Ọwa anwansi
Ọkpụkpọ anwansi bụ mgbanwe na-enweghị atụ nye onye na-ekewa mmanụ mmanụ (OWS), ma ọ bụ ngwa ihe mkpofu ndị ọzọ, nke na-enye ohere ịwepu mmiri mmiri na-ekpofu ihe megidere iwu mmetọ mmiri. Mgbanwe akụrụngwa ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ikwe ka ọtụtụ narị puku galọn nke mmiri mmetọ wụpụ na-emetọghị ya, na-ebute oke mmetọ nke mmiri mmiri.
Usoro aghụghọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Enwere ike ịmegharị ọkpọkọ ahụ, n'ime ụgbọ mmiri, site na hoses na nfuli dịnụ, iji wepụ mmiri mkpofu na-adịghị edozi ozugbo banye n'oké osimiri. Dị ka ụgbọ mmiri na-achọrọ idekọ ndekọ nke mkpofu na ọgwụgwọ ya, ikpe anwansi na-agụnyekarị ịgha ụgha nke ndekọ ndị a.[2] A na-akpọ ọkpọkọ ahụ "magic" n'ihi na ọ na-agafe ihe na-ekewa mmiri mmanụ nke ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ma na-aga kpọmkwem n'ụgbọ mmiri. N'ihi ya, ọ nwere ike ime ka mmiri a na-agwọghị agwọ "na-apụ n'anya".[3] Ọtụtụ mgbe, enwere ike iwepụ ọkpọkọ ahụ n'ụzọ dị mfe ma chekwaa ya n'ebe dị iche n'ụgbọ mmiri ka ndị ọrụ steeti na ndị na-achịkwa ya ghara ịchọpụta ojiji ya. Ojiji nke ọkpọkọ anwansi na-aga n'ihu ruo taa, yana mgbalị iji melite ọgwụgwọ mmiri iji mee ka ojiji nke ọkụkụ anwansi ghara ịdị mkpa.[3]
Mmetụta iwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Na United States, ikpe anwansi na-adọta nnukwu ụgwọ maka ụgbọ mmiri, na ikpe ụlọ mkpọrọ maka ndị ọrụ. A na-emekarị ka ikpe ndị ahụ pụta ìhè site n'aka ndị na-afụ ụfụfụ, gụnyere ikpe nke afọ 2016 metụtara Princess Cruises, nke dugara na ụgwọ US $ 40 nde.[1] N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2021, a mara onye injinia ụgbọ mmiri na Zao Galaxy, ụgbọ mmanụ, ikpe maka ịkpachara anya na-atụfu mmiri mmanụ na Febụwarị afọ 2019 ma nyefee akwụkwọ ụgha na mgbalị izochi mpụ ahụ. Injinia nwere ike ịnata nnukwu mkpọrọ na nra. A tara onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ntaramahụhụ US $1.65 million wee nye iwu ka ọ "mejuputa atụmatụ nnabata gburugburu ebe obibi zuru oke.".[4]
Na usoro OWS ochie, a na-etinye ọkpọkọ na-agafe agafe na nkwado nchịkwa. A naghịzi etinye ọkpọkọ ndị a a kwadoro na ụgbọ mmiri ọhụrụ.[5]
N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ihe mberede siri ike, a na-ahapụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ka ha kwapụ mmiri na-adịghị edozi n'ime mmiri, mana ha kwesịrị ikwupụta ihe mberede ndị a n'akwụkwọ ndekọ ụgbọ mmiri na akwụkwọ ndekọ mmanụ. Mwepu edebanyeghị aha na-emebi nkwekọrịta njikwa mmetọ mba ụwa MARPOL 73/78.[6][7]
Ihe mkpali na ibu ọrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nsogbu a na-akawanye njọ site na enweghị akụrụngwa na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe; ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ nnabata ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri anaghị ekwe ka a na-agbapụta mmiri mmanụ n'ụzọ dị mfe ma na-akwụ ụgwọ nke ọma.[8] Ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, ndị injinia, na ndị nwe ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike ịnata nnukwu ụgwọ na ọbụna mkpọrọ ma ọ bụrụ na ha anọgide na-eji ọkpọkọ anwansi emebi gburugburu ebe obibi.[3][9]
N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ doro anya, ụfọdụ ndị injinia na-eji usoro njikwa ọkpọkọ anwansi n'ihi:
- Enweghị ọzụzụ
- Enweghị enyemaka n'akụkụ osimiri n'ihe gbasara ọgwụgwọ mmiri
- Enweghị mmasị n'ebe okpomọkụ dị n'oké osimiri.[3]
Ihe mkpofu mmanụ na-esi na injin ụgbọ mmiri na usoro mmanụ ụgbọala. A chọrọ ka a wepụ ihe mkpofu ahụ mgbe ụgbọ mmiri nọ n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ gbaa ya ọkụ n'ime ọkụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ kpọga ya n'ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa ihe mkpofu. N'oge ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, a pụrụ ịba mmiri n'oké osimiri mana ọ bụ naanị mgbe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmanụ niile kewara.[1]
Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ụgbọ mmiri n'ụwa niile
- Marpol Ndepụta I Nkọwa zuru ezu nke Marpol 73/78
- Mmiri nkewa (n'ozuzu)
- Mmetụta mmanụ dị n'ime
- Ngwá ọrụ nlekota mbupụ mmanụ
Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "The $40m 'magic pipe': Princess Cruises given record fine for dumping oil at sea", The Guardian, 2 December 2016. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Guardian 2016-12-02" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Magic pipe incident draws huge fine. All Business. Simmons-Boardman Publishing (1 January 2006). Archived from the original on 11 December 2008.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Kantharia (24 October 2019). Magic Pipe: The Mystery of the Illegal Activity Still Continues on Ships. Marine Insight. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "kantharia" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ First Engineer Of International Commercial Cargo Tanker Convicted Of Falsifying Records And Obstructing Justice In Scheme To Dump Oily Bilge In International Waters. U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of California (20 April 2021).
- ↑ "Carnival Cruise Lines Hit With $20 Million Penalty For Environmental Crimes", NPR, 6 April 2019. Retrieved on 2019-09-28.
- ↑ Blenker. "Bulker operator cops plea in "magic pipe" case", Marine Log, Simmons-Boardman, 21 June 2019.
- ↑ Moore. "German bulk carrier company fined $3.2 million for 'magic pipe' oil discharges", Work Boat, Diversified Communications, 8 November 2018.
- ↑ "A corrupt corporate culture", The Motorship, Mercator Media Ltd, 18 February 2013.
- ↑ Walker (19 June 2019). Caribbean Princess, Star Princess, Grand Princess, Coral Princess and Golden Princess?. Cruise Law News. Walker & O’Neill, P.A..