Ụkpụrụ nhata

 

Ihe na ada ada na adaba otu ihe na mbara ala ma ọ bụ n'usoro ntụaka na eme ngwa ngwa

Ụkpụrụ nhata bụ echiche na nha anya nke ike ndọda na inertial mass bụ ihe sitere na okike. Ụdị adịghị ike, nke a maara ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, na ejikọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ọ bụla mejupụtara na ọdịda efu na ewere otu trajectories na ọdịda n'otu oge. Ụdị agbatị nke Albert Einstein chọrọ mmekọ pụrụ iche iji jidekwa na ọdịda efu ma na achọ ka nha adịghị ike dị irè n'ebe niile. Ụdị a bụ ntinye dị oke mkpa maka mmepe nke tiori nke mmekọ izugbe. Ụdị siri ike chọrọ ụdị Einstein ka ọ rụọ ọrụ maka ihe ndị dị egwu. Nnwale nnwale ziri ezi nke ụkpụrụ na amachi ọdịiche enwere ike site na nhata gaa na nke pere mpe.

Echiche

N'ime igwe oge gboo, nha nha ngagharị nke Newton na mpaghara ndọda, nke edere n'uju, ọ bụ:

N'ebe a oke inertial bụ nkwụsi ike dị n'ime ime ngwangwa, ụdị nguzogide ị na enwe site n'ịgbalị iji aka na ebugharị ụgbọ ala. Nnukwu ndọda ụgbọ ala bụ nzaghachi ya na mpaghara ndọda. Nnwale kpachara anya egosila na oke inertial dị n'akụkụ aka ekpe na oke ndọda n'akụkụ aka nri bụ nha nhata n'ụzọ ọnụọgụ na enweghị onwe ya n'ihe mejupụtara ya. Ụkpụrụ nhata bụ echiche na nha nhata ọnụọgụgụ nke inertial na gravitational mass bụ n'ihi njirimara ha bụ isi.: 32

Enwere ike iwere ụkpụrụ nha anya dị ka ndọtị nke ụkpụrụ nke relativity, ụkpụrụ na iwu nke physics adịghị agbanwe agbanwe n'okpuru mmegharị otu. Tụlee onye na ekiri ihe n'ime ụlọ enweghị windo: ha enweghị ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ịnọ n'elu ụwa na ịnọ na mbara igwe na mbara igwe na agba ọsọ na 1g. Iwu nke physics enweghị ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'okwu ndị a.: 33

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

N'oge ọrụ Apollo 15 na 1971, onye na enyocha mbara igwe David Scott gosipụtara na Galileo ziri ezi: ngwa ngwa bụ otu ihe ahụ maka ahụ niile na adabere na ike ndọda na Ọnwa, ọbụna maka hama na nku.

Ihe dị ka ụkpụrụ nhata ahụ pụtara na mmalite narị afọ nke 17, mgbe Galileo kwupụtara na nnwale na mmụba nke oke ule n'ihi gravitation na-adabereghị na ọnụọgụ nke oke a na-eme ngwa ngwa.

Echiche nke na mmadụ abụọ na ahaghị nhata na ada n'otu ọnụego na ike ndọda ụwa bụ Aristotle mara; Galileo jiri ihe dị iche iche tụnyere nnwale iji chọpụta na osooso n'ihi ndọda ndọda na adabereghị na ọnụọgụ nke a na eme ngwa ngwa.

Johannes Kepler, na eji ihe nchoputa nke Galileo gosiputara ihe omuma nke ụkpụrụ nhata site n'ịkọwa nke ọma ihe ga eme ma ọ bụrụ na ọnwa kwụsịrị na orbit ya wee daa n'ụwa. Enwere ike ịwepụ nke a n'amaghị ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọ bụla ike ndọda na-ebelata site n'ebe dị anya, mana ọ chọrọ ka a na eche na ha nhata n'etiti ike ndọda na inertia.   Oke 1/54 bụ atụmatụ Kepler nke ọnwa Earth mass ratio, dabere na dayameta ha. Enwere ike ikpughe izi ezi nke okwu ya site n'iji iwu Newton's inertia F=ma na ihe nleba anya ike ndọda nke Galileo na anya ahụ. 𝐷=(1/2)𝑎𝑡2. Ịtọ ntọala ngwa ngwa ndị a nhata maka oke bụ ụkpụrụ nhata. Ịrịba ama oge maka nkukota maka uka ọ bụla bụ otu ihe ahụ na enye nkwupụta Kepler na Dmoon/DEarth=MEarth/Mmoon, na-amaghị oge ị ga ejikọta ma ọ bụ otú ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ na ike ngwa ngwa sitere na ike ndọda bụ ọrụ dị anya.

