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Ọrụ ugbo cellular

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Ọrụ ugbo nke cellular na-elekwasị anya na mmepụta nke ngwaahịa ugbo sitere na omenala cell site na iji ngwakọta nke biotechnology, engineering tissue, molecular biology, and synthetic biology iji mepụta na chepụta ụzọ ọhụrụ nke imepụta protein, abụba na anụ ahụ ga-esi na ọrụ ugbo omenala pụta. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ a na-elekwasị anya na ngwaahịa anụmanụ dị ka anụ, mmiri ara ehi, na akwa, nke a na-emepụta na omenala cell kama ịzụ na igbu anụ ụlọ nke jikọtara ya na nnukwu nsogbu zuru ụwa ọnụ nke mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi (dịka mmepụta anụ), ọdịmma anụmanụ, nchekwa nri na ahụike mmadụ. Ọrụ ugbo nke cellular bụ ngalaba akụ na ụba nke biobased. Echiche ọrụ ugbo cellular kacha mara amara bụ anụ emebere.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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  Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ugbo cellular bụ ọzụzụ sayensị na-adịbeghị anya, a na-eji insulin na rennet zụta ngwaahịa ọrụ ugbo cellular na njedebe narị afọ nke 20.[1]

Na Machị 24, 1990, FDA kwadoro nje bacteria e mebere site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji mepụta rennet, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa mbụ ejiri mkpụrụ ndụ megharịa maka nri. Rennet bụ ngwakọta nke enzymes na-eme ka mmiri ara ehi ghọọ curds na whey n'ime cheese. Na omenala, a na-ewepụta rennet site n'ime ime nke afọ nke anọ nke ụmụ ehi. Taa, usoro ịme cheese na-eji rennet enzymes sitere na nje bacteria, fungi, ma ọ bụ yist emebere site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ihi na ha adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, na-agbanwe agbanwe, ma dị ọnụ ala karịa rennet sitere na anụmanụ..[2]

N'afọ 2004, Jason Matheny guzobere New Harvest, nke ebumnuche ya bụ "ịkwalite ọganihu na ọrụ ugbo cellular".[3] New Harvest bụ naanị nzukọ lekwasịrị anya naanị n'ịkwalite ngalaba nke ọrụ ugbo cellular ma nye ego PhD mbụ maka ọrụ ugbo cell, na Mahadum Tufts.[4]

Ka ọ na-erule 2014, IndieBio, onye na-eme ngwa ngwa bayoloji sịntetik na San Francisco, ewepụtala ọtụtụ mmalite ọrụ ugbo cellular, na-anabata Muufri (na-eme mmiri ara ehi site na omenala cell, ugbu a, nri ụbọchị zuru oke), ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla (na-eme akwa ọcha site na omenala cell), Gelzen (na-eme ihe). Gelatin sitere na nje bacteria na yist, ugbu a Geltor), Afineur (na-eme kọfị kọfị omenala) na Pembient (na-eme mpi rhino). Muufri na Ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla bụ ndị New Harvest kwadoro na mbụ.

N'afọ 2015, Mercy for Animals mepụtara The Good Food Institute, nke na-akwalite ọrụ ugbo na-adabere na osisi na cellular.[5]

Ọzọkwa na 2015, Isha Datar chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "ọrụ ugbo cellular" (nke a na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ "cell ag") n'otu New Harvest Facebook.[6][7]

Na Julaị 13, 2016, New Harvest kwadoro nzukọ mba ụwa mbụ gbasara ọrụ ugbo cellular na San Francisco, California.[3] N'ụbọchị sochiri nzukọ ahụ, New Harvest kwadoro ogbako mbụ mechiri emechi maka ụlọ ọrụ, agụmakwụkwọ, na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na ọrụ ugbo cellular.[8]

Ngwá ọrụ nyocha

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Ọtụtụ ngwá ọrụ nyocha dị mkpa dị na ntọala nke nyocha na ọrụ ugbo cellular. Ndị a gụnyere: [9]

Akara mkpụrụ ndụ

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Ihe dị mkpa na-efu efu na ọganihu nke anụ a na-emepe emepe bụ ịnweta ngwa ekwentị kwesịrị ekwesị. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ụzọ na ụkpụrụ sitere na omenala mmadụ na nke òké nwere ike emetụta ihe ndị cellular ọrụ ugbo, ọ bịara doo anya na ọtụtụ adịghị. A na-egosipụta nke a site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na usoro iwu hiwere maka ịmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ sel embrayo na-enwebeghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'iwepụta ahịrị sel embrayo na-adịghị edozi.. [10] [11][12]

Usoro dị mma maka ahịrị mkpụrụ ndụ maka ebumnuche mmepụta anụ azụlitere gụnyere anwụghị anwụ, ikike ịba ụba dị elu, nnwere onwe elu, nnwere onwe serum, na ikike imepụta anụ ahụ. Ụdị cell ndị akọwapụtara nke ọma maka ọrụ ugbo cellular nwere ike ịdị iche site na ụdị gaa n'ụdị[13][14]

