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Ọrụ ugbo nkwekọrịta

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Ọrụ ugbo nke nkwekọrịta gụnyere mmepụta ihe ubi na-adabere na nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti onye zụrụ ya na ndị na-emepụta ugbo. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-agụnye onye na-azụ ihe na-akọwapụta àgwà a chọrọ na ọnụ ahịa ya, onye ọrụ ugbo na-ekwenye na ọ ga-ebuga ya n'ọdịnihu. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-adịkarịkarị, nkwekọrịta na-akọwapụta ọnọdụ maka mmepụta nke ngwaahịa ugbo na maka ibuga ha n'ime ụlọ nke onye zụrụ ya. Onye ọrụ ugbo na-agba mbọ ịnye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ubi ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa anụ ụlọ, dabere n'ụkpụrụ dị mma na ihe achọrọ maka nnyefe nke onye zụrụ ya. Na nloghachi, onye na-azụ ahịa, na-abụkarị ụlọ ọrụ, na-ekweta ịzụta ngwaahịa ahụ, mgbe mgbe na ọnụahịa nke e guzobere n'ihu. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ekwenyekarị ịkwado onye ọrụ ugbo site, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịnye ihe ntinye, inye aka na nkwadebe ala, inye ndụmọdụ mmepụta ihe na ibuga ihe ọkụkụ n'ime ụlọ ya. A na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "atụmatụ outgrower" eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ na ọrụ ugbo nkwekọrịta, nke a na-ejikarị na Eastern na South Africa. Enwere ike iji ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ nkwekọrịta maka ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ, n'agbanyeghị na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe, ọ bụchaghị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka osikapa na ọka.

Uru ndị dị mkpa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-eji ọrụ ugbo nkwekọrịta eme ihe maka mmepụta ugbo kemgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ mana ewu ewu ya dị ka ọ na-abawanye n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. Ojiji nke nkwekọrịta aghọwo ihe na-adọrọ adọrọ nye ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo n'ihi na nhazi ahụ nwere ike inye ma ahịa ejiri n'aka na ịnweta nkwado mmepụta ihe. Ịkọ ọrụ ugbo na-amasịkwa ndị na-azụ ahịa, ndị na-achọ ngwaahịa maka ọrịre n'ihu n'agbụ ọnụ ahịa ma ọ bụ maka nhazi. Ndị na-eme nhazi bụ ndị isi ọrụ nke nkwekọrịta, ebe ọ bụ na ọkọnọ a na-ekwe nkwa na-enyere ha aka ịbawanye ojiji nke ikike nhazi ha. Nkwekọrịta na ndị ọrụ ugbo nwekwara ike ibelata ihe ize ndụ sitere na ọrịa ma ọ bụ ihu igwe ma kwado asambodo, nke ahịa ndị dị elu na-achọsiwanye ike. Enwekwara uru maka akụ na ụba mba dị ka ọrụ ugbo nkwekọrịta na-eduga n'ọtụtụ akụ na ụba, nke, dị ka Collier na Dercon na-arụ ụka, "kwesịrị inye maka mpaghara ọrụ ugbo siri ike karị.. "[1]

Ọ bụ ezie na a ga-ebu ụzọ were ọrụ ugbo nkwekọrịta dị ka atụmatụ azụmahịa, a bịakwara na-ele ya anya dị ka ụzọ dị irè iji nyere aka dozie ọtụtụ nsogbu nnweta ahịa na ntinye aka na-eche ndị obere ndị ọrụ ugbo chere. Nduzi nke GIZ bipụtara na 2013 na-achọ inye ndụmọdụ maka ụzọ a ga-esi mepụta nkwekọrịta ọrụ ugbo iji bulie uru dị otú ahụ maka ndị na-azụ obere obere na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe. Njikọ dị mma n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ na puku kwuru puku ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọkarị itinye aka nke ndị otu ndị ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ ma ọ bụ, opekata mpe, otu ndị ọrụ ugbo. Agbanyeghị, ihe akaebe pụtara ìhè nke ụzọ kacha mma isi nweta nke a adịbeghị.

