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Ụkọ mmiri na India

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Enweghị mmiri na India bụ nsogbu mmiri na-aga n'ihu nke na-emetụta ihe fọrọ nké nta ka ọ bụrụ ọtụtụ narị nde mmadụ kwà afọ.[1] Na mgbakwunye na imetụta nnukwu ndị bi n'ime ime obodo na ndị bi n"obodo ukwu, ụkọ mmiri na India na-emetụtakwa usoro okike na ọrụ ugbo. India nwèrè naanị pasent anọ nkè mmiri dị ọcha n'ụwa n'agbanyeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ karịrị ijeri 1.4 .[2] Ná mgbakwunye nà oke mmiri dị ọcha, ụkọ mmiri na India na-esikwa na mmiri na ọdọ mmiri ha na-akpọnwụ n'ọnwa okpomọkụ, tupu mmalite nke mmiri ozuzo na mba ahụ dum. Nsogbu ahụ kàrà njọ n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe nke na-akpata ógè mmiri ozuzo, n'ihi yá na-eme ka ọdọ mmiri kpọọ nkụ n'ọtụtụ mpaghara. Ihe ndị ọzọ a na-ekwu na ụkọ mmiri na India bụ enweghị akụrụngwa kwesịrị ekwesị na nlekọta gọọmentị na mmetọ mmiri a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa.

Mmetụta nke ụkọ mmiri na India

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Ndị mmadụ

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Enweghị mmiri na India na-emetụta ọtụtụ narị nde mmadụ na mba ahụ. Akụkụ ka ukwuu nke ndị bi na ya enweghị ụzọ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya mgbe niile iji nweta mmiri maka mkpa ha kwa ụbọchị. N'ọnwa Juun n'afọ 2019, pasent iri isii na ise nke ọdọ mmiri niile dị na India kọrọ na ọ dị ala karịa mmiri, na pasent iri na abụọ kpọrọ nkụ kpamkpam.[3] Ébé ọ bụ na mmiri pọmpụ adịghị n'ọtụtụ obodo gụnyere ụfọdụ nnukwu obodo dịka Chennai, ndị bi na ya na-adabere na isi iyi mmiri ọzọ.[4] Mba ahụ agbasaala pọmpụ mmiri ọha na eze mànà ọtụtụ n'ime ha dị ányá site n'obodo ukwu na mmiri ha na-agafe agafe na nke a na-apụghị ịkọwapụta. A na-amanye ọtụtụ ndị India na nhọrọ nke imefu ego ịzụta mmiri ọṅụṅụ mànà akụkụ ndị dárá ogbenye nke ọha mmadụ enweghị ike ịzụta ya kwà ụbọchị nke na-akpata nnukwu nsogbu nke ụkọ mmiri màkà ndị bi n'ime ime obodo India.[5]

Ecosystem

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Enweghị mmiri na-eyi ndụ anụ ọhịa egwu n'ofe India. A na-amanye anụ ọhịa ịbanye n'ime obodo nta na obodo ukwu dị na India ka ha na-anwa ịchọta mmiri ọṅụṅụ. Na 2016, obodo Mettur na Kolathur nwere oke ụkọ mmiri nke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo kpatara, nke méré ka mmiri dị n'oké ọhịa dị nso kpọọ nkụ. N'ikpeazụ, anụ ọhịa dị n'ógbè ahụ dị ka enyí, agụ, na mgbada nwèrè ntụpọ bidoro ịbanye n'ime obodo na-achọ mmiri.[6] Ụfọdụ n'ime anụmanụ ndị a na-eyi ụmụ amaala egwu, ébé ha nwèrè ike ịwakpo ndị mmadụ. Ụmụ anụmanụ ụfọdụ dị ka mgbada nwèrè ntụpọ na-enweta nkịta na-awakpo n'ụzọ anụ ahụ n'ime usoro ahụ, ma ọ bụ ha merụrụ ahụ ma ọ bụ nwụọ n'ihe mberede. Na mpaghara Madurai, ụkọ mmiri siri ike mere ka ndị India gaurs nwụọ site na ịdaba n'olulu mmiri ka ha na-achọ mmiri.[7]

Ihe kpatara ụkọ

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Mgbanwe ihu igwe

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A na-akọwa mmiri ozuzo dị ka ikuku na-agbanwe agbanwe n'oge na-esonyere mgbanwe ndị kwekọrọ na mmiri ozuzo. Mmiri ozuzo nke North-East na-akpata pasent iri ruo pasent irí abụọ nke mmiri ozuzo zuru ezu na India, ébé mmiri ozuzo nke South-West na-enye ihe dịka pasent iri asatọ nke mmiri ozu. Ya mèrè, mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na ógè mmiri ozuzo bụ otu n'ime ihe dị mkpà màkà mbelata mmiri ozuzo na ụkọ mmiri na India. N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị ányá, mmiri ozuzo na India aghọwo ihe na-adịghị adịkarị mgbè ọ na-ebelata ogologo ha ma si otú a belata mmiri ozuzo zuru ezu.[8]

