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Ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị anụmanụ

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Ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị anụmanụ, nke a makwaara dị ka ọrụ ugbo osisi, ọrụ ugbo sitere n'osisi, ugbo veganic, ugbo na-enweghị ngwaahịa, ịkọ ugbo ma ọ bụ ugbo anụ anaghị eri anụ, nwere ụzọ ọrụ ugbo nke anaghị eji anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa anụmanụ eme ihe.. [1] [2][3]

Ndị na-akpa anụ anaghị edebe anụ ụlọ, ha anaghịkwa eji ihe anụ ụlọ dị ka nri anụ ọhịa ma ọ bụ akụkụ anụmanụ (nri ọkpụkpụ, nri ọbara, nri azụ) iji fatịlaịza ihe ọkụkụ ha. A na-emesi ike na iji nri ahịhịa ndụ na compost dabere na osisi kama.[4][5]

Ụzọ e si eme ya

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Ịkpa ugbo na-enweghị anụmanụ nwere ike iji ụzọ ọrụ ugbo organic ma ọ bụ nke na-abụghị organic. Agbanyeghị, mkparịta ụka zuru oke gbasara ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị anụmanụ ugbu a na-elekwasị anya na ụdịdị organic na-enweghị anụmanụ. Na European Union, ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere mkpali ego iji nri nri kama iji fatịlaịza anụmanụ na-adịghị eme ihe, ebe ọ bụ na a na-enye nri nri. Otú ọ dị, nri organic adịghị enye aka..[6]

Ọrụ ugbo na-emepụta ihe na fatịlaịza eme bụ nke na-enweghị anụmanụ.[7] Na United States, ugbo ụlọ ọrụ ole na ole na-eji nsị. N'ime ala ugbo niile dị na US, ọ bụ naanị 5% ka a na-etinye nsị n'afọ 2006. [8]

Ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya

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Ụzọ ọrụ ugbo na-adịbeghị anya anaghị eji ngwaahịa anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ, dị ka nri ọbara, ngwaahịa azụ, nri ọkpụkpụ, nsị, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ sitere na anụmanụ n'ihi na a na-ele mmepụta nke ihe ndị a anya dị ka ma ọ bụ na-emerụ anụmanụ ahụ n'onwe ya, ma ọ bụkwa dị ka ihe jikọtara ya na mmegbu na nhụjuanya nke anụmanụ. [1] [9][10] Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a bụ ihe ndị sitere n'ịkpa anụ, nke e mepụtara n'oge a na-azụ anụ maka mmepụta anụ, mmiri ara ehi, Akpụkpọ anụ, akpụkpọ, ntụrụndụ, ọrụ, ma ọ bụ mkpakọrịta. Ịre ngwaahịa ndị dị otú ahụ na-ebelata mmefu ma na-abawanye uru maka ndị na-azụ anụmanụ ma si otú a na-enyere aka ịkwado ụlọ ọrụ ịzụ anụmanụ, ihe Ndị na-eri nri na-adịghị mma.[9]

Ndị na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ na-eme ka Ala na-eme nri site na iji nsị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, kpuchie ihe ọkụkụ, ihe mkpofu na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, ihe akwụkwọ nri, na mineral. Ụfọdụ ndị na-eri nri na-edozi ahụ nwere ike itinye mamịrị mmadụ site na ndị na-edochi ahụ (nke na-enye nitrogen) na 'humanure' site na ndị-edozi nri, nke a na-emepụta site na ụlọ mposi compost.[9]

Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-emepụta akwụkwọ nri na-eme ihe dịka izere ime nnukwu nsogbu n'ala nke ala na ịzụlite ọtụtụ osisi n'ala. Ụdị ọrụ ugbo a "na-agụnye nkwanye ùgwù maka ụmụ anụmanụ, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ahụike mmadụ. " [1] Ụfọdụ n'ime usoro osisi ndị a na-eji n'ọrụ ugbo na-emepụta nri na-edozi ahụ gụnyere mulch, compost, osisi a pịrị apị, ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ na ndị ọzọ. [9][11]

