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Ụdị ndị na-awakpo na Puerto Rico

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Ụdị ndị na-akpa ike bụ ụdị ndị sitere na gburugburu mba ọzọ nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị mkpa na mpaghara akụ na ụba, gburugburu ebe obibi na akụrụngwa. Enwere ike iwebata ụdị ndị a site na ihe okike ma ọ bụ ntinye aka mmadụ. E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ndị na-awakpo na-adị gburugburu ụwa. Otu nke jupụtara na Puerto Rico bụ ọdụm. Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States (USDA) nke Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) na Customs and Border Protection (CBP) na-eme nyocha nchekwa ndụ maka Puerto Rico.

Anụ na-enye nwa ara

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  • Mongoose: Ndị na-akụ shuga webatara Urva auropunctata, nke a na-akpọ "obere Mongoose India", na Puerto Rico na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu dị ka ụzọ isi chịkwaa ọnụ ọgụgụ rat na-awakpo. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma ozugbo n'imeziwanye ihe ọkụkụ, ha bụkwa ihe kpatara 70% nke ọrịa rabies niile, ọ bụ ezie na rabies ahụ dị obere, n'àgwàetiti ahụ.[1][2][3][4] Rịba ama na ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a kwenyere na ụdị ahụ bụ U. javanicus, ọtụtụ isi mmalite ka na-ekewapụta ihe e kere eke n'okpuru ụdị a. Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti taxa abụọ ahụ na-enweghị nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. E webatara ya na 1877 ma ọ bụ 1887 na agwaetiti ahụ.[3] E kwekwaara na ọ na-eri anụmanụ ndị dị n'àgwàetiti ahụ.[2]
  • Ezì: Ndị Spain webatara ya na 1500s, ugbu a ọ bụ anụ ọhịa n'isi obodo San Juan na ebe ndị ọzọ. Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service anọwo na-anwa - ruo ugbu a enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma - ikpochapụ ha.
  • Rats: Mus musculus na R. rattus bụ ụdị rat na-awakpo na El Yunque National Forest.[5] Nke ikpeazụ, nke a makwaara dị ka òké ojii, kwenyere na ọ bụ ihe egwu ka ukwuu n'ihi oke ya.[5] Nke mbụ, ma ọ bụ òké ụlọ, na-ejikarị n'akụkụ ụzọ.[5]

Nnụnụ

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  • Columba livia: nke a maara nke ọma dị ka nduru nkume, bụ nnụnụ na-awakpo nke e webatara site na mmalite Europe na Caribbean. Ụdị ahụ na-enwekarị ahụ na-acha ntụ ntụ na-acha ọcha, mana agba ahụ nwere ike ịdị iche n'etiti ntụ, ọcha, tan, na nchara nchara. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a zụlitere anụmanụ a ma jiri ya mee ihe maka ọtụtụ ihe omume gụnyere homing na asọmpi asọmpi. N'oge a, a na-ejikarị ha eme ihe dị ka ihe ntụrụndụ, ebe ndị mmadụ na-enwe mmasị iri nri na ikiri ha. Nnụnụ a nwere ike ime mgbanwe ibi n'ebe dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere ogige ugbo, elevator ọka, ihe oriri, ogige ntụrụndụ, ụlọ obodo, àkwà mmiri, na ndị ọzọ. A maara nduru nkume ka ha na-ebufe ọrịa dịka salmonella, nsị nri, cryptococcosis, toxoplasmosis, na ndị ọzọ. Ihe mkpofu nke nduru nkume nwekwara ike ibute mmụba nke ihe owuwu, na-akpata nsogbu maka obodo ukwu dị na Puerto Rico.[6]

Anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ n'ala

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  • Ọ bụ ezie na e kwenyere na ọ bụ nwa amaala agwaetiti ahụ, enwere ike iwebata iguana na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na Puerto Rico n'oge a. Green iguanas bụ ụmụ amaala South na Central America. A na-ewere ụdị ahụ dị ka ndị na-awakpo n'ihi mmebi ọ na-eme na ọrụ ugbo mpaghara na egwu ọ na-eyi ụdị ala.[7]
  • Boa constrictor: A mụrụ ya na Central na South America, a hụla <i id="mwUQ">boa constrictor</i> na nso nso a na Puerto Rico. A chọtara obere obodo na obodo Mayagüez, ebe e wepụrụ ọ dịkarịa ala otu narị na iri iseỌ bụ ezie na achọpụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a kwenyere na ndị bi na mpaghara ahụ adịlarị ọtụtụ iri afọ n'ihi ntọhapụ na mberede[8][8]