Newton, nanị afọ 50 ka Galileo gachara, zụlitere echiche na ike ndọda na inertial bụ echiche dị iche iche ma jiri oge pendulum nwere ihe dị iche iche mejupụtara iji chọpụta na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a bụ otu. Ụdị ụkpụrụ nha nhata a bịara mara dị ka "ihe na adịghị ike".

Albert Einstein webatara ụkpụrụ nha anya nke ọma na 1907, mgbe ọ hụrụ na a na ahụ iwu anụ ahụ yiri ya na sistemu abụọ, otu isiokwu na enwe ike ndọda mgbe niile na eme ka osooso na nke ọzọ na eme ngwangwa mgbe niile dị ka rọketi n'ebe dị anya n'ubi ndọda ọ bụla. Ebe ọ bụ na iwu anụ ahụ bụ otu, Einstein chere na mpaghara graviation na ngwangwa ahụ bụ "ha nhata n'anụ ahụ". Einstein kwuru echiche a dị ka:   Na 1911 Einstein gosipụtara ike nke ụkpụrụ nhata site n'iji ya buru amụma na elekere na agba ọsọ n'ogo dị iche iche na ike ndọda, na ụzarị ọkụ na ehulata na mpaghara ndọda.

  N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, Einstein chetara ọrụ nke ụkpụrụ nhata n'ọrụ ya na tiori nke ike ndọda (nke a maara dị ka mmekọrịta izugbe):   Ebe ọ bụ na Einstein mepụtara mmekọrịta n'ozuzu, ọ dị mkpa ka e mepụta usoro iji nwalee tiori megide echiche ndị ọzọ nwere ike ime nke ike ndọda kwekọrọ na mmekọ pụrụ iche. Robert Dicke chepụtara nke a dịka akụkụ nke mmemme ya iji nwalee mmekọ izugbe. Atụnyere ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ abụọ, nke a na akpọ Einstein equivalence ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ nha nhata siri ike, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha na ewere ụkpụrụ na adịghị ike dịka mmalite. A na atụle ihe ndị a n'okpuru.

Nkọwa

Ụdị atọ nke ụkpụrụ nhata ka a na eji ugbu a: adịghị ike (Galilean), Einsteinian, na ike.: 6

Ụkpụrụ nhata adịghị ike

Ụkpụrụ nhata na adịghị ike, nke a makwaara dị ka eluigwe na ala nke ọdịda efu ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ ndakọrịta Galili nwere ike ikwu n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. EP siri ike, nchikota nke EP na adịghị ike, na agụnye ahụ mbara igwe na ike ndọda onwe ya kama, EP na-adịghị ike na eche na ahụ ndị na ada ada na ejide onwe ya site n'aka ndị agha na abụghị nke gravitational naanị (dịka nkume). Nke ọ bụla:

• ematica, 1687).

Ịdị n'otu nke ebe ndọda ndọda na ewepụ ike mmiri ozuzo enwere ike ị nweta na esite na radial divergent gravitational field (dịka, Ụwa) n'elu ahụ nwere oke oke.

Ụkpụrụ nhata Einstein

Ihe a na akpọ ugbu a "Einstein equivalence principle" na ekwu na ụkpụrụ nha nha na adịghị ike na ejide, na:   N'ebe a na mpaghara pụtara na nhazi nnwale ga adị ntakịrị ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọdịiche dị na ngalaba ndọda, nke a na akpọ tidal Force. Nnwale nnwale ahụ ga adị ntakịrị nke ukwuu ka ike ndọda ya ghara ịgbanwe nsonaazụ ya.