Mgbasa ozi na-eto eto

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Ụzọ omenala maka ịzụlite anụ ahụ anụmanụ na ọdịbendị gụnyere iji serum bovine fetal (FBS). FBS bụ ọbara a na-ewepụta site na nwa ehi. Ngwaahịa a na-enye mkpụrụ ndụ ihe oriri na ihe na-akpali uto, mana ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị adịgide adịgide na ihe onwunwe dị arọ iji mepụta, yana nnukwu ọdịiche dị iche iche.[15] Ụlọ ọrụ anụ ndị nwere ọdịbendị anọwo na-etinye ihe onwunwe dị mkpa na mgbasa ozi na-eto eto.

Mgbe e mepụtara usoro mkpụrụ ndụ, mgbalị iji wepụ serum site na mgbasa ozi na-eto eto bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ọrụ ugbo cellular dị ka serum ehi nwa ọhụrụ bụ ihe ọtụtụ nkatọ nke ọrụ ugbo cell na mmepụta anụ. O yikarịrị ka a ga-achọ usoro mgbasa ozi abụọ dị iche iche maka ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ọ bụla: mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi, maka uto, na mgbasa ozi dị iche iche, maka ntozu okè.[16]

Nkà na ụzụ

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Ka usoro biotechnological na-agbasa, nnwale na-amalite ịbawanye oke ọnụ, dịka a ga-emepụta ihe ndị na-eme ka mmadụ na-abawanye. Mmụba ọ bụla n'ogo ga-achọ mmelite nke akụkụ dị iche iche dị ka ọrụ unit, fluid dynamics, mass transfer, na reaction kinetics.

Ihe ndị e ji akpụ ihe

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Maka mkpụrụ ndụ iji mepụta anụ ahụ, ọ na-enyere aka ka agbakwunye ihe mkpuchi iji nye ọdịdị. Scaffolds dị oke mkpa maka mkpụrụ ndụ iji mepụta anụ ahụ buru ibu karịa 100 μm n'obosara.  Ezigbo scaffold ga-abụrịrị ihe na-adịghị egbu maka mkpụrụ ndụ, nke a na-eri eri, ma kwe ka ihe na-edozi ahụ na oxygen na-aga. Ọ ga-abụkwa ọnụ ala ma dị mfe imepụta n'ọtụtụ n'enweghị mkpa maka ụmụ anụmanụ.

Usoro anụ ahụ 3D

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Nzọụkwụ ikpeazụ maka ịmepụta anụ a zụlitere na-agụnye ijikọta ihe niile gara aga nke nyocha iji mepụta nnukwu (> 100 μm n'obosara) nke anụ ahụ nke enwere ike iji mkpụrụ ndụ na-emepụta n'ìgwè mee n'enweghị mkpa maka serum, ebe scaffold dị mma maka mkpụrụ ndụ na ụmụ mmadụ. 

Ngwa

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Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka bụ maka ngwa nri, anụ a kụrụ akụ, enwere ike iji ọrụ ugbo cellular mepụta ụdị ngwaahịa ugbo ọ bụla, gụnyere ndị na-emetụbeghị ụmụ anụmanụ ịmalite, dị ka ísì ụtọ Ginkgo Biowork.

Nzukọ sayensị mba ụwa banyere anụ a kụrụ akụ

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  1. ↑ About. Retrieved on 2016-08-08.
  2. ↑ Case Studies: Chymosin. Archived from the original on 2016-05-22.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Who We Are.
  4. ↑ Cellular Agriculture at Tufts University.. Archived from the original on 2016-08-07.
  5. ↑ Bowie. MFA Launches New Sister Organization. VegNews.com.
  6. ↑ Crosser (13 April 2021). Cellular agriculture landscape. Fifth Industrial.
  7. ↑ Useful Resources. Cellular Agriculture Australia.
  8. ↑ Harvest (2016-08-04). Notes from the 2016 Cellular Agriculture Innovators' Workshop. Medium. Retrieved on 2016-08-05.
  9. ↑ Talbot (2008-01-01). "The Pursuit of ES Cell Lines of Domesticated Ungulates.". Stem Cell Reviews 4 (3): 235–254. DOI:10.1007/s12015-008-9026-0. PMID 18612851. 
  10. ↑ Keefer (2007). "Challenges and prospects for the establishment of embryonic stem cells of domesticated ungulates". Animal Reproduction Science 98 (1–2): 147–68. DOI:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.10.009. PMID 17097839. 
  11. ↑ Talbot (2008). "The pursuit of ES cell lines of domesticated ungulates". Stem Cell Rev 4 (3): 235–154. DOI:10.1007/s12015-008-9026-0. PMID 18612851. 
  12. ↑ Nowak-Imialek (2016). "Embryonic Stem Cells and Fetal Development Models", Fetal Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, 81–99. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4939-3483-6_5. ISBN 978-1-4939-3481-2. 
  13. ↑ Cao (2013). "Isolation and Culture of Bovine Embryonic Stem Cells", Epiblast Stem Cells, Methods in Molecular Biology, 111–23. DOI:10.1007/978-1-62703-628-3_9. ISBN 978-1-62703-627-6. 
  14. ↑ Gandolfi (2012). "Why is it so difficult to derive pluripotent stem cells in domestic ungulates?". Reprod Domest Anim 47 (Suppl 5): 11–7. DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02106.x. PMID 22913556. 
  15. ↑ Van der Valk (2010). "Optimization of chemically defined cell culture media--replacing fetal bovine serum in mammalian in vitro methods". Toxicol in Vitro 24 (4): 1053–63. DOI:10.1016/j.tiv.2010.03.016. PMID 20362047. 
  16. ↑ Agapakis (2012). "Steak of the Art: The Fatal Flaws of In Vitro Meat". Discover Magazine. 