Ụdị

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Eaton na Shepherd na-akọwa ụdị ọrụ ugbo nkwekọrịta ise dị iche iche. N'okpuru ihe nlereanya etiti, ụlọ ọrụ na-enye nkwado maka mmepụta obere onye nwe ya, zụta ihe ọkụkụ ahụ, wee dozie ya ma ọ bụ ree ya, na-achịkwa ogo ya nke ọma. A na-eji ihe nlereanya a eme ihe maka ihe ọkụkụ dịka ụtaba, ogho, okpete, unere, tii, na rọba. N'okpuru ihe nlereanya Nucleus Estate, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ejikwa ubi iji gbakwunye mmepụta nke obere onye ọrụ ma nye obere nnyefe maka ụlọ ọrụ nhazi. A na-ejikarị usoro a eme ihe maka ihe ọkụkụ osisi dịka nkwụ mmanụ na rọba. Ihe nlereanya Multipartite na-agụnyekarị mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, ụlọ ọrụ onwe na ndị ọrụ ugbo. Na ọkwa dị ala nke mgbagwoju anya, ihe nlereanya nke etiti nwere ike ịgụnye nkwekọrịta site na ụlọ ọrụ na ndị na-anọchite anya, ndị nwere ndokwa na ndị ọrụ ugbo, dị ka ndị otu, ma ọ bụ ndokwa na-abụghị nke ọma, dị ka Ndị ahịa. N'ikpeazụ, ihe nlereanya na-abụghị nke onwe na-agụnye obere ụlọ ọrụ na nke dị n'etiti na-eme nkwekọrịta dị mfe na ndị ọrụ ugbo na oge. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị a na-abụkarị naanị ndokwa oge, a na-ekwughachi ha kwa afọ ma na-adabere na ihe ịga nke ọma ha na nso onye zụrụ ya na onye na-ere ya.

Ihe ndị na-echegbu onwe ha

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Dịka ọ dị na nkwekọrịta ọ bụla, enwere ọtụtụ ihe egwu metụtara ọrụ ugbo nkwekọrịta. Nsogbu ndị a na-enwekarị gụnyere ndị ọrụ ugbo na-erere onye na-azụ ihe na-abụghị nke ha na ha nwere nkwekọrịta (nke a maara dị ka ire n'akụkụ, ịzụ ahịa nkwekọrịta ma ọ bụ, na Philippines, "pole vaulting"), ma ọ bụ iji ntinye nke ụlọ ọrụ wetara maka ebumnuche ndị ọzọ. karịa echere. Site n'akụkụ nke ọzọ, ụlọ ọrụ na-adịghị azụta ngwaahịa mgbe ụfọdụ n'ọnụ ahịa ekwenyero ma ọ bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ekwenyero, ma ọ bụ na-eweda ya n'ụzọ aka ike na-emepụta àgwà..

Ịdị adị nke usoro iwu zuru oke dị oke mkpa maka mmejuputa ihe ịga nke ọma na nkwado ogologo oge nke ọrụ ugbo nkwekọrịta. Usoro iwu dị mkpa iji nyere ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-azụ ha aka na mkparịta ụka na idepụta nkwekọrịta. Ọ dịkwa mkpa ichebe ha pụọ n'ihe ize ndụ ndị nwere ike ime n'oge nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta, dị ka iji ike eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi site n'aka ndị na-eme nkwekọrịta siri ike ma ọ bụ mmebi nkwekọrịta. Ime ka òtù ndị ọrụ ugbo sikwuo ike iji melite nkà nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta ha nwere ike idozi ohere maka nghọtahie na-esote.[2]Mba dị iche iche ewepụtala iwu na iwu iji hụ na omume nkwekọrịta ziri ezi ma nye ihe ngwọta maka ngwọta esemokwu.[3] "Ntụziaka Iwu na Ọrụ Ugbo nkwekọrịta" ka International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT) mepụtara na 2013-15 na mmekorita ya na FAO.</a> <a about=\"#mwt32\" class=\"external text\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Webarchive&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Webarchive&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20170402210454/http://www.unidroit.org//work-in-progress-studies/current-studies/contract-farming&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2017-04-02&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170402210454/http://www.unidroit.org//work-in-progress-studies/current-studies/contract-farming\" id=\"mwtA\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\">Archived</a><span about=\"#mwt32\" id=\"mwtQ\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\"> 2017-04-02 at the </span><a about=\"#mwt32\" class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"143\" href=\"./Wayback_Machine\" id=\"mwtg\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Wayback Machine\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\">Wayback Machine</a><link about=\"#mwt32\" href=\"./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links\" id=\"mwtw\" rel=\"mw:PageProp/Category\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\"> UNIDROIT - Preparation of a Legal Guide on Contract Farming"}}' id="cite_ref-9" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Contract_farming#cite_note-9 [3]][4]