Ihe mgbochi abụọ ahụ agbakwunyere na ụkpụrụ adịghị ike iji nweta ụdị Einstein - 1) nnwere onwe nke nsonaazụ na ọsọ ọsọ (Lorentz invariance nke mpaghara) na 2) nnwere onwe nke "ebe" nke a maara dị ka (invariance ọnọdụ mpaghara). nwere nnukwu nsonaazụ. . Site na mmachi ndị a naanị Einstein nwere ike ibu amụma ngbanwe ike ndọda. Echiche nke ike ndọda ndị na erube isi n'ụkpụrụ nhata Einstein ga abụrịrị "ntụgharị uche metric", nke pụtara na trajectories nke ahụ na ada n'efu bụ geodesics nke symmetric metric.: 9

N'ihe dị ka afọ 1960 Leonard I. Schiff chepụtara na tiori ọ bụla zuru oke ma na agbanwe agbanwe nke ike ndọda na egosipụta ụkpụrụ nha nha na adịghị ike na egosi ụkpụrụ nhata Einstein; Enweghị ike igosipụta echiche ahụ mana ọ nwere ọtụtụ arụmụka plausibility na akwado ya.: 20 . Ka o sina dị, a na eji ụdị nnwale dị iche iche nwale ụkpụrụ abụọ a.

A katọrọ ụkpụrụ nha nhata Einstein dị ka nke na ezighi ezi, n'ihi na ọ nweghị ụzọ mba ụwa nabatara iji mata ọdịiche ndọda na nnwale ndị na abụghị ndọda (lee dịka ọmụmaatụ Hadley na Durand).

Ụkpụrụ nha nhata siri ike

Ụkpụrụ nhata siri ike na emetụta otu ihe mgbochi dị ka ụkpụrụ nhata Einstein, mana na enye ohere ahụ na ada n'efu ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ihe na adọrọ adọrọ yana ihe nwale. Yabụ na nke a bụ ụdị ụkpụrụ nha anya nke na emetụta ihe ndị na etinye ike ndọda n'onwe ha, dịka kpakpando, mbara ala, oghere ojii ma ọ bụ nnwale Cavendish. Ọ na achọ ka ike ndọda na adịgide adịgide bụrụ otu ihe n'ebe niile na mbara igwe: 49  na ekwekọghị na ike nke ise. Ọ bụ ihe mgbochi karịa ụkpụrụ nha nhata Einstein.

Dị ka ụkpụrụ nha nhata nke Einstein, ụkpụrụ nha anya siri ike chọrọ ike ndọda bụ geometrical site na okike, mana na mgbakwunye ọ na amachibido ubi mgbakwunye ọ bụla, yabụ metric naanị na ekpebi mmetụta niile nke ike ndọda. Ọ bụrụ na onye na ekiri ihe na atụ ihe nkedo oghere ka ọ dị larịị, mgbe ahụ ụkpụrụ nha nhata siri ike na egosi na ọ bụ nnọọ ihe nhata na oghere ọ bụla ọzọ dị larịị n'ebe ọzọ na mbara igwe. A na eche na echiche nke Einstein maka nkwekọ n'ozuzu ya (gụnyere mgbanaka mbara igwe) bụ naanị tiori nke ike ndọda na eju ụkpụrụ nha anya siri ike. Ọtụtụ echiche ndị ọzọ, dị ka Brans Dicke theory na Einstein aether tiori na agbakwunye mpaghara ndị ọzọ.

Ọtụtụ ndị na arụsi ọrụ ike, ndị na adịghị ike, na ndị na adịghị ike

Ụfọdụ n'ime ule nke ụkpụrụ nhata na eji aha maka ụzọ dị iche iche oke si apụta na usoro anụ ahụ. Na physics nonrelativist, enwere ike ịmata ụdị uka atọ:

1. Oke inertial dị mkpa na ihe, nchikota nke oke ike ya niile.

$$F_{1}={\frac {M_{0}^{\mathrm {act} }M_{1}^{\mathrm {pass} }}{r^{2}}}$$

N'otu aka ahụ ike na ihe nke abụọ nke aka ike mass2 n'ihi gravitational field of mass0 bụ:

$$F_{2}={\frac {M_{0}^{\mathrm {act} }M_{2}^{\mathrm {pass} }}{r^{2}}}$$

Site na nkọwa nke oke inertial:

$$F=m^{\mathrm {inert} }a$$

$$a_{1}={\frac {F_{1}}{m_{1}^{\mathrm {inert} }}}=a_{2}={\frac {F_{2}}{m_{2}^{\mathrm {inert} }}}$$

