Ọzara nri site na mba

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Ọzara nri site na mba
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Nke a bụ ndepụta nsogbu ọzara nri na ngwọta site na mba .

East Africa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọzara nri nke Africa dị mgbagwoju anya n'ihi mmepe obodo mepere emepe, ụzọ dị iche iche ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu si enweta nri site na ahịa akụ na ụba nri na nke nkịtị, ọnọdụ ezinụlọ nke ezinụlọ, yana mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụ na ụba Africa. [1] A kọwawo ọzara nri Africa dị ka "ogbenye, nke na-adịkarịghị, obodo mepere emepe nke enweghị nchekwa nri na obere nri dị iche iche, nwere ọtụtụ ahịa na ahịa na ebe nri na-abụghị ahịa mana enwere ike ịnweta nri ezinụlọ na-agbanwe agbanwe." [1]

Nkọwa nke ọzara nri na-emetụtakarị ebe dị n'etiti ndị bi na ụlọ ahịa kacha nso. Na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, nnukwu ụlọ ahịa na-emeri ndị ahịa na ndị na-ere ahịa mana ụzọ isi enweta nri n'ime Africa agbanweela. Ụfọdụ mpaghara nwere akụ na ụba na-adịghị adị ebe ndị ahịa na ndị na-ere ahịa dị n'ime mpaghara ha bi na mpaghara mpaghara ndị ọzọ. [1] Ọrụ ugbo obodo na-arụkwa nnukwu ọrụ n'ime Afrịka ka a na-eme ọzụzụ atụrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe - ndị mmadụ na-azụ anụ ụlọ nke ha ma na-akọ nri nke ha na-emepụta usoro mbufe nri nke ime obodo na obodo. Omume ndị a dịgasị iche iche n'Afrika niile mana anaghị abawanye nchekwa nri ma gbochie akụrụngwa obodo iji mepụta ọzara nri. [2] Ndị mmadụ na-akpata obere ego ka na-achọsi ike inweta nri n'ụzọ ndị a, mana uto nnukwu ụlọ ahịa n'obodo mepere emepe ma n'ime ime obodo na-ebipụ ụzọ isi nweta nri na-akawanye mma maka nchekwa nri. [3]

N'ihi ya, ezinaụlọ ndị nọ n'otu nri na-esi enweta nri n'ụzọ dị iche. [1] Ọtụtụ mpaghara nwere ngwakọta nke ọkwa ego dị iche iche. Ndị nwere nnukwu ego na-enweta ụgbọ njem ka mma ma nwee ike ịzụ ahịa n'ụlọ ahịa nri kacha nso. Ezinụlọ ndị na-akpata obere ego na-anọgidesi ike na-enweta nri sitere n'aka ndị na-ere ahịa obodo nwere obere oge ọrụ ma ọ bụ site na ịhịa aka n'ahụ. [3] African Food Security Urban Network (AFSUN) chọpụtara na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasenti 70 nke ezinụlọ ndị dara ogbenye n'ime ime obodo Africa na-enweta akụkụ nke nri ha sitere n'aka ndị na-ere ahịa na ndị ahịa na 79% nke ezinụlọ ndị a jiri nnukwu ụlọ ahịa. Mgbe ọmụmụ ihe ndị a na-eburu n'uche ugboro ugboro, a chọpụtara na ndị Africa dara ogbenye na-eji ndị na-ere ahịa na-ere ahịa na-emekarị maka ọtụtụ mkpa ha ma na-aga n'ụlọ ahịa ịzụ ahịa buru ibu. [1]

Site na uto akụ na ụba na-enye aka n'iwu ụlọ ahịa na omume mmeghari ohuru nke obodo, a na-ewepụ oghere ala site n'obodo ndị na-azụ anụ na-eto eto ma na-ewe ihe oriri nke ha ma na-ebelata ihe onwunwe ndị na-ere ahịa na-eji nweta ngwaahịa ndị ha na-ere, na-amachi usoro azụmahịa ha ma na-ebute ụzọ. ọzara nri na Africa. [3] Usoro nri nke oge a n'obodo ukwu na obodo na-abịa na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa ma na-emebi omume enweghị nchekwa nri dị elu nke adịlarị.

Nsonaazụ nyocha AFSUN na-egosi ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche, dịka okike, ego na agụmakwụkwọ na-emetụta ịnweta nri na-edozi ahụ. [1] Ezinụlọ ndị nwoke na-achị nwere ohere iri nri karịa nke nwanyị na-achị. [1] Nke a bụ n'ihi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị iche iche n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ na-adịghị emetụta ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a, ndị ọdịda anyanwụ nwere ohere ịnweta ego. N'Afrịka, ndị isi ezinụlọ ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike inwe ụkọ nri okpukpu abụọ karịa ụmụ nwoke. Ụmụ nwanyị enweghị obere njem n'ime Africa ma si otú a na-atụkwasịkwu obi na usoro ịkpata nri na-enweghị nchebe.