Ọbụna nkwekọrịta ndị na-aga nke ọma site n'echiche iwu nwere ike ịnagide ihe isi ike ndị ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmekọrịta ezinụlọ nwere ike ịdị n'ihe ize ndụ. Ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ maka nkwekọrịta mana nkwekọrịta na-adịkarị n'aha nwoke na-anata ụgwọ ahụ. Ụmụ nwoke na-aga nzukọ na ọzụzụ mana ụmụ nwanyị anaghị enweta ọzụzụ. Ala ụmụ nwanyị na-eji eme ihe maka ihe ọkụkụ nri ma ọ bụ mmepụta azụmahịa nwere ike iwere maka mmepụta nkwekọrịta. Nke a nwere ike imetụta ọ bụghị naanị mmepụta nri kamakwa ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị. Nkwekọrịta nwere ike ịda n'ihi njikwa ọjọọ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ma ọ bụ n'ihi atụmanya na-agaghị ekwe omume banyere ikike nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ banyere ihe a ga-enweta. Nke a abụwo nsogbu pụrụ iche na mgbalị ịkwalite ọrụ ugbo nkwekọrịta maka ihe ọkụkụ.[4]

Ime ka ohere nke ihe ịga nke ọma dịkwuo ukwuu

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọrụ ugbo nkwekọrịta ga-abụrịrị nke ga-aga nke ọma. Iji bulie uru, ụlọ ọrụ kwesịrị ịhọrọ ndị ọrụ ugbo kachasị mma. Ozugbo a chọpụtara ndị ọrụ ugbo kwesịrị ekwesị, ọ dị mkpa ịzụlite ntụkwasị obi, ebe nkwekọrịta ga-arụ ọrụ naanị mgbe ndị otu abụọ kwenyere na ha ka mma site na itinye aka na ha. Iji mezuo nke a, ọ chọrọ njikere imekọ ihe ọnụ ma kesaa ozi. Enwere ike izere nghọtahie banyere nhazi ngwaahịa, dịka ọmụmaatụ, site n'inye nkọwa doro anya, dị mfe na nkwekọrịta na site n'ịhụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ndị nnọchi anya ha nọ mgbe a na-atụle ngwaahịa ahụ. Ịkwụ ụgwọ n'azụ oge nwere ike imebi ntụkwasị obi ozugbo ma a ghaghị izere ya. Nkwekọrịta kwesịrị ịdị na-agbanwe agbanwe iji tụlee ohere nke ihe omume ndị siri ike dịka ọnụ ahịa ahịa dị elu ma ọ bụ ihu igwe ọjọọ. N'ikpeazụ, n'agbanyeghị otú ndị otu ahụ siri ike, enweghị nkwekọrịta bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere. Nkwekọrịta kwesịrị ime ndokwa maka onye na-anabata ma ụlọ ọrụ ma ndị ọrụ ugbo. Ụkpụrụ nduzi nke FAO maka Ọrụ Ọrụ Ọrụ Ugbo [5] na-enye ndụmọdụ dị mkpirikpi banyere otu esi eme ka ohere nke ihe ịga nke ọma dịkwuo ukwuu maka ụlọ ọrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo. Ihe dị mkpa karịsịa ebe a bụ ọrụ nke òtù ndị na-emepụta ihe na nkwekọrịta maka ọdịmma ndị obere.[6]