N'ihi ya:

$${\frac {M_{0}^{\mathrm {act} }M_{1}^{\mathrm {pass} }}{r^{2}m_{1}^{\mathrm {inert} }}}={\frac {M_{0}^{\mathrm {act} }M_{2}^{\mathrm {pass} }}{r^{2}m_{2}^{\mathrm {inert} }}}$$

Ya mere:

$${\frac {M_{1}^{\mathrm {pass} }}{m_{1}^{\mathrm {inert} }}}={\frac {M_{2}^{\mathrm {pass} }}{m_{2}^{\mathrm {inert} }}}$$

N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, nnukwu ike ndọda ga adabarịrị na oke inertial maka ihe, na adabereghị na ihe mejupụtara ha ma ọ bụrụ na a na erubere ụkpụrụ nha nhata adịghị ike.

$$\eta (A,B)=2{\frac {\left({\frac {m_{{\textrm {p}}ass}}{m_{{\textrm {i}}nert}}}\right)_{A}-\left({\frac {m_{{\textrm {p}}ass}}{m_{{\textrm {i}}nert}}}\right)_{B}}{\left({\frac {m_{{\textrm {p}}ass}}{m_{{\textrm {i}}nert}}}\right)_{A}+\left({\frac {m_{{\textrm {p}}ass}}{m_{{\textrm {i}}nert}}}\right)_{B}}}.$$

A na eji uru nke oke a tụle ule nke ụkpụrụ nhata.: 10

Enwere ike iji ihe yiri ya tụnyere oke na adịghị arụ ọrụ na nke na arụ ọrụ. Site na iwu ngagharị nke atọ nke Newton:

$$F_{1}={\frac {M_{0}^{\mathrm {act} }M_{1}^{\mathrm {pass} }}{r^{2}}}$$

ga ha nhata na megidere

$$F_{0}={\frac {M_{1}^{\mathrm {act} }M_{0}^{\mathrm {pass} }}{r^{2}}}$$

Ọ na esote na:

$${\frac {M_{0}^{\mathrm {act} }}{M_{0}^{\mathrm {pass} }}}={\frac {M_{1}^{\mathrm {act} }}{M_{1}^{\mathrm {pass} }}}$$

N'okwu, oke ike ndọda ga adarịrị na oke ndọda na arụ ọrụ maka ihe niile. Ihe dị iche,

$$S_{0,1}={\frac {M_{0}^{\mathrm {act} }}{M_{0}^{\mathrm {pass} }}}-{\frac {M_{1}^{\mathrm {act} }}{M_{1}^{\mathrm {pass} }}}$$

a na eji akọwapụta ọdịiche dị n'etiti oke na arụsi ọrụ ike.

nnwale nnwale

Nnwale nke ụkpụrụ quivalence adịghị ike

Nnwale nke ụkpụrụ nha nha na adịghị ike bụ ndị na enyocha nhata oke ndọda na inertial uka. Nnwale doro anya na atụba ihe dị iche iche, dị mma na ebe enweghị oghere, dịka, n'ime Fallturm Bremen drop tower.

Researcher	Year	Method	Result
John Philoponus	6th century	Said that by observation, two balls of very different weights will fall at nearly the same speed	no detectable difference
Simon Stevin	~1586	Dropped lead balls of different masses off the Delft churchtower	no detectable difference
Galileo Galilei	~1610	Rolling balls of varying weight down inclined planes to slow the speed so that it was measurable	no detectable difference
Isaac Newton	~1680	Measure the period of pendulums of different mass but identical length	difference is less than 1 part in 103
Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel	1832	Measure the period of pendulums of different mass but identical length	no measurable difference
Loránd Eötvös	1908	Measure the torsion on a wire, suspending a balance beam, between two nearly identical masses under the acceleration of gravity and the rotation of the Earth	difference is 10±2 part in 109 (H2O/Cu)
Roll, Krotkov and Dicke	1964	Torsion balance experiment, dropping aluminum and gold test masses	$|\eta (\mathrm {Al} ,\mathrm {Au} )|=(1.3\pm 1.0)\times 10^{-11}$
David Scott	1971	Dropped a falcon feather and a hammer at the same time on the Moon	no detectable difference (not a rigorous experiment, but very dramatic being the first lunar one)
Braginsky and Panov	1971	Torsion balance, aluminum and platinum test masses, measuring acceleration towards the Sun	difference is less than 1 part in 1012
Eöt-Wash group	1987–	Torsion balance, measuring acceleration of different masses towards the Earth, Sun and Galactic Center, using several different kinds of masses	$\eta ({\text{Earth}},{\text{Be-Ti}})=(0.3\pm 1.8)\times 10^{-13}$