anụ a zụlitere (nke a makwaara site na aha ndị ọzọ) bụ anụ a na-emepụta site na mkpụrụ ndụ anụmanụ.[1] Ọ bụ ụdị ọrụ ugbo cellular, na usoro ọrụ ugbo dị otú ahụ na-enyocha n'ihe gbasara mmụba nke ndị na-azụ ahịa chọrọ protein.[2]

A na-emepụta anụ a kụrụ akụ site na iji usoro injinia anụ ahụ nke a na-eji eme ihe na ọgwụ regenerative.[3] Jason Matheny mere ka ndị na-ege ntị mara echiche nke anụ a kụrụ akụ na ụba na mbido afọ 2000 mgbe o so dee akwụkwọ gbasara mmepụta anụ a kụziri akụ na ụba ma mepụta New Harvest, nzukọ mbụ na-enweghị uru n'ụwa nke raara onwe ya nye nyocha anụ na in-vitro. [4][5]

Cultured meat may have the potential to address substantial global problems of the environmental impact of meat production, animal welfare, food security and human health.[6][7][8][9][10][11] Specifically, it can be thought of in the context of the mitigation of climate change.[2]

The Meat Revolution, a lecture at the World Economic Forum by Mark Post of the University of Maastricht about in vitro meat
Vidio nke New Harvest na Xprize na-akọwa mmepe nke anụ a kụrụ akụ na ụba na "ihe gbasara ndụ anụmanụ" nke protein a zụlitere na ụlọ nyocha (anụ, àkwá, mmiri ara ehi) na-akpali

In 2013, professor Mark Post at Maastricht University pioneered a proof-of-concept for cultured meat by creating the first hamburger patty grown directly from cells. Since then, other cultured meat prototypes have gained media attention: SuperMeat opened a farm-to-fork restaurant called "The Chicken"[12] in Tel Aviv to test consumer reaction to its "Chicken" burger,[13] while the "world's first commercial sale of cell-cultured meat" occurred in December 2020 at the Singapore restaurant "1880", where cultured meat manufactured by the US firm Eat Just was sold.[14]

Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ mgbalị na mbara igwe na-elekwasị anya na anụ ndị a na-ahụkarị dị ka anụ ezì, anụ ehi, na anụ ọkụkọ nke mejupụtara ihe ka ukwuu a na-eri na mba ndị mepere emepe, [15] ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ dị ka Orbillion Bio lekwasịrị anya na anụ dị elu ma ọ bụ nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe gụnyere Elk, Nwa atụrụ, Bison, na ụdị anụ ehi Wagyu. [16] Avant Meats ewetawo azụ grouper a zụlitere n'ahịa [17] ka ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ amalitela ịzụlite ụdị azụ ndị ọzọ na nri mmiri ndị ọzọ. [18]

Usoro mmepụta na-agbanwe mgbe niile, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na-akpali.[19] Mmetụta nke anụ a zụlitere emeela ka mkparịta ụka gbasara ụkpụrụ omume, ahụike, gburugburu ebe obibi, ọdịbendị, na akụ na ụba.[20] N'ihe gbasara ike ahịa, data nke ụlọ ọrụ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị Good Food Institute bipụtara chọpụtara na na 2021 ụlọ ọrụ anụ a na-akụ adọta $ 140 nde na Europe naanị.[2]Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-enye anụ a kụrụ akụ na ihe omume pụrụ iche na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ole na ole dị elu, mmepụta buru ibu nke anụ a kụziri akụ amalitebeghị.