South Africa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nsogbu ụgbọ njem[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Obodo ndị dị n'Afrịka na-enwe oke nkewa nke na-eduga na ndị ogbenye na-eji ụgbọ njem ọha na-eme njem dị anya, na-eji ihe ruru awa 3 kwa ụbọchị na njem. Nsogbu njem a na-akawanye njọ site na akụrụngwa okporo ụzọ na-emebi emebi nke ukwuu yana ụgbọ njem ụgbọ oloko na-adịghị mma. Ebe ọtụtụ ụbọchị na-ala n'iyi n'ụzọ, ndị Africa dara ogbenye enweghị oge iji nọrọ n'ịzụ ahịa ma ọ bụ ịkwadebe nri nke na-amanye ha ịzụta nri dị oke ọnụ, nke na-adịghị edozi ahụ, nke edozilarị site na ndị na-ere ahịa n'okporo ámá ma ọ bụ ụlọ nri. [3] Nkewa na ngagharị a na-edugakwa na ọtụtụ ndị Afrịka dara ogbenye na-azụ ahịa ihe nri n'ebe na-abụghị obodo ha. Nnyocha e mere na Soweto, Johannesburg na 2004 gosiri na ọtụtụ ndị ogbenye bi n'obodo mepere emepe na-emefu ihe dị ka pasenti 50 nke mmefu ha n'ebe ndị na-abụghị obodo ha bi. [1]

Mmetụta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nnyocha mbata na mmefu nke afọ 1995 e mere na South Africa tụlere ọnụ ọgụgụ enweghị nchekwa nri obodo mepere emepe nke pasentị 27, n'ihe metụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ ime obodo nke pasenti 62. [4] Nnyocha ndị e mesịrị dị ka nyocha nke oriri oriri nke mba nke 1999 [5] na South African Social Attitudes Survey nke 2008 n'adabereghị n'ụkpụrụ enweghị nchekwa nri obodo ka ọ bụrụ ihe dịka ọkara nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ime obodo. [6]

Nnyocha 2000 mere na ime obodo Eastern Cape, ime obodo Western Cape na obodo Cape Town tụlere ụkọ nri dị pasenti 83, 69, na 81, n'otu n'otu. Nnyocha a tụlere ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'obodo mepere emepe n'Africa karịa ikesa ọchịchọ nke ndị bi na-eji isi nri nri eme ihe n'ụzọ nkịtị dịka ọrụ ugbo na ahịa mpaghara. [3]

Ọnụ ego[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Tụnyere ndị bi na mpaghara ndị nwere nnukwu ego, ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ọha na eze dị ala (SES) na-enwekarị nri dị elu na anụ na nri edoziri yana obere mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri. O yikarịrị ka ha ga-azụta abụba na shuga dị ọnụ ala n'elu mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri ọhụrụ ndị dị ọnụ karịa kalori kwa calorie. [7] [8] Ná nkezi, nri ndị nwere ume na-eri naanị $1.76 kwa calorie 1,000, ma e jiri ya tụnyere $18.16 kwa calorie 1,000 maka nri ndị na-edozi ahụ dị ala. [9] Nke a bụ otu ihe kpatara na ndị na-enweghị ego na ndị pere mpe na-enwekarị mmasị na oke ibu, ọrịa shuga na ọrịa obi. [10]

Ụlọ nri[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Atụmatụ ịwụ nri bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke amụma ọ bụghị naanị New York, mana obodo ndị ọzọ dịka Chicago, Toronto na Cincinnati. [11] Mahadum Columbia's 2010 New York City Regional Foodshed Initiative wepụtara iji nyochaa ikike imepụta nri mpaghara nke Mpaghara Obodo dịka akụkụ nke atụmatụ iji kwalite nnweta nri dị ọnụ ala na ahụike na mpaghara niile. [12] Ụfọdụ ọrụ na-abawanye nnweta nri dị ọnụ ala dị mma site n'ịmepụta ahịa obodo, ahịa ndị ọrụ ugbo, ụgbọ ala nri ma ọ bụ ụlọ ahịa, na ọrụ ugbo obodo. [13]

Ahịa ndị ọrụ ugbo[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụfọdụ mmegharị nri na-ekwu na nri a na-akụ n'ime obodo n'ahịa ndị ọrụ ugbo dị elu karịa nke a na-emekarị n'ụlọ ahịa. [14] Otú ọ dị, ahịa ndị a na-adịkarị ọnụ maka mmefu ego. [15] Mmemme gọọmentị dị ka SNAP na WIC na-ejikọkarị aka na ndị otu anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na-enye ndị nwere obere ego aka ịzụrụ ihe n'ahịa ndị ọrụ ugbo. [80] [14]

N'ime ime obodo Bertie County, ógbè kacha daa ogbenye na North Carolina, ndị otu obodo na njikọ otu ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ọha haziri ma wuo pavilion ka ọ bụrụ ebe obibi maka ahịa ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara.