Lee:

Year	Investigator	Sensitivity	Method
500?	Philoponus	"small"	Drop tower
1585	Stevin	5×10−2	Drop tower
1590?	Galileo	2×10−2	Pendulum, drop tower
1686	Newton	10−3	Pendulum
1832	Bessel	2×10−5	Pendulum
1908 (1922)	Eötvös	2×10−9	Torsion balance
1910	Southerns	5×10−6	Pendulum
1918	Zeeman	3×10−8	Torsion balance
1923	Potter	3×10−6	Pendulum
1935	Renner	2×10−9	Torsion balance
1964	Dicke, Roll, Krotkov	3x10−11	Torsion balance
1972	Braginsky, Panov	10−12	Torsion balance
1976	Shapiro, et al.	10−12	Lunar laser ranging
1981	Keiser, Faller	4×10−11	Fluid support
1987	Niebauer, et al.	10−10	Drop tower
1989	Stubbs, et al.	10−11	Torsion balance
1990	Adelberger, Eric G.; et al.	10−12	Torsion balance
1999	Baessler, et al.	5×10−14	Torsion balance
2017	MICROSCOPE	10−15	Earth orbit

A ka na eme nnwale na Mahadum Washington bụ nke etinyela oke n'ichepụta ngwangwa ihe dị iche iche n'ụwa, anyanwụ na ihe gbara ọchịchịrị na Galactic Center. Nnwale satịlaịtị n'ọdịnihu - Ntụpụ ụkwụ (Satellite Test of the Equivalence Principle), na Galileo Galilei ga anwale ụkpụrụ nhata na adịghị ike na mbara igwe, ka ọ dịkwuo elu.

Site na mmepụta nke mbụ nke ọma nke antimatter, karịsịa mgbochi hydrogen, ewepụtala ụzọ ọhụrụ iji nwalee ụkpụrụ nha anya adịghị ike. A na emepụta nnwale iji tụnyere omume ndọda nke ihe na ihe mgbochi.

Atụmatụ ndị nwere ike iduga n'echiche nke ike ndọda dị ka string theory na loop quantum gravity na ebu amụma mmebi nke ụkpụrụ nha nha na adịghị ike n'ihi na ha nwere ọtụtụ oghere scalar ọkụ nwere ogologo oge Compton, nke kwesịrị ịmepụta ike ise na mgbanwe nke isi ihe. Arụmụka heuristic na atụ aro na oke mmebi ụkpụrụ nhatanha ndị a nwere ike ịdị na 10-13 ruo 10-18. Nnwale ndị a tụrụ anya ugbu a nke ụkpụrụ nha nha na adịghị ike na abịaru nso n'ókè nke uche dị ka achọpụtaghị mmebi ahụ ga adịkwa omimi dị ka nchoputa nke mmebi iwu. Enweghị nchọpụta nke imebi ụkpụrụ nhata n'usoro a ga egosi na ike ndọda dị nnọọ iche na ndị agha ndị ọzọ nke na achọ nnukwu nyochagharị nke mbọ dị ugbu a iji jikọta ike ndọda na ike ndị ọzọ nke okike. Nchọpụta dị mma, n'aka nke ọzọ, ga enye nnukwu akwụkwọ ntuziaka maka ịdị n'otu.

Nnwale nke ụkpụrụ nha nhata Einstein

Na mgbakwunye na ule nke ụkpụrụ nha nha na adịghị ike, ụkpụrụ nha nha Einstein nwere ike ịnwale site na ịchọ mgbanwe mgbanwe na enweghị akụkụ na oke oke. Oke kacha mma ugbu a na mgbanwe nke isi ihe agbanweela ka etinyere ya site n'ịmụ ihe na eme Oklo eke nuklia fission reactor, ebe mmeghachi omume nuklia yiri nke anyị na ahụ taa ka egosiri na ọ mere n'okpuru ala ihe dịka ijeri afọ abụọ gara aga. Mmeghachi omume ndị a na enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na ụkpụrụ nke ihe ndị bụ isi.