N'afọ 2021, ndị na-eme nchọpụta gosipụtara usoro bioprinting iji mepụta anụ a kụrụ akụ dị ka anụ.[21][22]

N'afọ 2020, gọọmentị Singapore nyere ikike nchịkwa mbụ n'ụwa maka ngwaahịa anụ a zụlitere. A na-akụ anụ ọkụkọ na Bioreactor na mmiri nke amino acid, shuga, na nnu.[23] Ihe oriri nke anụ ọkụkọ bụ ~70% anụ a zụlitere na ụlọ nyocha, ebe a na-eji protein Mọnk bean na ihe ndị ọzọ eme ihe. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwere nkwa ịgbalịsi ike maka ọnụahịa nhata na nri ọkụkọ "ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ".[24][25]

Mmiri ara ehi

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  • Perfect Day bụ mmalite nke San Francisco nke malitere dị ka New Harvest Dairy Project ma IndieBio mepụtara ya na 2014. Perfect Day na-eme mmiri ara ehi site na yeast kama ehi.[26][27] Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gbanwere aha ya site na Muufri gaa na Perfect Day n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2016.[28]
  • New Culture bụ mmalite nke San Francisco nke IndieBio mepụtara na 2019. [29] Ọdịbendị Ọhụrụ na-eme cheese mozzarella site na iji protein casein (protein mmiri ara ehi) nke ụmụ ahụhụ mere kama ehi.[30][31][32]
  • Real Vegan Cheese nke dị na San Francisco Bay-area bụ otu Open Science na-enweghị uru na-arụ ọrụ site na ụlọ nyocha obodo abụọ mepere emepe ma wepụ ya na asọmpi International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) na 2014.[33] Real Vegan Cheese na-eme cheese site na iji protein casein (protein mmiri ara ehi) nke ụmụ ahụhụ mere kama ehi.[34][35][36]
  • Formo, nke dị na Germany, bụ mmalite na-emepụta ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi site na iji nje na-agbanye.[37]
  • Imagindairy na-anwa ịmepụta mmiri ara ehi site na ihe iko achịcha.[38][39]

Àkwá

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  • Ụlọ ọrụ EVERY bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-amalite na San Francisco nke malitere dị ka New Harvest Egg Project ma IndieBio mepụtara ya na 2015. Ụlọ ọrụ EVERY na-eji ihe iko achịcha emepụta ihe ọcha àkwá kama iji àkwá.[40]

Gelatin

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  • Geltor bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-amalite na San Francisco nke IndieBio mepụtara na 2015. Geltor na-emepe usoro mmepụta protein nke na-eji nje bacteria na yeast emepụta gelatin.[41][42]

Kọfị

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In 2021, media outlets reported that the world's first synthetic coffee products have been created by two biotechnology companies, still awaiting regulatory approvals for near-term commercialization.[43][44][45] Such products – which can be produced via cellular agriculture in bioreactors[45] and for which multiple companies' R&D have acquired substantial funding – may have equal or highly similar effects, composition and taste as natural products but use less water, generate less carbon emissions, require less labor[44]Àtụ:Additional citation needed and cause no deforestation.[43] Products that equal naturally grown coffee on the chemical molecular level technically would not be "coffee substitutes" but differ only in their method of production – and hence be "lab-grown coffee".[44]

Organizations working on cellular coffee include:

  • Afineur bụ mmalite nke dị na Brooklyn na-eji biotechnology na smart fermentations iji melite profaịlụ nri na uto nke nri sitere na osisi, na-amalite na kọfị aka.[46]

Ọbara nke ụgbala

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  • Sothic Bioscience bụ mmalite nke Cork nke IndieBio mepụtara na 2015. Sothic Bioscience na-ewu ikpo okwu maka mmepụta ọbara crab. Ọbara crab nke Horseshoe nwere limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL), nke bụ ọkọlọtọ ọla edo na-akwado ngwá ọrụ na ọgwụ.[47][48]

Azụ

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Enwere ike iji ọrụ ugbo cellular mee ihe maka nri azụ azụmahịa.

  • Finless Foods na-arụ ọrụ iji mepụta ma mepụta ngwaahịa nri anụmanụ.[49]
  • Wild Type bụ mmalite nke San Francisco nke lekwasịrị anya n'ịmepụta anụ a zụrụ azụ iji dozie ihe ndị dị ka mgbanwe ihu igwe, nchekwa nri, na ahụike.[50][51]

Ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ

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  • Ginkgo Bioworks bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe ndị dị ndụ na Boston na-emepụta ísì ụtọ ma na-emepụta ụmụ irighiri ihe.[52]

Silk

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  • Spiber bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị na Japan nke na-akọwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-ahụ maka mmepụta nke fibroin na ududo wee mepụta nje bacteria na DNA recombinant iji mepụta protein, nke ha na-agbanye n'ime silk ha.[53][54]
  • Bolt Threads bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị na California na-emepụta eriri silk engineered dabere na protein a na-ahụ na silk ududo nke enwere ike ịmepụta na ahịa. Bolt na-enyocha DNA nke ududo wee mepụta usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị ahụ na ihe ndị ọzọ iji mepụta eriri silk yiri ya. A na-eji shuga, mmiri, nnu, na yist eme silk nke Bolt. Site na usoro a na-akpọ wet spinning, a na-atụgharị mmiri a n'ime eriri, dịka ụzọ a na-esi eme eriri dị ka acrylic na rayon.[55][56][57]