Ọmụmụ ihe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

E meela ọtụtụ nnyocha na ọrụ ugbo nkwekọrịta ma ọtụtụ edepụtara na Food and Agriculture Organization's (FAO) Contract Farming Resource Centre.[7] Ụlọ ọrụ Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI) dị na Tokyo emeela usoro ọmụmụ ihe na mba ndị Eshia ahọpụtara iji nyochaa ọnọdụ maka uru ndị ọrụ ugbo osikapa ga-enweta. Na Lao PDR, nnyocha ahụ tụrụ aro na ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere nkwekọrịta nwetara uru dị elu karịa ndị ọrụ ugbe na-enweghị nkwekọrịta. Nke a mere ka mgbanwe nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ ugbo dị mfe, na-enye ohere iji belata ịda ogbenye n'ime ime obodo.[8] Nnyocha e mere na Cambodia na osikapa maka mbupụ nyochara mmetụta nke ọrụ ugbo na arụmọrụ ndị ọrụ ugbo. Nke a na-atụ aro na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eto eto na ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ karịa nwere ezinụlọ buru ibu na obere akụ nwere ike isonye na nkwekọrịta ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ezigbo nkwurịta okwu n'okporo ụzọ na-ahapụkarị nkwekọrịta ahụ, na-egosi na ọrụ ugbo nkwekọrịta enyerela ha aka ịghọ ndị ọrụ ugbe nwere onwe ha.[9] Na India, nnyocha 2023 nke Ụlọ Akụ̀ Mmepe Eshia na-egosi na ọrụ ugbo ọkụkọ nkwekọrịta na-akwalite ihe oriri nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-emepụta maka Suguna Foods Private Limited, otu n'ime ndị na-emepụta ọkụkọ kachasị na India. Nkwekọrịta ọrụ ugbo ọkụkọ na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-emetụta mgbanwe ọnụahịa, ntiwapụ ọrịa, na ịrị elu ọnụahịa nri. Nnyocha ahụ na-enyekwa ihe akaebe na ọrụ ugbo nkwekọrịta na ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche nwere ike imeziwanye ndụ nke akụkụ ndị na-enweta ego dị ala.[10]

Otu akwụkwọ banyere ọrụ nkwekọrịta ọrụ ugbo na ịkwalite ohere ahịa, nke FAO bipụtara na 2013, [11] na-ekpuchi ndokwa nkwekọrịta na Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Honduras, South Africa, Tanzania na Thailand. Ndị nchịkọta akụkọ kwubiri na n'agbanyeghị mmasị maka ịzụta site n'aka ndị ọrụ ugbo buru ibu, ihe ndị ọzọ na-abụghị oke ugbo na-enye aka na mkpebi ụlọ ọrụ na ọrụ ugbo nkwekọrịta agaghị, ya mere, na-eduga na mwepu nke obere ndị ọrụ ugpo na usoro nnyefe. Ihe ndị metụtara ala dị mkpa, ma n'ihe gbasara otu ha si emetụta mmepụta ma n' ihe ndị dị ka ikike ala, okike na mmekọrịta agbụrụ. Ndị editọ na-achọpụta nkwekọrịta na-aga n'ihu na nkwekọrịta ndị a na-eji na nkwekọ ma kwuo na ndokwa nkwekọrịta abụọ kachasị, ndị metụtara enyemaka teknụzụ na ntinye ego, nwere ike ịdị mkpa maka itinye obere onye ọrụ ugbo. Mbipụta ahụ na-atụle ọrụ nke ndị ọzọ, dị ka NGO, n'ịhazi ndị ọrụ ugbo. Ndị editọ na-egosikwa ọrụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịrụ n'inye asambodo dị mma n'onwe ha na n'inye ụlọ ọrụ nkwekọrịta iji belata ihe ize ndụ maka ndị ọrụ ugbo.