Constant	Year	Method	Limit on fractional change
proton gyromagnetic factor	1976	astrophysical	10−1
weak interaction constant	1976	Oklo	10−2
fine-structure constant	1976	Oklo	10−7
electron–proton mass ratio	2002	quasars	10−4

Enweela ọtụtụ mbọ na-arụrịta ụka iji gbochie mgbanwe nke mmekọrịta siri ike mgbe niile. Enweela ọtụtụ aro na "constant" na adịgasị iche na akpịrịkpa mbara igwe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ Webb et al. a kọrọ na nchọpụta nke mgbanwe (na 10-5 larịị) nke ezi nhazi mgbe niile site nha nke dị anya quasars. Ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ na agbagha nchoputa ndị a. Nnwale ndị ọzọ nke ụkpụrụ nhata Einstein bụ nnwale redshift gravitational, dị ka nnwale Pound–Rebka nke nwalere ọnọdụ nnwere onwe nke nnwale.

Nnwale nke ụkpụrụ nha nhata siri ike

Enwere ike ịnwale ụkpụrụ nha nhata siri ike site n'ịchọ mgbanwe nke Newton's gravitational constant G n'elu ndụ nke eluigwe na ala, ma ọ bụ nhata, mgbanwe dị na oke nke ihe ndị bụ isi. Otutu ihe mgbochi nke onwe, site na orbits na Sistemu Anyanwụ na nyocha nke Big Bang nucleosynthesis egosila na G enweghị ike ịdịgasị iche karịa 10%.

Ya mere, enwere ike ịnwale ụkpụrụ nha nhata siri ike site n'ịchọ ike nke ise (mgbanwe sitere na iwu ike ndọda buru amụma site n'ịkọwapụta izugbe). Nnwale ndị a na achọkarị ọdịda nke iwu inverse square (kpọmkwem ndị agha Yukawa ma ọ bụ ọdịda nke usoro Birkhoff) nke ike ndọda na ụlọ nyocha. Ndị otu Eöt Wash mere ule kacha zie ezi n'ebe dị anya. Nnwale satịlaịtị n'ọdịnihu, SEE (Satellite Energy Exchange), ga achọ ike nke ise na mbara igwe ma kwesịkwa inwe ike igbochi mmebi nke ụkpụrụ nha nhata siri ike. Oke ndị ọzọ, na achọ ike ogologo ogologo, ka etinyere ya site na ịchọ mmetụta Nordtvedt, "polarization" nke usoro mbara igwe nke ga ebute site na ike ndọda onwe ya na agbago n'ụzọ dị iche na ihe nkịtị. A nwalere mmetụta a nke ọma site na nnwale Laser Ranging Experiment. Nnwale ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịmụ ntụgharị nke radieshon sitere na isi mmalite redio dị anya site na anyanwụ, nke enwere ike tụọ ya nke ọma site na interferometry baseline dị ogologo. Nnwale ọzọ na emetụ n'ahụ na abịa site na nha nke ngbanwe ugboro ole nke akara na site na ụgbọ elu Cassini. Ọnụ, nha ndị a etinyela oke na nkuzi Brans–Dicke na echiche ndị ọzọ nke ike ndọda.

N'afọ 2014, ndị na enyocha mbara igwe achọpụtala sistemu okpukpu atọ nke nwere millisecond pulsar PSR J0337+1715 na dwarfs ọcha abụọ na agba ya gburugburu. Usoro ahụ nyere ha ohere iji nwalee ụkpụrụ nha anya siri ike na mpaghara ndọda siri ike na oke ziri ezi.

Na 2020, otu ndị na enyocha mbara igwe nyochara data sitere na Spitzer Photometry na Accurate Rotation Curves (SPARC), yana atụmatụ nnukwu ndọda mpụga sitere na katalọgụ ụyọkọ kpakpando niile. Ha kwubiri na enwere nnukwu ihe akaebe dị ịrịba ama nke mmebi nke ụkpụrụ nhata siri ike na mpaghara ndọda mmụọ na adịghị ike na gburugburu ụyọkọ kpakpando na akwado ntụgharị. Ha hụrụ mmetụta kwekọrọ na mmetụta mpụga nke Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND), echiche nke na atụpụta echiche ike ndọda gbanwere gafere mkpokọta mkpokọta, yana ekwekọghị na mmetụta tidal na ụdị Lambda-CDM, nke a na akpọkarị Standard Model nke Cosmology.