Akpụkpọ anụ

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  • Modern Meadow bụ ihe na-amalite na Brooklyn na-eto collagen, protein a na-ahụ na akpụkpọ anụ, iji mee akpụkpọ anụ biofabricated.[58]

Nri anụ ụlọ

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  • Clean Meat cluster depụtara n'ihi na Animals, [59] Wild Earth na Bond Pet Foods [60] dị ka ndị sonyere n'ịmepụta nri anụ ụlọ na-eji anụ a kụrụ akụ.[61]

Osisi

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N'afọ 2022, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kọrọ na osisi mbụ e biri ebi na 3D. Ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ike iji ya mee ihe na ahịa (dịka na mmepụta zuru oke na ogo).[62][63]

Nsogbu

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Ihe omume agụmakwụkwọ

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New Harvest Cultured Tissue Fellowship na Mahadum Tufts

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Usoro jikọrọ aka n'etiti New Harvest na Tissue Engineering Research Center (TERC), atụmatụ NIH kwadoro na 2004 iji kwalite injinia anụ ahụ. Usoro mkpakọrịta ahụ na-enye ego maka ụmụ akwụkwọ Masters na PhD na Mahadum Tufts bụ ndị nwere mmasị na bioengineering tunable structures, mechanics, na biology n'ime usoro anụ ahụ 3D metụtara uru ha dị ka nri.[64]

Nzukọ

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Nzukọ Owu Ọhụrụ

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New Harvest na-eme ka ndị ọsụ ụzọ na ọrụ ugbo cellular na ndị ọhụrụ, ndị nwere mmasị site na ụlọ ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ kesaa ihe mmụta dị mkpa maka ụzọ ọrụ ugbo cell na-aga n'ihu. E meela nzukọ ahụ na San Francisco, California, Brooklyn, New York, ma na-eme ya ugbu a na Cambridge, Massachusetts.[65]

Nkwekọrịta Nri na Nri Mmiri

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Nzukọ nke atọ nke Industrializing Cell-Based Meats & Seafood Summit bụ naanị ụlọ ọrụ na-eduzi na-ejikọta ndị isi na-eme mkpebi site na biotech na teknụzụ nri, na-eduga ụlọ ọrụ nri na anụ, na ndị na-etinye ego iji kwurịta isi ihe ịma aka na teknụgbọ maka mmepe nke anụ na nri mmiri.[66]

Nzukọ sayensị mba ụwa banyere anụ a kụrụ akụ

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Nzukọ sayensị mba ụwa na anụ a kụrụ akụ malitere na mmekorita ya na Mahadum Maastricht na 2015, ma kpọkọta otu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị ọkachamara n'ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa iji gosipụta nyocha na mmepe ọhụrụ na anụ a na-azụ akụ. A na-eme ya kwa afọ na Maastricht, Netherlands.[67]

Nzukọ Ezigbo Nri

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Nzukọ GFI bụ ihe omume lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwalite ahịa nke anụ dị ọcha na nke dị ọcha.[68]

Nzukọ Nzukọ Anụ Ọdịbendị

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Cultured Meat Symposium bụ nzukọ e nwere na Silicon Valley na-eme ka nghọta kachasị elu nke ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mgbanwe anụ dị ọcha pụta ìhè. [69][70]

Ihe ngosi protein ọzọ

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The Alternative Protein Show bụ "ihe omume netwọk" iji mee ka mmekorita dị mfe na "New Protein Landscape", nke gụnyere ọrụ ugbo nke osisi na nke cellular.[71]

Nzukọ Nri Ọhụrụ

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Nzukọ Nri Ọhụrụ bụ ihe omume na-elekwasị anya na ụlọ ọrụ nke na-achọ ime ka ngwa ngwa ma nye ike ihe ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ngwaahịa anụmanụ site n'ịchịkọta ndị isi. Ọ bụ nzukọ mbụ na nke kachasị ukwuu na Europe na ngwọta protein ọhụrụ.[72]