Ubi obodo[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  Ntinye aka na obodo na ntinye aka nke otu obodo na ọrụ afọ ofufo nwere ike imeziwanye irè nke ụgbụ nchekwa nri yana ngwọta ndị ọzọ dị ka ubi obodo ( dịka, lee Ọrụ ugbo obodo na West Oakland ). [16]

Ụlọ ahịa ịntanetị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  Ụlọ ọrụ steeti na gọọmentị etiti dị na New York mepụtara mmemme iji nye ndị nnata stampụ nri ohere ịzụta nri na-edozi ahụ n'ịntanetị maka nnyefe ụlọ. N'oge ọdịda nke 2016 a malitere mmemme pilot na njikọ ụlọ ọrụ na-ebuga nri, FreshDirect, maka koodu zip abụọ na Bronx. Olileanya bụ na nnyefe nri n'ịntanetị nwere ike iwepụ ọzara nri. [17] [18]

Agụmakwụkwọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  Nnyocha na-egosi na ọzara nri abụghị ezigbo nsogbu, omume iri nri bụ. [19] N'ezie, otu nnyocha chọpụtara na 89.3% nke ndị mmadụ n'otu obodo nwere "mmasị nke ukwuu" ma ọ bụ "mmasị" na agụmakwụkwọ maka ịkwadebe nhọrọ nri ka mma. [20] Ụzọ iji kwalite agụmakwụkwọ na mgbasa ozi gbasara nri na ahụike nke gọọmenti etiti gụnyere [10] SNAP Education (SNAP-Ed) na Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Programme (EFNEP) .

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Battersby (2014). "Africa's Urban Food Deserts". Urban Forum 25 (2): 143–51. DOI:10.1007/s12132-014-9225-5. 
  2. ↑ Crush (2012). "The Crisis of Food Insecurity in African Cities". Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition 7 (2–3): 271–92. DOI:10.1080/19320248.2012.702448. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Battersby (2012). "Beyond the Food Desert: Finding Ways to Speak About Urban Food Security in South Africa". Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 94 (2): 141–59. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0467.2012.00401.x. 
  4. ↑ Central Statistical Service. "Income and Expenditure Survey 1995." DataFirst. N.p., 25 Oct. 2012. Web. 10 Nov. 2016. https://www.datafirst.uct.ac.za/dataportal/index.php/catalog/264
  5. ↑ Labadarios (2007). "The National Food Consumption Survey (NFCS): South Africa, 1999". Public Health Nutrition 8 (5): 533–543. DOI:10.1079/PHN2005816. PMID 16153334. 
  6. ↑ Human Sciences Research Council. "South African Social Attitudes Survey 2008." DataFirst. N.p., 1 July 2014. Web. 10 Nov. 2016. https://www.datafirst.uct.ac.za/dataportal/index.php/catalog/488
  7. ↑ Story (2008). "Creating Healthy Food and Eating Environments: Policy and Environmental Approaches". Annual Review of Public Health 29: 253–72. DOI:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090926. PMID 18031223. 
  8. ↑ Kolata (17 April 2012). Studies Question the Pairing of Food Deserts and Obesity. The New York Times.
  9. ↑ Monsivais (2007). "The Rising Cost of Low-Energy-Density Foods". Journal of the American Dietetic Association 107 (12): 2071–6. DOI:10.1016/j.jada.2007.09.009. PMID 18060892. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Food Deserts. Food Empowerment Project. Retrieved on July 14, 2017.
  11. ↑ Cohen (April 24, 2017). Growing a Regional Food Shed in New York: Lessons from Chicago, Toronto and Cincinnati. City University of New York Urban Food Policy Institute. Archived from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved on July 20, 2017.
  12. ↑ Bonnelly (January 28, 2010). The New York City Regional Foodshed. Columbia University The Earth Institute Urban Design Lab. Retrieved on July 20, 2017.
  13. ↑ Ver Ploeg (2009). Access to Affordable and Nutritious Food: Measuring and Understanding Food Deserts and Their Consequences: Report to Congress. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4379-2134-2. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Donovan (2016). "Best Practices & Challenges for Farmers Market Incentive Programs: A Guide for Policymakers & Practitioners". The Graduate Journal of Food Studies 1. 
  15. ↑ Leone (2011). "Store type and demographic influence on the availability and price of healthful foods, Leon County, Florida, 2008". Preventing Chronic Disease 8 (6): A140. PMID 22005633. 
  16. ↑ Smith (2009). "Rural Food Deserts: Low-income Perspectives on Food Access in Minnesota and Iowa". Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 41 (3): 176–87. DOI:10.1016/j.jneb.2008.06.008. PMID 19411051. 
  17. ↑ FoodStamps. Use Your EBT to Shop for Groceries Online. www.foodstamps.org. Retrieved on 2016-11-08.
  18. ↑ FreshDirect – About EBT at FreshDirect. FreshDirect. Retrieved on 2016-12-11.
  19. ↑ "Why it takes more than a grocery store to eliminate a 'food desert'", PBS NewsHour. Retrieved on 2017-03-21. (in en-US)
  20. ↑ Braunstein (2011). "Community Food Assessment in an Urban Food Desert". Journal of the American Dietetic Association 111 (9): A82. DOI:10.1016/j.jada.2011.06.298. 

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