". Placenta 34 (10): 846–55. DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2013.07.002. PMID 23891153. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Redline (Oct 2007). "Villitis of unknown etiology: noninfectious chronic villitis in the placenta.". Hum Pathol 38 (10): 1439–46. DOI:10.1016/j.humpath.2007.05.025. PMID 17889674.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pmid17889674" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ Webster (2016). Embryology at a glance, Second. ISBN 9781118910801. 
  4. ↑ (1990) "Trophoblast interaction with fibrin matrix. Epithelialization of perivillous fibrin deposits as a mechanism for villous repair in the human placenta". The American Journal of Pathology 136 (4): 855–65. PMID 2327472. 
  5. ↑ (2005) "Syncytiotrophoblast intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in placental villitis of unknown cause". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 193 (2): 483–488. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.12.090. PMID 16098874. 
  6. ↑ (1992) "Assessment of Requirements for IL-15 and IFN Regulatory Factors in Uterine NK Cell Differentiation and Function During Pregnancy". The Journal of Immunology 188 (3): 2937–2944. DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.2937. PMID 12960317. 
  7. ↑ (2002) "IL-15 mimics T cell receptor crosslinking in the induction of cellular proliferation, gene expression, and cytotoxicity in CD8+ memory T cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99 (9): 6192–6197. DOI:10.1073/pnas.092675799. PMID 11972069. 
  8. ↑ (1995) "Maternal Cells in Chorionic Villi From Placentae of Normal and Abnormal Human Pregnancies". American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 33 (1): 54–59. DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1995.tb01138.x. PMID 7619234. 
  9. ↑ (1993) "Villitis of unknown etiology is associated with major infiltration of fetal tissue by maternal inflammatory cells". The American Journal of Pathology 143 (2): 473–9. PMID 8342596. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 (2006) "The Pathogenesis of Villitis of Unknown Etiology: Analysis with a New Conjoint Immunohistochemistry-in Situ Hybridization Procedure to Identify Specific Maternal and Fetal Cells". Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 9 (4): 257–265. DOI:10.2350/08-05-0103.1. PMID 16944988. 
  11. ↑ (1992) "Immunohistochemical Study of the Inflammatory Infiltrate in Villitis of Unknown Etiology". Pathology – Research and Practice 188 (3): 303–309. DOI:10.1016/S0344-0338(11)81208-2. PMID 1625994. 
  12. ↑ (2004) "Villitis of unknown etiology as a placental counterpart of transplantation rejection: The demonstration of cd8+ T lymphocyte and NK cell infiltration in this lesion". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 191 (6): S87. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.10.194. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 (1990) "MHC Class II Reactivity of Human Villous Trophoblast in Chronic Inflammation of Unestablished Etiology". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 50 (5): 812–816. DOI:10.1097/00007890-199011000-00014. PMID 2238057.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pmid2238057" defined multiple times with different content
  14. ↑ (2002) "Microchimerism: incidental byproduct of pregnancy or active participant in human health?". Trends in Molecular Medicine 8 (3): 109–113. DOI:10.1016/s1471-4914(01)02269-9. PMID 11879770. 
  15. ↑ (2004) "Fetal Vascular Obstructive Lesions: Nosology and Reproducibility of Placental Reaction Patterns". Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 7 (5): 443–52. DOI:10.1007/s10024-004-2020-x. PMID 15547768. 
  16. ↑ (2005) "Is the immunohistochemical study of the inflammatory infiltrate helpful in distinguishing villitis of unknown etiology from non-specific infection villitis?". Placenta 26 (10): 839–841. DOI:10.1016/j.placenta.2004.10.012. PMID 16169075. 
  17. ↑ (2004) "Characterization of Inflammation in Syphilitic Villitis and in Villitis of Unknown Etiology". Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 7 (4): 453–458. DOI:10.1007/s10024-004-2124-3. PMID 15547769. 
  18. ↑ (2005) "Placental villitis of unknown origin: Epidemiologic associations". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 192 (1): 264–271. DOI:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.06.062. PMID 15672035. 
Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ọrịa_a_na-amaghị_ihe_kpatara_ya&oldid=165801