Na mgbasa ozi

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Akwụkwọ

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  • Clean Meat: How Growing Meat Without Animals Will Revolutionize Dinner and the World bụ akwụkwọ gbasara ọrụ ugbo cellular nke onye na-ahụ maka anụmanụ bụ Paul Shapiro (onye edemede) dere. Akwụkwọ ahụ na-enyocha ụlọ ọrụ mmalite ndị na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a maka mmepụta ngwaahịa ugbo cellular. [73] [74][75]
  • Meat Planet: Artificial Flesh and the Future of Food nke Benjamin Aldes Wurgaft bụ nsonaazụ nke afọ ise na-eme nchọpụta maka ọrụ ugbo cellular, ma na-enyocha ọchụchọ iji mepụta anụ na ụlọ nyocha, na-ajụ ihe ọ pụtara iche n'echiche na nke a bụ ọdịnihu nke nri. Ọ bụ Mahadum California Press bipụtara ya.[76]
  • Ebee ka hot dogs si bịa? Akwụkwọ Ụmụaka Banyere Ọrụ Ugbo Cellular nke Anita Broellochs, Alex Shirazi na Illustrated nke Gabriel Gonzalez na-agbanwe ezinụlọ BBQ ka ọ bụrụ akụkọ sayensị na-akọwa etu esi eme hot dogs na teknụzụ ọrụ ugbo cellular. E wepụtara akwụkwọ ahụ na Kickstarter na July 20, 2021. [77][78]

Podcasts

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  • Cultured Meat and Future Food bụ pọdkastị banyere anụ dị ọcha na teknụzụ nri n'ọdịnihu nke Alex Shirazi kwadoro, [79] onye na-emepụta ahụmịhe onye ọrụ mkpanaka nke dị na Menlo Park, California, onye ọrụ ya ugbu a na-elekwasị anya na teknụgbọ ahịa. Podcast ahụ na-egosi ajụjụ ọnụ na ndị ọkachamara ụlọ ọrụ sitere na mmalite, ndị na-etinye ego, na ndị na-enweghị uru na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ ugbo cellular.[80][81]

Akụkụ ndị yiri ya nke nyocha na mmepụta

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  • Ọdịbendị nri microbes na mmepụta microbial nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (dịka nke ududo silk[82][83] ma ọ bụ protein powder nke anyanwụ) [84][85]
  • Nchịkọta onwe onye nke protein osisi (dịka nke ududo silk yiri nke protein-based plastic) [86][87]
  • Ngwakọta aka na-enweghị mkpụrụ ndụ (lee Biobased economy#Agriculture)
  • Nri ndị na-eṅomi (dịka anụ yiri anụ na mmiri ara ehi)