Ugbo ndị a kwadoro dị ka ndị na-eri anụ na-eji usoro mgbochi iji chịkwaa ụmụ ahụhụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na ndị a adaa, akara ahụ na-enye ha ohere iji Ọgwụ ahụhụ [12] dịka Bacillus thuringiensis, [13] nke na-egbu ụmụ ahụhụ ọnwụ. [14]

Ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma karịa ọrụ ugbo na mpaghara. N'afọ 2019, e nwere ugbo iri isii na atọ na-akpọ onwe ha vegan organic na United States, [15] na 16,585 certified organic farms. [16]

Usoro iheomume

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2006

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  • World Conservation Union's Red List of Threatened Species na-akọ na ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị ndị a na-eyi egwu n'ụwa na-enwe mmebi ebe obibi n'ihi mmepụta anụ ụlọ nke a na-eme site na ọrụ ugbo anụmanụ.[17]
  • Center for Science in the Public Interest wepụtara arụmụka isii maka nri ahịhịa ahịhịhịa "na-eduga na obere nsị nri, mmetọ mmiri, mmetụ ikuku, okpomọkụ ụwa" [17]

2016

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  • Nnyocha e bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ Nature Communications chọpụtara na nri vegan nwere ojiji kachasị mma ma bụrụ naanị ụzọ isi nye ndị bi n'ụwa nri ka ọ na-erule afọ 2050.[18]
  • The World Resources Institute bipụtara akụkọ ahụ: Shifting Diets for a Sustainable Food Future nke gosipụtara na ọ bụrụ na ndị mmadụ na-eri anụ na mmiri ara ehi buru ibu gbanwere na nri na-eri ihe ọkụkụ nwere ike belata nrụgide ọrụ ugbo na gburugburu ebe obibi.[19]

2017

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  • Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na Mahadum nke Edinburgh na-achọpụta na ịzụ anụmanụ bụ isi ihe na-akpata ihe oriri furu efu n'ihi na ọ bụ ya kpatara ọnwụ kachasị nke ihe ọkụkụ niile a na-ewe n'ụwa (40%) n'ihi oriri nke abụọ.[20][21]
  • Magazin Forbes na-ebipụta nchịkọta nke ihe ịga nke ọma azụmaahịa vegan na nke osisi na-adịbeghị anya na-ekwu na ndụ vegan na-aghọwanye ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ihi mmetụta dị mma ya na nkwado.[22]

2018

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  • Nnyocha e bipụtara na Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences chọpụtara na mgbanwe vegan ga-eme ka nri US jiri otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ mụbaa, na-ewepụ ihe niile furu efu n'ihi nri furu efu ma na-enye ndị America niile nri yana ihe dịka 390,000,000 ọzọ.[23]
  • Nnyocha Harvard chọpụtara na ịmegharị mmepụta anụ ehi niile na US gaa n'ebe ịta nri, usoro nri ahịhịa ga-achọ 30% ehi karịa, mụbaa ikuku methane nke anụ ehi site na 43%, ọ ga-achọkwa ala karịa ka ọ dị.[24]

2019

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Anụ ụlọ na United States na-emepụta 230,000 pound nke nsị kwa sekọnd, nitrogen sitere na ihe mkpofu ndị a na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ ammonia na nitrates nke na-abanye n'ime ala na mmiri dị n'elu na-akpata mmetọ nke olulu mmiri, osimiri na iyi. Compost tozuru etozu nke sitere na osisi, nke a na-eji n'ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị anụmanụ, nwere ike belata leaching nke nitrate nke na-eduga n'imeziwanye ogo mmiri dị n'okpuru ala ma na-egbochi eutrophication nke mmiri dị n"elu.[25]

Ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị anụmanụ nwere ikike igbochi ọrịa dịka influenza ịgbasa. Ndị ọkachamara kwenyere na ọtụtụ ụdị nje influenza nke na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ sitere na mmetụ na ụmụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị dị n'ugbo ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike ịdị n'otu n'ụzọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ya mere na-eme ka ha nwee ike ịnwe nje ụfọdụ. Ọrịa na-efe efe n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ na-agbasa n'ụzọ dị mfe n'ihi ịdị nso ha na ibe ha.[26] Ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị anụmanụ anaghị enye aka na mgbasa nke influenza site na anụmanụ.

Ojiji a na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a

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Vegan France Interpro na mmekorita ya na Biocyclic Vegan Network mepụtara maapụ mmekọrịta nke na-edepụta ọrụ organic vegan niile n'ofe Europe. Ndepụta a gụnyere ọrụ ugbo kamakwa ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa na nhazi, ụlọ ahịa dị n'ịntanetị, ụlọ ọrụ netwọkụ yana ụlọ ọrụ asambodo na-akwado ugbo dị ka Biocyclic Vegan Standard..[27]

Biocyclic Vegan Standard bụ ọkọlọtọ organic nke IFOAM kwadoro maka ugbo organic vegan.[28][29] Ọ bụ BNS Biocyclic Network Services Ltd (ụlọ ọrụ Saịprọs) na-enye ya, ma nye ikike maka ugbo iri na itoolu na Europe ka ọ na-erule June .[30] Ụlọ ọrụ Germany na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nyere ndị otu German Biocyclic veganBiocyclic vegan 60,000 maka ịkwalite ụkpụrụ biocycly vegan site na 2021 ruo 2022.[31]

As of Juunu 2021, 18 farms in the United Kingdom and Ireland are certified vegan organic by the Stockfree Organic label.[30] Farms wanting to obtain the label are certified by the Soil Association, and the label's requirements are determined by the Vegan Organic Network.[32][33]