Osisi

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  • Abrus precatorius: Ọ bụ osisi na-agbasa okooko osisi nke a maara nke ọma dị ka "jequirity bean" ma ọ bụ "rosary pea" nke a ma ama maka ịwakpo ebe okpomọkụ.[9] A maara osisi nitrogen a na-agbanwe ihe na-edozi ahụ n'ala ma na-emetụta ụdị ala site na mmetụta allelopathic.[10] Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ, Puerto Rico na ọtụtụ n'ime agwaetiti Caribbean kwupụtara na ọ bụ ahịhịa na-awakpo.[11] Ozugbo osisi a tozuru oke, mgbọrọgwụ ha na-esiri ike iwepụ, na-agbakwunye aha ọjọọ na ahịhịa a.[10] Ụzọ a na-ejikarị ewepụ bụ iji ọgwụ herbicides dị ka glyphosate, na-akpata nsogbu ndị ọzọ a na-atụghị anya ya na gburugburu ebe obibi nke a wakporo.[12] Ụmụ amaala na ụmụ mmadụ na-echegbukwa onwe ha maka iri osisi a, n'ihi na ọ nwere nsị nke nwere ike imebi ahụike ha site na iji nri zuru oke..[9]

Arthropods

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Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime arthropods ndị nyocha nke oke oke na-egbochi sitere n'ebe ndị ọzọ na Caribbean. N'agbanyeghị nnukwu ụgbọ njem na ntụziaka abụọ ahụ, Florida na-eziga arthropods adventive na PR karịa n'ụzọ ọzọ, ma eleghị anya n'ihi nchekwa dị ala n'akụkụ PR.

Ụmụ ahụhụ

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  • Aṅụ Africanized: A maara na ọ wakporo ndị nchọpụta na ụfọdụ ụdị nnụnụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. A hụrụ ya na mbụ n'àgwàetiti ahụ na 1994, aṅụ ahụ ebiela n'ọtụtụ oghere osisi.[13] Ọ gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ obere ihe egwu na mpaghara ahụ ka oge na-aga, ọ bụ ezie na ọ ka dị n'ógbè ahụ.[13]
  • <i id="mwgQ">Aedes aegypti</i>: A makwaara dị ka anwụnta yellow fever, ndị enyemaka aegypti malitere n'Africa ma bụrụ ihe ize ndụ nye ụmụ mmadụ. Anụ anwụnta nwere ike ịgbasa ọrịa dịka nje Zika na dengue fever.[13] Otu ihe pụrụ iche nke ụdị ahụ bụ akara ọcha ya n'ụkwụ ya, ọ pụkwara ibugharị ya site na ala ruo n'ebe dị elu.[13]
  • Hypogeococcus sp.: Mealybug a na-awakpo, nke a maara nke ọma dị ka Harrisia cactus mealybug, e kenyere ya nhazi ya maka mmetụta ha na ụdị osisi na oké ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ nke Puerto Rican.[14] A chọpụtara na cacti ndị a na-ahụ maka nje ahụ na-amị mkpụrụ na okooko osisi ole na ole karịa ndị ibe ha nwere ahụike.[14] A hụkwara ọnụọgụ ọnwụ dị elu na ụdị cactus ụfọdụ, n'ihi Harrisia cactus mealybug.[14]

95% nke arthropod border interceptions bụ ụmụ ahụhụ.

Naanị pasenti anọ nke arthropod ókè-ala interception bụ acari.

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ Espeut, W. B. 1882.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 George A. Seaman (1962). "The Mongoose as a Predator in the Virgin Islands". Journal of Mammalogy 43: 544–546. DOI:10.2307/1376922. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Roy (10 January 2020). Herpestes auropunctatus (small Indian mongoose). Invasive Species Compendium. CAB International. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved on 12 February 2020.
  4. ↑ Expanding rabies work to mongooses in Puerto Rico (en-US). wildlife.org. THE WILDLIFE SOCIETY. Retrieved on 2017-10-20.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Zimmerman (2021). "Invasive Species in Puerto Rico: The View From El Yunque". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9. DOI:10.3389/fevo.2021.640121/full. ISSN 2296-701X. 
  6. ↑ GISD. www.iucngisd.org. Retrieved on 2020-12-14.
  7. ↑ Preguntas Frecuentes sobre la Iguana Verde o Gallina de Palo en Puerto Rico (en-US). DRNA (2019-02-22). Retrieved on 2020-08-20.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Reynolds (2013-05-01). "Genetic analysis of a novel invasion of Puerto Rico by an exotic constricting snake" (in en). Biological Invasions 15 (5): 953–959. DOI:10.1007/s10530-012-0354-2. ISSN 1573-1464. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Are Rosary Peas Poisonous? (en). www.poison.org. Retrieved on 2020-12-06.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 GISD. www.iucngisd.org. Retrieved on 2020-12-06.
  11. ↑ Abrus precatorius (rosary pea). www.cabi.org. Retrieved on 2020-12-06.
  12. ↑ Lieurance (2020-10-09). "The UF/IFAS Assessment of Nonnative Plants in Florida's Natural Areas: History, Purpose, and Use". EDIS 2020 (3). DOI:10.32473/edis.ag376.2020. ISSN 2576-0009. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Zimmerman (2021). "Invasive Species in Puerto Rico: The View From El Yunque". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9. DOI:10.3389/fevo.2021.640121/full. ISSN 2296-701X. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Carrera-Martínez (2019-11-01). "The effects of the invasive Harrisia cactus mealybug (Hypogeococcus sp.) and exotic lianas (Jasminum fluminense) on Puerto Rican native cacti survival and reproduction" (in en). Biological Invasions 21 (11): 3269–3284. DOI:10.1007/s10530-019-02046-1. ISSN 1573-1464. 

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