N'ịtụle isiokwu nke "ịre ahịa n'akụkụ" mbipụta FAO [11] na-akwado njikọta nke ihe mkpali dị mma na ntaramahụhụ doro anya maka ndị ọrụ ugbo. Ọ na-ekwukwa na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ego a na-akwụ iji zere mmebi nkwekọrịta zuru oke nwere ike ịdị ukwuu karịa ego a na'efu site na ire ahịa n'akụkụ, nakwa na ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike ịmụta ibi ndụ na ire ahịa. Nke a ga-adabere na nha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na ego etinye na ndị ọrụ ugbo. N'ịdọrọ n'ụzọ zuru ezu site na ọmụmụ ihe, mbipụta ahụ na-ekwughachi mkpa nke gburugburu ebe kwesịrị ekwesị. Otú ọ dị, ọ na-ekwukwa na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ enweghị gburugburu ebe obibi dị otú ahụ abụghị ihe mgbochi na-ejikọta ọrụ ugbo nkwekọrịta, ọkachasị ebe enwere ike iji mgbanwe na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta na-abụghị nke omenala. Ọ bụ ezie na gburugburu ebe obibi na-enyere aka dị mkpa, ndị editọ na-adọ aka ná ntị megide nkwalite gọọmentị na enyemaka iji kwalite itinye aka n'ime ka ndị a nwere ike inye echiche na-eduhie eduhie nke uru ma tinye nkwado n'ihe ize ndụ. Ha na-ekwukwa na ndị na-akwado echiche ahụ anaghị atụle ego ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-efu iji chụsoo atụmatụ na-agụnye.

Prowse (2012) na-enye nyocha zuru oke nke nsogbu ndị dị ugbu a na ọrụ ugbo na mba ndị na-emepe emepe.[12] Ọtụtụ nnyocha na-enye ozi dị mma banyere itinye obere ndị nwe ala na uru ha na-enweta site na itinye aka. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na nyocha e bipụtara na 2014, Wang, Wang na Delgado nyochara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ọrụ ugbo. Ha kwubiri na ọrụ ugbo nkwekọrịta enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu n'imeziwanye arụmọrụ na mmepụta ihe, na ego ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enweta.[13]N'ime nyocha nke ọmụmụ econometric, Minot na Ronchi (2015) na-atụ aro na ego ndị sonyere na-enweta ji 25-75% rịa elu.[14] A na-ewere usoro a na-atụle nke ọma na Ton et al.'s (2017) nyocha usoro nke ọrụ ugbo nkwekọrịta. Ọ bụ ezie na nnyocha ha na-achọpụta na ọrụ ugbo nkwekọrịta nwere ike ịbawanye ego ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enweta, Ton et al. na-ekwu na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị otú ahụ kwesịrị iburu mbipụta na ajọ mbunobi ndị lanarịrị. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ọ dị mkpa ka e degharịa atụmatụ ndị dị otú ahụ gaa n'ala iji kweta na ọmụmụ ihe ndị na-egosi na ọ bụghị 'mmetụta' ga-ebipụta, nakwa na ngụkọta nke mmetụta nke ọrụ ugbo nkwekọrịta nwere ike ileghara atụmatụ ndị na-adịghị emeziwanye ego maka obere ndị nwe ala na ọdịda ma si otú a ghara ịdị maka nyocha.[15]

Ụdị nkwekọrịta ndị ọzọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Iji zere itinye nnukwu ego na akụrụngwa ugbo, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ewekarị ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ ngo ka ha rụọ ọrụ dịka nkwadebe ala, ịgha mkpụrụ, fatịlaịza na iwe ihe ubi. Ụzọ ọzọ gụnyere nkwekọrịta, ma ọ bụ njikọ aka, n'etiti onye nwe ala ma ọ bụ onye nwe ụlọ na onye ọrụ nkwekọrịta ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ubi. Dị ka etinyere ya na United Kingdom, ihe nlereanya a dabere na onye ọrụ nkwekọrịta na-arụ ọrụ ọrụ ugbo niile, na-anata ụgwọ a kapịrị ọnụ iji kpuchie ụgwọ ya, yana oke nke uru ọ ga-enweta. Uru dị na nhazi a maka ndị ọrụ ugbo kwesịrị ịgụnye obere ụgwọ ọrụ na ụgwọ igwe, ebe ndị ọrụ ngo na-arụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ugbo nwere ike irite uru na akụ na ụba nke a na-ajụ ndị ọrụ ugbo n'otu n'otu. Ụdị nkekọrịta uru nke nkwekọrịta ahụ kwesịkwara ịkpali onye ọrụ nkwekọrịta ka ọ rụọ ọrụ nke ọma dịka enwere ike. Maka ndị ọrụ ngo, uru dị na ya bụ na ha nwere ike ịkọ nnukwu akụkụ ala na-enweghị ịzụrụ ya ma ọ bụ banye na nkwekọrịta ụlọ. Ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta kwesịkwara irite uru na akụ na ụba ha site n'ịgbasa ígwè ọrụ na ọrụ n'akụkụ ala buru ibu.[16]