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ Datar (January 2010). "Possibilities for an in vitro meat production system". Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies 11 (1): 13–22. DOI:10.1016/j.ifset.2009.10.007. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 De Lorenzo. "Dutch Parliament Approves Cultured Meat Tasting In The Netherlands", Forbes.com, 17 March 2022. Retrieved on 8 April 2022.De Lorenzo, Daniela (17 March 2022). "Dutch Parliament Approves Cultured Meat Tasting In The Netherlands". Forbes.com. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  3. ↑ Post (4 December 2013). "Medical technology to Produce Food". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 94 (6): 1039–1041. DOI:10.1002/jsfa.6474. PMID 24214798. 
  4. ↑ Edelman (3 May 2005). "Commentary: In Vitro-Cultured Meat Productionsystem". Tissue Engineering 11 (5–6): 659–662. DOI:10.1089/ten.2005.11.659. PMID 15998207. Retrieved on 8 April 2018. 
  5. ↑ Schonwald (May 2009). Future Fillet. The University of Chicago Magazine.
  6. ↑ Bryant (3 August 2020). "Culture, meat, and cultured meat". Journal of Animal Science 98 (8): skaa172. DOI:10.1093/jas/skaa172. ISSN 0021-8812. PMID 32745186. 
  7. ↑ Hong (May 2021). "Current Issues and Technical Advances in Cultured Meat Production: AReview". Food Science of Animal Resources 41 (3): 355–372. DOI:10.5851/kosfa.2021.e14. ISSN 2636-0772. PMID 34017947. 
  8. ↑ Treich (1 May 2021). "Cultured Meat: Promises and Challenges" (in en). Environmental and Resource Economics 79 (1): 33–61. DOI:10.1007/s10640-021-00551-3. ISSN 1573-1502. PMID 33758465. 
  9. ↑ Bryant (1 August 2020). "Culture, meat, and cultured meat". Journal of Animal Science 98 (8): skaa172. DOI:10.1093/jas/skaa172. PMID 32745186. 
  10. ↑ Treich (May 2021). "Cultured Meat: Promises and Challenges". Environmental and Resource Economics 79 (1): 33–61. DOI:10.1007/s10640-021-00551-3. PMID 33758465. 
  11. ↑ Wood (2023-04-01). ""Cellular agriculture": current gaps between facts and claims regarding "cell-based meat"". Animal Frontiers 13 (2): 68–74. DOI:10.1093/af/vfac092. 
  12. ↑ Kolyohin (2 July 2021). "Feature: Israeli cultured meat company aims to redefine industry". Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved on 2 July 2021. 
  13. ↑ Peters (5 November 2020). "At the first lab-grown meat restaurant, you can eat a 'cultured chicken' sandwich". Fast Company. Retrieved on 18 January 2021. 
  14. ↑ Scully (17 January 2021). "Hello Cultured Meat, Goodbye to the Cruelty of Industrial Animal Farming". National Review. Retrieved on 18 January 2021. 
  15. ↑ What is the most consumed meat in the world?. Retrieved on 14 October 2021.
  16. ↑ "Investors eat up Orbillion Bio's plans for lab-grown Wagyu beef, elk and bison", 26 April 2021. Retrieved on 14 October 2021.
  17. ↑ "Lab-grown fish makes a debut in Hong Kong", 29 January 2021. Retrieved on 14 October 2021.
  18. ↑ "Seafood Without The Sea: Will Lab-Grown Fish Hook Consumers?", 5 May 2019. Retrieved on 14 October 2021.
  19. ↑ Future Food - In Vitro Meat. futurefood.org (November 2018). Retrieved on 26 November 2018.
  20. ↑ Rohrheim. "Cultured Meat", Sentience Politics, June 2016. Retrieved on 26 November 2018.
  21. ↑ "Japanese scientists produce first 3D-bioprinted, marbled Wagyu beef", New Atlas, 25 August 2021. Retrieved on 21 September 2021.
  22. ↑ Kang (24 August 2021). "Engineered whole cut meat-like tissue by the assembly of cell fibers using tendon-gel integrated bioprinting" (in en). Nature Communications 12 (1): 5059. DOI:10.1038/s41467-021-25236-9. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 34429413. 
  23. ↑ Shanker. "These $50 Chicken Nuggets Were Grown in a Lab", Bloomberg.com, October 22, 2019. Retrieved on February 27, 2020.
  24. ↑ Corbyn (January 19, 2020). Out of the lab and into your frying pan: the advance of cultured meat. the Guardian. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved on February 27, 2020.
  25. ↑ Ives. "Singapore Approves a Lab-Grown Meat Product, a Global First", The New York Times, 2 December 2020. Retrieved on 16 January 2021.
  26. ↑ Muufri Milk. Archived from the original on 2016-06-09.
  27. ↑ Perfect Day: All the dairy you love, with none of the dairy cows.. Perfect Day. Archived from the original on 2016-07-24. Retrieved on 2024-07-12.
  28. ↑ Non-Animal Protein FAQs.
  29. ↑ BRIEF: Kraft Heinz's VC invests in New Culture $3.5m seed round for cell-grown cheese (en-US). AgFunderNews (2019-09-10). Retrieved on 2019-09-16.
  30. ↑ Interview: Matt Gibson, CEO of New Culture Foods. www.cell.ag. Archived from the original on 2019-12-22. Retrieved on 2019-09-16.
  31. ↑ Sheikh. "Got Impossible Milk? The Quest for Lab-Made Dairy", The New York Times, 2019-08-02. Retrieved on 2019-09-16. (in en-US)
  32. ↑ New Culture (en). www.newculturefood.com. Retrieved on 2021-08-15.
  33. ↑ Real Vegan Cheese | (en-US). Retrieved on 2019-09-16.
  34. ↑ Real Vegan Cheese! (en). Indiegogo. Retrieved on 2019-09-16.
  35. ↑ Murray-Ragg (2017-10-01). Scientists Develop 'Real Vegan Cheese' Made From Lab 'Milk' | News (en-GB). LIVEKINDLY. Retrieved on 2019-09-16.
  36. ↑ Real Vegan Cheese (en-US). Real Vegan Cheese. Retrieved on 2021-08-15.
  37. ↑ Formo - The Future Dairy from Berlin.. formo.bio. Retrieved on 2021-08-15.
  38. ↑ Imagindairy plans to cut out the cow and make milk from yeast (en-US). New Atlas (2021-01-08). Retrieved on 2021-08-15.
