Ọrịa geropsychology

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Ọrịa geropsychology

 

Clinical geropsychology [1] itinye n'ọrụ site n'aka ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ n'ọtụtụ ngalaba (nkà mmụta uche, ndụmọdụ akparamà mmụta uche) nke "ihe ọmụma na usoro nke nkà mmụta uche iji ghọta ma nyere ndị agadi na ezinụlọ ha aka ịnọgide na-enwe ọdịmma, merie nsogbu ma nweta ikike kachasị elu n'oge ndụ ha".

Mmalite na nkọwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị bi n'ụwa na-aka nká ngwa ngwa. N'ụwa nile, ndị gbara afọ 60 ma ọ bụ karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ ha dị nde 962 na 2017, ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị okenye na 1980. [2] [2] na-atụ anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị agadi ga-eji okpukpu abụọ ọzọ ka ọ na-erule afọ 2050, mgbe a na-atụle na ọ ga-eru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ijeri mmadụ 2.1. [2]'ụwa niile, a na-atụ anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dị afọ 80 ma ọ bụ karịa ga-abawanye karịa okpukpu atọ n'etiti afọ 2017 na 2050, na-arị elu site na nde 137 ruo nde 425. Maka oge mbụ [2]'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ, ụwa nwere ọtụtụ ndị dị afọ 65 ma ọ bụ karịa ndị dị afọ 5 na n'okpuru.

Nchịkwa na Aging na-akọ na ndị mmadụ dị afọ 65 ma ọ bụ karịa mejupụtara ihe dị ka 15.6% nke ndị bi na US na 2017, a na-atụkwa anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a ga-eto nke ukwuu. Site [3] 2007-2017, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dị afọ 65 ma ọ bụ karịa hụrụ mmụba 34%, ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmụba 4% maka ndị na-erubeghị afọ 65. [3] ọ na-erule afọ 2040, a ga-eme atụmatụ na a ga-enwe nde mmadụ 80.8 toro eto na US, nke mejupụtara ihe dịka 21.6% nke ndị bi na ya.

[4] ka Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa si kwuo, ihe karịrị 20% nke ndị okenye dị afọ 60 ma ọ bụ karịa nwere nsogbu uche ma ọ bụ nke akwara (ewepu nsogbu isi ọwụwa), na 6.6% nke nkwarụ niile (afọ ndụ nkwarụ gbanwere nkwarụ-DALYs) n'etiti ndị karịrị afọ 60 na-ekwu na ọ bụ nsogbu uche na nke akwara. Na mgbakwunye, ndị okenye na-enwekarị ọtụtụ mgbanwe na ndụ ha, gụnyere mbelata ahụike, ọnwụ nke ndị ha hụrụ n'anya, mgbanwe ọrụ, mgbanwe na ebe obibi, na enweghị nnwere onwe, na ụzọ ọnwụ ha si abịa.

N'iburu n'uche mmụba a na-atụ anya ya nke ndị okenye, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ ga-emecha soro ndị okenye rụọ ọrụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ, ya mere ndị ọkà n"akparamá mmadụ niile kwesịrị ịmara nsogbu ndị metụtara ịka nká na ọnọdụ ha. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị okenye nwere ike irite uru site n'ịhụ onye na-enye ọzụzụ pụrụ iche na ịka nká, dị ka ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa geropsychologists, ndị a na-azụ iji dozie ọtụtụ nsogbu ahụike uche na omume a na-ahụkarị na ndụ.

Ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa geropsychologists enweela ọzụzụ pụrụ iche iji dozie nsogbu ndị dị ka ịda mbà n'obi, nchegbu, Nsogbu ụbụrụ (dịka, dementia, obere nkwarụ [MCI]) nke nsogbu ndị dị na Ọrịa Alzheimer, nrụgide onye nlekọta, iru uju na ọnwụ, nsogbu nlekọta njedebe nke ndụ, na nsogbu ahụike anụ ahụ (dịka Nsogbu ụra, Ọrịa shuga, Ọrịa obi). Ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na-emetụtakwa nsogbu ọdịbendị dị iche iche nke ịka nká na ọrụ ahụike, nyocha, na iwu (gerodiversity).