Nsogbu akụrụngwa

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Mmetọ osimiri

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N'ihi enweghị atụmatụ nchịkwa mmiri ogologo ógè, ọtụtụ n'ime osimiri ndị dị na mba ahụ ma ọ bụ kpọọ nkụ ma ọ bụ emetọla ya. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ otu n'ime osimiri kachasị mkpà na India, Ganga bụkwa nke a kacha emetọ.[9] Mmetọ ahụ na-esikarị na nsị a na-edozighị edozi site n'obodo ndị mmadụ bi na ha, nsị ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ya na n'ihi emume okpukpe n'ime na gburu-gburu osimiri ahụ. Ganga bụ osimiri dị nsọ n'akụkọ ifo Hindu na n'ogè ememme okpukpe, ihe karịrị nde mmadụ iri asaa na-asa ahụ na Ganges, kwenyere na ha na-asacha mmehie ha.[10] A na-atụba ọkpụkpụ na ntụ fọdụrụ mgbè ọkụ Hindu gasịrị na Ganges tinyere ihe mkpofu okpukpe ndị ọzọ. Mgbé ụfọdụ, a na-atụba ozu ndị a kpọrọ ọkara n'ime Ganges iji hapụ ha ka ha ree na mmiri.[11]

Mgbalị Ndị E Mere

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Mgbalị gọọmentị

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Gọọmentị India agbanweela ọtụtụ ngalaba ya ma bido ụfọdụ ọrụ mmiri n'ime afọ atọ gara-aga iji meghachi omume na mkpà mmiri na-arịwanye elu.[12] Mgbanwe ndị ahụ gụnyere nguzobe nke ozi ọhụrụ màkà mmiri a maara dị ka Ngalaba Jal Shakti. Gọọmentị malitekwara ọtụtụ ọrụ na nnukwu osimiri na isi iyi mmiri dị n'okpuru ala. Gọọmentị India ekwuola na ngalaba ọhụrụ na ọrụ ndị ahụ nwere ike ịbawanye arụmọrụ nke iji mmiri eme ihe na mba ahụ dum site na pasent irí abụọ na mgbakwunye na ịkwalite ikike nke ébé nchekwa mmiri yá nà ichebe mpaghara a na-emebi emebi ugbu a.[13]

Mgbalị ndị na-abụghị nke gọọmentị

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India nwèrè ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke Òtù Na-abụghị Gọọmentị nke na-elekwasị ányà n'idozi nsogbu ụkọ mmiri màkà ụmụ amaala nọ n'ógbè ndị metụtara. Ụfọdụ n'ime òtù ndị dị ka 'FORCE' na 'Safe Water Network' na-etinye áká na nsogbu mmiri na India. Òtù mba ụwa dị ka 'Anyị bụ Mmiri' na UNICEF na-arụkwa ọrụ nke ukwuu n'ịbelata nsogbu nkè mmiri na ịdị ọcha n'ime obodo.[14][15]

Ngwọta na teknụzụ

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Mmiri ozuzo

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Mmiri ozuzo bụ aha e nyèrè ụzọ ọhụrụ nke ịnakọta mmiri ozuzo iji mee ka mmiri dị n'okpuru ala dịghachi mmá. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ewuola ụlọ owuwu nke ha iji nweta mmiri ozuzo iji nwee onwé ha. Na Banglore, Biome Environmental Trust na Friends of Lakes bidoro atụmatụ ụmụ amaala iji gwuo ihe rúrú otu nde olulu mmiri ma jikọta ha na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala site na iji funnels. Òtù ndị na-enweghị uru na-atụ anya na atụmatụ a ga-anakọta ihe rúrú pasent iri isii nke mmiri ozuzo niile.