  39. ↑ Blood, brains and burgers: The future is lab-grown everything (en-US). New Atlas (2021-08-11). Retrieved on 2021-08-15.
  40. ↑ Under Development.
  41. ↑ Gelzen Inc. – Making sustainable, animal-free gelatin (December 2, 2015). Archived from the original on August 19, 2016.
  42. ↑ Geltor. gelzen.com.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Lavars. "Lab-grown coffee cuts out the beans and deforestation", New Atlas, 20 September 2021. Retrieved on 18 October 2021.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Nittle. "Eco-friendly, lab-grown coffee is on the way, but it comes with a catch", The Guardian, 16 October 2021. Retrieved on 26 October 2021. (in en)
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Sustainable coffee grown in Finland (en). VTT News (15 September 2021). Retrieved on 18 October 2021.
  46. ↑ Home. AFINEUR.
  47. ↑ Sothic Bioscience: Protecting human lives while preserving an ancient species. Archived from the original on 2016-07-29. Retrieved on 2016-08-08.
  48. ↑ Lampstack. Archived from the original on 2018-03-01.
  49. ↑ Finless Foods – Finless Foods. Archived from the original on 2018-09-24. Retrieved on 2018-11-22.
  50. ↑ Wild Type raises $3.5M to reinvent meat for the 21st century (29 March 2018).
  51. ↑ Home. Wild Type. Archived from the original on 2019-08-27. Retrieved on 2018-05-09.
  52. ↑ The Organism Company - Ginkgo Bioworks. Ginkgo Bioworks.
  53. ↑ Artificial "Spiber" silk is tougher than Kevlar (12 July 2013).
  54. ↑ Spiber株式会社. Spiber株式会社.
  55. ↑ Bolt Threads. boltthreads.com.
  56. ↑ Rao (May 11, 2016). Bolt Threads Will Bring Its Spider Silk Fabric to Patagonia. Fortune.
  57. ↑ Bolt Threads. boltthreads.com. Retrieved on 2021-08-15.
  58. ↑ Modern Meadow – Leather re-imagined. modernmeadow.com.
  59. ↑ Because Animals (en). Because Animals. Retrieved on 2021-08-15.
  60. ↑ Bond Pet Foods - Animal-free & Protein-Rich Pet Food (en-US). Bond Pet Foods. Retrieved on 2021-08-15.
  61. ↑ Wild Earth Announces the World's First Cell-Based Meat Developed for Dogs (en). www.businesswire.com (26 October 2022).
  62. ↑ Brahambhatt. "Science Scientists can now grow wood in a lab without cutting a single tree", Interesting Engineering. Retrieved on 23 June 2022.
  63. ↑ Beckwith (1 April 2022). "Physical, mechanical, and microstructural characterization of novel, 3D-printed, tunable, lab-grown plant materials generated from Zinnia elegans cell cultures" (in en). Materials Today 54: 27–41. DOI:10.1016/j.mattod.2022.02.012. ISSN 1369-7021. 
  64. ↑ Grant Opportunities, New Harvest. new-harvest.org. New Harvest. Archived from the original on October 18, 2016. Retrieved on July 25, 2018.
  65. ↑ Home. New Harvest.
  66. ↑ Industrializing Cultivated Meats & Seafood Summit. 4th Industrializing Cultivated Meats & Seafood Summit.
  67. ↑ International Conference on Cultured Meat (en-US). International Conference on Cultured Meat. Retrieved on 2020-01-02.
  68. ↑ Good Food Conference 2018. goodfoodconference.com.
  69. ↑ Cultured Meat Symposium Announces Cell-Based Meat Conference Planned for November 2018. KULR8. Archived from the original on 2018-10-11. Retrieved on 2024-07-12.
  70. ↑ CMS21 – Cultured Meat Symposium. CMS21.
  71. ↑ The KET Maps — FoodTech Industry Landscapes. The KindEarth.Tech Maps.
  72. ↑ New Food Conference. www.new-food-conference.com.
  73. ↑ Clean Meat - The Bestselling Book by Paul Shapiro. cleanmeat.com.
  74. ↑ Shapiro (2 January 2018). Clean Meat. ISBN 9781501189081. 
  75. ↑ Cultured Meat Future Food (8 April 2018). Cultured Meat and Future Food Podcast Episode 03: Paul Shapiro.
  76. ↑ Wurgaft (September 2019). Meat Planet (in en). ISBN 9780520295537. 
  77. ↑ Green Queen Media (30 July 2021). This Children's Book Wants To Inspire Future Cell-Based Meat Makers.
  78. ↑ The Spoon (31 July 2021). Food Tech News: Food Waste Sneakers, Cell-Ag Children's Book, and Bon Appétit's New App.
  79. ↑ Alex Shirazi | User Experience Designer. alexshirazi.com. Retrieved on 2021-08-15.
  80. ↑ Cultured Meat and Future Food. cleanmeatpodcast.com.
  81. ↑ Cultured Meat Future Food. YouTube.
  82. ↑ "Spider silk made by photosynthetic bacteria", phys.org. Retrieved on 16 August 2020. (in en)
  83. ↑ Foong (2020-07-08). "A marine photosynthetic microbial cell factory as a platform for spider silk production". Communications Biology 3 (1). DOI:10.1038/s42003-020-1099-6. ISSN 2399-3642. PMID 32641733. 
  84. ↑ Yirka. "Growing food with air and solar power: More efficient than planting crops", Phys.org, June 22, 2021. Retrieved on 11 July 2021. (in en)
  85. ↑ Leger (29 June 2021). "Photovoltaic-driven microbial protein production can use land and sunlight more efficiently than conventional crops" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (26): e2015025118. DOI:10.1073/pnas.2015025118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 34155098. 
  86. ↑ "'Vegan spider silk' provides sustainable alternative to single-use plastics", phys.org, June 10, 2021. Retrieved on 11 July 2021. (in en)
  87. ↑ Kamada (10 June 2021). "Controlled self-assembly of plant proteins into high-performance multifunctional nanostructured films" (in en). Nature Communications 12 (1): 3529. DOI:10.1038/s41467-021-23813-6. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 34112802. 
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