Ndị Geropsychologists na-enye nyocha uche na ntinye aka nye ndị okenye na ezinụlọ ha, yana ọrụ ndụmọdụ nye ndị ọrụ nlekọta ahụike ndị ọzọ. A na-enye ọrụ ndị a na ọnọdụ dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere ọrụ onwe onye, ahụike uche obodo, ntọala ahụike jikọtara ọnụ (dịka, nlekọta mbụ), nlekọta mmezigharị, ntọala uche, nlekọta ụlọ ọgwụ, nlekọta obibi, nlekọta ogologo oge, mmemme ahụike ụbọchị ndị okenye, na ọtụtụ ntọala ndị ọzọ. A na-azụkwa ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na-arụ ọrụ na mahadum, ụlọ ọgwụ agụmakwụkwọ na ntọala ahụike, ụlọ ọrụ nyocha, na ntọala iwu ọha na eze.

Akụkọ mmalite[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na 1946, Sydney Pressey, PhD., na njikọ nke ndị na-akwado nyere aka guzobe Ngalaba Mmepe na Aging nke American Psychological Association (APA) raara onwe ya nye ọmụmụ nke ndị okenye na mmepe ndị okenye. [5] APA kwadoro Ngalaba Mmepe [5] Nká Ndị Ntorobịa na votu nke 20 na 3, si otú a guzobe ya dị ka mgbasawanye mbụ metụtara nká nke APA.

N'afọ 1946, e nwere nzukọ mbụ nke Ngalaba Mmepe na Nká nke ndị okenye na mmadụ iri na atọ bịara. [5]'agbanyeghị mmalite ya dị ala, ka ọ na-erule afọ 1952, e jikọtara nzukọ kwa afọ nke Adult Development and Aging Division na Gerontological Society na Washington, D.C. Na nzukọ a, Harold Jones, onye ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ na onye nduzi nke California-based Institute of Child Welfare, kwuru okwu na nnọkọ ahụ ma kwuo maka nguzobe nke "A national institute on the problems of aging". Ọ bụ ezie na ọ ga-abụ afọ 22 ọzọ tupu e guzobe National Institute of Aging (NIA), n'ime naanị afọ isii, Adult Development and Adging Division nwere ike ịmepụta atụmatụ ya dị ukwuu iji guzobe.

Na nzukọ 1953 nke Adult Development and Aging Division, Nathan Shock, PhD., onye guzobere otu n'ime ọmụmụ ihe mbụ gbasara ịka nká, Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, [6] gwara ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ nọ ebe ahụ ka ha tụlee nsogbu "dị irè" nke ntozu okè na ịka nkụ. [7] Nke [5] bụ nke mbụ a maara na a na-ezo aka n'ụzọ a na-etinye n'ọrụ na nke ahụike maka nkà mmụta uche nke ịka nká n'èzí ngalaba ahụike.

N'afọ 1959, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) guzobere ngalaba a raara nye ịka nká, wee họpụta James Emmett Birren, PhD, dị ka onye isi nke ngalaba a. Nnyocha Birren lekwasịrị anya [5] ọrụ akwara, mmetụta, nghọta na nghọta na ịka nká, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka onye nyocha mbụ nke oge a. Dị ka onye isi nke ngalaba na-ahụ maka ịka nká na NIMH, ọ bụ ihe enyemaka dị ka onye nhazi na onye na-akwalite mpaghara ahụ. [8] mepụtara ma dezie Handbook of the Psychology of Aging, [5] ghọrọ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke Journal Gerontology, ma mesịa bụrụ onye isi oche nke Gerontological Society of America.

'afọ 1971, Nzukọ White House na Aging chọpụtara na agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ nke ndị ọkachamara ahụike na-arụ ọrụ na ndị okenye bụ ihe dị mkpa ngwa ngwa. Nzukọ ahụ tụrụ aro [9] e mepụta ụlọ ọrụ na-eme agadi, na 1971 ka ewepụtara Iwu Nnyocha na Aging . [10]'afọ 1974, Iwu Nnyocha Banyere Ịka Nká gafere na Congress, Onye isi ala Nixon bịanyere aka na iwu ahụ wee mepụta National Institute on Aging (NIA). [1] Nke [11] bụ oge dị mkpa na mpụta nke geropsychology dị ka ngalaba dị iche iche nke omume.