Hụkwa

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  • Ịkọ ubi n'ọhịa
  • Onyinyo Dị Ogologo nke Anụmanụ
  • Ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Introduction to veganics (en). Veganic Agriculture Network (2014-09-20). Retrieved on 2020-06-06.
  2. ↑ Stock-free farming gives MPs food for thought (en). Vegan Society. Retrieved on 2021-07-23. “‘Stock-free’ farming avoids any use of domesticated animals, including animal manures and slaughterhouse by-products.”
  3. ↑ Jasiunas (2019-11-14). Veganic Farming: Food Without Manure (en-US). Faunalytics. Retrieved on 2022-08-31.
  4. ↑ "'Green manure' keeps these farmers happy", MSNBC, 2008-06-21. Retrieved on 2020-06-06.
  5. ↑ Barkham. "'We're humus sapiens': the farmers who shun animal manure", The Guardian, 2019-01-12. Retrieved on 2022-08-31.
  6. ↑ Why we are better off without animal manure (en-GB). The Green Vegans (2018-02-10). Archived from the original on 2021-07-23. Retrieved on 2021-07-23.
  7. ↑ Glenza. "Are vegetables vegan? The man taking aim at animal products in organic farming", The Guardian, 2019-12-24. Retrieved on 2020-06-06. (in en-GB)
  8. ↑ MacDonald. Manure Use for Fertilizer and for Energy: Report to Congress (en). www.ers.usda.gov. Retrieved on 2021-01-06.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Growing without cruelty - the vegan organic approach. The Vegan Society. Archived from the original on 2011-11-04. Retrieved on 2011-11-20.
  10. ↑ Schmutz (2017). "Vegan organic horticulture – standards, challenges, socio-economics and impact on global food security". Acta Horticulturae (1164): 475–484. DOI:10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1164.62. ISSN 0567-7572. Retrieved on 2021-07-28. 
  11. ↑ "Composing Woodchips". Veganorganic.net. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  12. ↑ Biocyclic-Vegan Standards. Version 1.02. BNS Biocyclic Network Services Ltd (9 October 2017). “Only in case that the prophylactic and holistic measures taken have not been able to prevent the development of a situation critical to the crop (disease) and self-produced preparations are either not available or did not achieve a satisfactory result, the use of certain crop-treatment products as they are mentioned in the Green List can be permitted.”
  13. ↑ The Biocyclic Vegan Standard. Annex B. Green List. Biocyclic Vegan Standard 1–5. BNS Biocyclic Network Services Ltd. Retrieved on 5 January 2021.
  14. ↑ Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) General Fact Sheet. npic.orst.edu. Retrieved on 2021-01-04.
  15. ↑ Seymour (2019). Map of North American Veganic Farms. www.arcgis.com. Retrieved on 2021-01-04.
  16. ↑ 2019 Organic Survey. www.nass.usda.gov. Retrieved on 2021-01-04.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Timeline (en-US). Truth or Drought. Retrieved on 2021-03-09.
  18. ↑ Erb (2016). "Exploring the biophysical option space for feeding the world without deforestation". Nature Communications 7. DOI:10.1038/ncomms11382. PMID 27092437. 
  19. ↑ Ranganathan. Shifting Diets for a Sustainable Food Future. World Resources Institute. Retrieved on 4 February 2022.
  20. ↑ Fifth of food lost to over-eating and waste (en). The University of Edinburgh. Retrieved on 2021-03-09.
  21. ↑ Alexander (2017). "Losses, inefficiencies and waste in the global food system". Agricultural Systems 153: 190–200. DOI:10.1016/j.agsy.2017.01.014. PMID 28579671. 
  22. ↑ Fox. "Here's Why You Should Turn Your Business Vegan In 2018", Forbes, 2017-12-27. Retrieved on 4 February 2022.
  23. ↑ Shepon (2018-04-10). "The opportunity cost of animal based diets exceeds all food losses" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (15): 3804–3809. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1713820115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 29581251. 
  24. ↑ Hayek (2018-07-25). "Nationwide shift to grass-fed beef requires larger cattle population" (in en). Environmental Research Letters 13 (8): 084005. DOI:10.1088/1748-9326/aad401. ISSN 1748-9326. 
  25. ↑ The Sustainable Development Goals (en-US). BIOCYCLIC VEGAN STANDARD. Retrieved on 2021-03-09.
  26. ↑ Anomaly (2015-11-01). "What's Wrong With Factory Farming?" (in en). Public Health Ethics 8 (3): 246–254. DOI:10.1093/phe/phu001. ISSN 1754-9973. PMID 36540869. 
  27. ↑ New Interactive Map Featuring Vegan Organic Farms in Europe (en-GB). vegconomist - the vegan business magazine (2020-10-08). Retrieved on 2021-03-09.
  28. ↑ About us (en-US). BIOCYCLIC VEGAN STANDARD. Retrieved on 2021-01-03.
  29. ↑ Organic Marketing & Export Network (O.M.E.N.) / PANHELLENIC BIOCYCLIC VEGAN NETWORK (BNS Biocyclic Network Services Ltd.) | Directory of Affiliates. IFOAM Organics International. Retrieved on 2021-01-04.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Vegan farming in Europe (en-GB). Vegan France Interpro. Retrieved on 2021-06-20.
  31. ↑ Stöcker (2021-03-11). Transformation des Ernährungssystems durch Entwicklung und Erhöhung des Beitrags des biozyklisch-veganen Anbaus (de). Umweltbundesamt. Retrieved on 2021-06-20.
  32. ↑ VON Standards – Vegan Organic Network (en-GB). Retrieved on 2021-06-20.
  33. ↑ Certification fees for farming & growing to Soil Association or EU organic standards. Soil Association. Archived from the original on 2021-07-06. Retrieved on 2021-07-27.
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