Ihe ndị na-eme ugbu a

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Nsogbu mmiri Chennai nke 2019

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Na Juun 2019, obodo India nke Chennai chere oke ụkọ mmiri ihu mgbè nnukwu ọdọ mmiri ya anọ kpọnwụrụ kpamkpam. Chennai bụ obodo úkwú nke isii kachasị ukwuu n'India nke nwere ihe dị ka nde mmadụ itoolu.[16] Nnukwu ụkọ mmiri ahụ metụtara ọtụtụ ndị bi na Chennai nke ukwuu ka ọtụtụ narị mmadụ na-echere n'ahịrị na bọket mmiri efu ruo ọtụtụ awa. Ọtụtụ ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na họtel dị n'obodo ahụ mechikwara n'ihi ụkọ mmiri. Ọbụna ụlọ ọrụ IT dị n'obodo ahụ nke a maara màkà IT na ngalaba ụgbọ ala ya na-aga nke ọma ka a manyere ha ịrịọ ndị ọrụ ha ka ha rụọ ọrụ n'ụlọ ka nsogbu ahụ na-akawanye njọ. N'ime ihe achọrọ kwa ụbọchị nke lita narị asatọ na iri atọ kwà ụbọchị (US gallons rúrú narị nde abụọ na iri abụọ kwa ụbọchị; 180 erial lons kwaụbọchị), obodo ahụ nwèrè ike inye 525 nde L / d (139 gal / d; 115 imp gal / d).[17] A manyere Chennai Metro Water ka ọ belata mmiri ọ na-enye kwà ụbọchị site na pasentị iri anọ iji dozie nsogbu na-aga n'ihu.[18] Gọọmentị zaghachiri site na iziga tankị mmiri n'ébé obibi. A na-ejikwa ụgbọ okporo ígwè pụrụ iche ebute mmiri n'obodo ahụ nke nwéré ikike iburu lita mmiri nde iri kwà ụbọchị.[19]

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ NITI Aayog (2019). COMPOSITE WATER MANAGEMENT INDEX. National Institute for Transforming India. Retrieved on 3 April 2020. 
  2. ↑ Dhawan. "Water and Agriculture in India". Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture. Retrieved on 19 December 2019. 
  3. ↑ 65% of India's Reservoirs Running Dry, Maharashtra Worst Affected, Shows Water Panel's Report. News18 (25 June 2019). Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved on 3 April 2020.
  4. ↑ Khadka. "Global report warns of Indian water crisis", BBC News, 6 August 2019. Retrieved on 3 April 2020. (in en-GB)
  5. ↑ Masih. "As a major Indian city runs out of water, 9 million people pray for rain", Washington Post. Retrieved on 3 April 2020. (in en)
  6. ↑ "Wild animals hit by water scarcity", The Hindu, 19 December 2016. Retrieved on 3 April 2020. (in en-IN)
  7. ↑ Arockiaraj (9 July 2013). Water scarcity leading Indian gaurs to death traps (en). The Times of India. Archived from the original on 9 July 2020. Retrieved on 3 April 2020.
  8. ↑ Water Scarcity: How Climate Crisis is Unfolding in India (en-US). Impakter (18 September 2019). Archived from the original on 19 November 2019. Retrieved on 3 April 2020.
  9. ↑ Ghosh (18 October 2012). NCRP: Ganga a deadly source of cancer now: Study | Patna News - Times of India (en). The Times of India. Archived from the original on 26 June 2017. Retrieved on 3 April 2020.
  10. ↑ Singh (3 January 2007). Hindus throng to Ganges for bathing festival (en). msnbc.com. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved on 3 April 2020.
  11. ↑ HINDU FUNERALS, CREMATION AND VARANASI - World Topics | Facts and Details (16 October 2013). Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved on 3 April 2020.
  12. ↑ Dutta (28 June 2019). Why India does not have enough water to drink (en). India Today. Archived from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved on 3 April 2020.
  13. ↑ National Water Mission, Ministry of Jal Shakti, Department of Water Resources, RD & GR, Government of India. nwm.gov.in. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved on 3 April 2020.
  14. ↑ Introduction (PDF) 3 (17 March 2015). Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved on March 11, 2023.
  15. ↑ 12 Nonprofits That Address the Global Water Crisis (en-US). Classy (22 March 2016). Archived from the original on 24 April 2020. Retrieved on 3 April 2020.
  16. ↑ Nearly 11 Million People In The Indian City Of Chennai Are Almost Out Of Water (en). www.wbur.org. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved on 3 April 2020.
  17. ↑ Imranullah. "Water supply in city cut to 525 MLD from 830 MLD, HC told", The Hindu, 18 June 2019. Retrieved on 3 April 2020. (in en-IN)
  18. ↑ Chennai's Piped Water Supply Cut By 40 Per Cent Amid Severe Water Crisis. NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved on 3 April 2020.
  19. ↑ Gupta (12 July 2019). Indian water train arrives to relieve dry Chennai. CNN. Archived from the original on 25 April 2020. Retrieved on 3 April 2020.
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