Omenala a ma ama

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe omume 2015 nke ihe ngosi telivishọn US Last Week Tonight na John Oliver dere nkwekọrịta ọrụ ugbo maka ọkụkọ na US, na-arụ ụka na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'okpuru akara ịda ogbenye.[17]

Hụkwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Ebem si dee

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ Paul Collier. African Agriculture in 50 Years: Smallholders in a Rapidly Changing World. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved on 7 April 2014.
  2. ↑ [1] Sriboonchitta, S. and A. Wiboonpoongse. 2008. Overview of Contract Farming in Thailand: Lessons Learned. ADBI Discussion Paper 112. ADBI, Tokyo.
  3. ↑ Pultrone, C. "An Overview of Contract Farming: Legal Issues and Challenges", UNIDROIT, Uniform Law Review, 2012
  4. ↑ Shepherd, Andrew.W. 2013. Contract farming for biofuels: A literature review. Food Chain, Vol 3: Issue 3, pp 186–196
  5. ↑ [2] FAO, 2012. Guiding Principle for Responsible Contract Farming Operations
  6. ↑ Prowse, M. (2007) ‘Contract Farming: Opportunities and Risks’ ODI Opinion 87, Overseas Development Institute, London, UK https://web.archive.org/web/20240713190722/http://v-reform.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/making-cf.pdf
  7. ↑ [3], Contract Farming Resource Centre, FAO, Rome, 2008.
  8. ↑ Setboonsarng, S., A. Stefan and P.S. Leung. 2008. “Rice Contract Farming in Lao PDR: Moving from Subsistence to Commercial Agriculture.” In Making Globalization Work Better for the Poor Through Contract Farming. 2014. Manila: ADB. http://www.adb.org/publications/making-globalization-work-better-poor-through-contract-farming
  9. ↑ Cai, J., L. Ung, S. Setboonsarng, and PS Leung. 2008. Rice Contract Farming in Cambodia: Empowering Farmers to Move Beyond the Contract Toward Independence. ADBI Discussion Paper 109. ADBI, Tokyo.
  10. ↑ Gunchinsuren, E., Kiefer, M. and Abeleda, C. 2023. Improving the Livelihood of Poultry Farmers in India through Contract Farming: How Effective? ADB. Manila. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/BRF230540-2
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 [4], Da Silva, C. & Rankin, M (Eds), Contract Farming for Inclusive Market Access, FAO, Rome, 2013
  12. ↑ Prowse,M. (2012) ‘Contract farming in developing countries – a review’ A Savoir Working Paper No. 9, Paris, Agence Française de Développement, November 2011, Paris, France. https://www.afd.fr/en/contract-farming-developing-countries-review
  13. ↑ Wang, H., Wang, Y. & Delgado, M. (June 8, 2014). "The Transition To Modern Agriculture :Contract Farming in Developing Economies". Am. J. Agric. Econ. 1–15; doi: 10.1093/ajae/aau036 (Advanced Access). 
  14. ↑ Minot, Nicholas and Loraine Ronchi. 2015. "Contract Farming: Risks and Benefits of Partnership between Farmers and Firms." https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/24249/Contract0farming.pdf?sequence=1
  15. ↑ Ton (2017). "The effectiveness of contract farming for raising income of smallholder farmers in low‐ and middle‐income countries: a systematic review". Campbell Systematic Reviews 13 (1): 1–131. DOI:10.4073/csr.2017.13. ISSN 1891-1803. 
  16. ↑ English Contract Farming Agreement Survey. Rackcdn.com. Strutt & Parker. Retrieved on 4 May 2022.
  17. ↑ Rodriguez. John Oliver 1, Big Chicken 0?. OpenSecrets.org. Retrieved on 31 January 2016.
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