Ọzụzụ ahụike na nzukọ mba[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Dị ka onye isi oche mbụ nke National Institute of Aging, Robert Butler, MD, mere ọrụ mbụ ya iji bulie agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ nke ndị ọkachamara ahụike n'ọhịa ịka nká. N'ịghọta ụkọ ohere ọzụzụ maka ndị dọkịta na ndị nchọpụta, Ngalaba Mmepe na Nká Ndị Ntorobịa, na nkwado sitere na APA na ego sitere na NIA, kpọkọtara otu ọrụ na Nọvemba 1977 iji "na-enyocha mkpa uche Nkume ndị okenye ma nye aro gbasara itinye aka nke ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ na ọrụ ahụike uche nye ndị agadi. Nke a setịpụrụ ọkwa maka nzukọ mbụ nke nzukọ atọ dị egwu na geropsychology: nzukọ 1981 na Training Psychologists for Work in Aging, nke a maara dị ka "Boulder" (Boulder) "Old, nzukọ General Conference of the General" (Bockologists for the General Conference) Na nnọkọ a, ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ malitere ikwurịta ihe ọmụma nke geropsychology na otu esi akụziri ndị ọkà n"akparamá ọhụrụ ozi a. Ebumnuche nke Older Boulder bụ "ịchọpụta ihe onwunwe anyị nwere ike iji zụlite ma gbasaa ọzụzụ na ịka nká maka ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ... [na] zụlite usoro ndụmọdụ iwu. " [12] Ndị na-ahazi Older Bould kwusiri ike mkpa ọ dị usoro dị iche iche maka ọzụzụ ịka nketa, ya mere, ha gbara ndị ọkà n"àgwà mmadụ, ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa gerontology, ndị na ụmụ akwụkwọ ume ịga nzukọ ahụ. [12]'ozuzu, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmadụ 100 sonyere na nnọkọ ahụ.

A kọwapụtara nsonaazụ nke nzukọ Older Boulder na mbipụta Psychology and the Older Adult: Challenges for Training in the 1980s [13] yana akụkọ zuru ezu sitere na nzukọ ahụ na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ọnọdụ na isiokwu dị iche iche. Nke kachasị mkpa, Older Boulder bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ dị mkpa iji mepụta ihe nlereanya ọzụzụ maka ikike maka ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa geropsychologists.

E mere nzukọ mba nke abụọ, "Older Boulder II", na Washington DC na 1992. Na nnọkọ a, a na-elekwasị anya na ọzụzụ nkà yana ọtụtụ ọkwa ọzụzụ ahụike. Nzukọ [14] lekwasịrị anya n'ịkọwa ntọala ihe ọmụma maka ọrụ geropsychology ọkachamara, na-akọwa ọkwa atọ nke ikike geropsycology: Ikpughe, Ahụmahụ, na Ọkachamara.

E mere nzukọ nke atọ nke mba ahụ na 2006 na Colorado Springs, Colorado, nke Prọfesọ Bob Knight na Michele Karel haziri n'ụzọ dị ukwuu. [15] nnọkọ a, e guzobere ụdị ọzụzụ "Pikes Peak" maka ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa geropsychologists. Ihe nlereanya Pikes Peak jikọtara ozi a maara banyere ndị okenye ma tinye ya n'ọrụ iji guzobe ebe ikike maka ọzụzụ nke ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa geropsychologists. [15] ọmụmaatụ, ihe nlereanya ahụ gosipụtara mkpa ọ dị maka mmemme ọzụzụ iji kụziere ụmụ akwụkwọ ka ha nwee ọdịiche dị n'etiti ịka nká dị mma na nke ọrịa, mgbanwe ndị metụtara ndụ mgbe e mesịrị, mmetụta cohort, ihe ọmụma n'ozuzu banyere mmepe ndị okenye, na ntọala nlekọta dị iche iche maka ndị okenye, ọkachasị nlekọta interdisciplinary.

Society of Clinical Geropsychology (American Psychological Association Division 12, Nkebi nke Abụọ)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'afọ 1993, Ngalaba 12 (Clinical Psychology) nke American Psychological Association haziri ngalaba (Division 12, Nkebi nke Abụọ) nke a ga-emesị kpọgharịa Society of Clinical Geropsychology. Emere nke [16] na mbido nke kọmitii na-eduzi nke ọtụtụ ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ mejupụtara, gụnyere: George Niederehe, Barry Edelstein, Dolores Gallagher-Thompson, Margaret Gatz, Alfred Kaszniak, Norm Abels, Michael A. Smyer, George Stricker, na Linda Teri. Ebumnuche nke Society bụ ịkwalite ahụike uche na ahụike nke ndị okenye site na sayensị, omume, agụmakwụkwọ na nkwado na site n'ịkwalite ngalaba nke ọkachamara geropsychology. Society [17]-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịkwalite na ịkwado ọzụzụ na geropsychology na ọkwa doctoral, internship, na postdoctoral, na-akwado geropsycology na iwu ọha na eze, yana ịkwalite nyocha ịka nká nke na-eme ka ọrụ ahụike mara. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Society mere emume ncheta afọ 25 ya na 2018.

Nkwado nke ebe pụrụ iche[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị American Psychological Association kwetara na ọ bụ ebe ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ọrịa geropsychology na 1997, APA kwetara na ya bụ ebe pụrụ iche na 2010. Tụkwasị na nke a, na 2013, e guzobere geropsychology dị ka mpaghara pụrụ iche na-apụta site na American Board of Professional Psychology, na-enye ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ ohere inweta asambodo ụlọ ọrụ na Geropsychologie site na Disemba 2014. akwụkwọ ntuziaka ule dị n'ịntanetị. Mgbe nyocha mbụ na nyocha dị mma nke ihe nlele, ndị na-achọ ọrụ na-anọdụ ala maka nyocha ọnụ nke nwere akụkụ atọ: nyocha nke Practice Sample, nyocha nke Professional Self-Study Statement, na nyocha nke Ezi Omume. N'afọ 2014, Forrest Scogin, prọfesọ nke nkà mmụta uche na Mahadum Alabama, natara onyinye M. Powell Lawton maka onyinye pụrụ iche na Clinical Geropsychology.

Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ APA
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Ageing 2017. un.org. Archived from the original on 2019-01-22.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 2018 profile of older Americans. US Department of Health and Human Services (April 2018).
  4. ↑ World Health Organization, (2017). Mental health of older adults.. Archived from the original on 2018-04-30.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Birren, B., and Morrow, L (1996, August). The Development of Division 20. Division 20: Past and Future Perspectives. Retrieved from http://apadiv20.phhp.ufl.edu/d20hist.pdf
  6. ↑ Blazer (2004-11-01). "Longitudinal Studies on Aging and the Development of Geriatrics in North America". The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 59 (11): 1155–1156. DOI:10.1093/gerona/59.11.1155. ISSN 1079-5006. PMID 15602061. 
  7. ↑ Busse (1993). "Duke University Longitudinal Studies of Aging". Zeitschrift für Gerontologie 26 (3): 123–128. ISSN 0044-281X. PMID 8337904. 
  8. ↑ (2000) in Birren: A history of geropsychology in autobiography.. DOI:10.1037/10367-000. ISBN 1-55798-631-2. 
  9. ↑ Eagleton (1974-05-31). S.775 - 93rd Congress (1973-1974): Research on Aging Act. www.congress.gov. Retrieved on 2020-05-15.
  10. ↑ Binstock, R (2010, March). 1974: GSA Plays Major Role in NIA's Development. Gerontology News. Gerontological Society of America. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20211102180740/https://www.geron.org/images/stories/newsletters/gerontology_news/March_2010.pdf
  11. ↑ APA Integrated Health Care for an Aging Population Project.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :2
  13. ↑ (1982) in Santos: Psychology and the older adult: Challenges for training in the 1980s.. DOI:10.1037/10557-000. ISBN 0-78370-490-9. 
  14. ↑ (1995) in Knight: Mental health services for older adults: Implications for training and practice in geropsychology.. DOI:10.1037/10184-000. ISBN 1-55798-334-8. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Knight (2009). "Pikes Peak model for training in professional geropsychology.". American Psychologist 64 (3): 205–214. DOI:10.1037/a0015059. ISSN 1935-990X. PMID 19348521. 
  16. ↑ Routh (1994). "Introduction", Clinical Psychology Since 1917. Springer US, 3–12. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4757-9712-1_1. ISBN 978-1-4757-9714-5. 
  17. ↑ About Us. geropsychology.org. Retrieved on 2020-05-15.
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